Atherosclerosis in childhood and adolescent type 1 diabetes: Early disease, early treatment?

Diabetologia

Volumn 48, Issue 8, 2005, Pages 1445-1453

  Dahl Jorgensen K ^a   Larsen, J R ^a   Hanssen, K F ^a  

^a ULLEVÅL UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

Author keywords

Adolescence; Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular disease; Childhood; Type 1 diabetes

Indexed keywords

ALBUMIN; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; INSULIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; MEVINOLIN; SIMVASTATIN; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; ARTERY COMPLIANCE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING; BLOOD PRESSURE; BODY MASS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CORONARY ARTERY OBSTRUCTION; DIABETIC ANGIOPATHY; DIABETIC HYPERTENSION; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DIET THERAPY; DIETARY INTAKE; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENDOTHELIUM LESION; FAMILY HISTORY; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INSULIN TREATMENT; INTIMA; INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIFESTYLE; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MICROALBUMINURIA; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; ONSET AGE; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; STROKE; TREATMENT PLANNING; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL; TUNICA MEDIA; URINARY EXCRETION;

EID: 23844485882     PISSN: 0012186X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00125-005-1832-1     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. Pyorala K, Laakso M, Uusitupa M (1987) Diabetes and atherosclerosis: an epidemiologic view. Diabetes/Metab Rev 3:463-524
2. Krolewski AS, Kosinski EJ, Warram JH et al (1987) Magnitude and determinants of coronary artery disease in juvenile-onset, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 59:750-755
3. Laing SP, Swerdlow AJ, Slater SD et al (1999) The British Diabetic Association Cohort Study: I. All-cause mortality in patients with insulin-treated diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 16:459-465
4. Koivisto VA, Stevens LK, Mattock M et al (1996) Cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in IDDM in Europe. EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study Group. Diabetes Care 19:689-697
5. Orchard TJ, Stevens LK, Forrest KY, Fuller JH (1998) Cardiovascular disease in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: similar rates but different risk factors in the US compared with Europe. Int J Epidemiol 27:976-983
6. Laing SP, Swerdlow AJ, Slater SD et al (2003) Mortality from heart disease in a cohort of 23,000 patients with insulin-treated diabetes. Diabetologia 46:760-765
7. Sijbrands EJ, Westendorp RG, Defesche JC, de Meier PH, Smelt AH, Kastelein JJ (2001) Mortality over two centuries in large pedigree with familial hypercholesterolaemia: family tree mortality study. BMJ 322:1019-1023
8. Tuomilehto J, Borch-Johnsen K, Molarius A et al (1998) Incidence of cardiovascular disease in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic subjects with and without diabetic nephropathy in Finland. Diabetologia 41:784-790
9. Miettinen H, Lehto S, Salomaa V et al (1998) Impact of diabetes on mortality after the first myocardial infarction. The FINMONICA Myocardial Infarction Register Study Group. Diabetes Care 21:69-75
10. Malmberg K (1997) Prospective randomised study of intensive insulin treatment on long term survival after acute myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus. DIGAMI (Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction) Study Group. BMJ 314:1512-1515
11. McNamara JJ, Molot MA, Stemple JF, Cutting RT (1971) Coronary artery disease in combat casualties in Vietnam. JAMA 216:1185-1187
12. Berenson GS, Wattigney WA, Tracy RE et al (1992) Atherosclerosis of the aorta and coronary arteries and cardiovascular risk factors in persons aged 6 to 30 years and studied at necropsy (The Bogalusa Heart Study). Am J Cardiol 70:851-858
13. Strong JP, Malcom GT, McMahan CA et al (1999) Prevalence and extent of atherosclerosis in adolescents and young adults: implications for prevention from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth Study. JAMA 281:727-735
14. McGill HC Jr, McMahan CA, Malcom GT, Oalmann MC, Strong JP (1997) Effects of serum lipoproteins and smoking on atherosclerosis in young men and women. The PDAY Research Group. Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17:95-106
15. McGill HC Jr, McMahan CA, Tracy RE et al (1998) Relation of a postmortem renal index of hypertension to atherosclerosis and coronary artery size in young men and women. Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) Research Group. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18:1108-1118
16. McGill HC Jr, McMahan CA, Malcom GT, Oalmann MC, Strong JP (1995) Relation of glycohemoglobin and adiposity to atherosclerosis in youth. Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) Research Group. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 15:431-440
17. Tuzcu EM, Kapadia SR, Tutar E et al (2001) High prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis in asymptomatic teenagers and young adults: evidence from intravascular ultrasound. Circulation 103:2705-2710
18. Li S, Chen W, Srinivasan SR et al (2003) Childhood cardiovascular risk factors and carotid vascular changes in adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study. JAMA 290:2271-2276
19. Raitakari OT, Juonala M, Kahonen M et al (2003) Cardiovascular risk factors in childhood and carotid artery intima-media thickness in adulthood: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. JAMA 290:2277-2283
20. Larsen J, Brekke M, Sandvik L, Arnesen H, Hanssen KF, Dahl-Jorgensen K (2002) Silent coronary atheromatosis in type 1 diabetic patients and its relation to long-term glycemic control. Diabetes 51:2637-2641
21. Larsen J, Brekke M, Tsunoda T et al (2004) Type 1 diabetes mellitus patients without symptoms of coronary disease have more advanced coronary atheromatosis than age and sex matched controls. Diabetes 53 [suppl. 1]: A78
22. Schoenhagen P, Nissen SE (2003) Coronary atherosclerotic disease burden: an emerging endpoint in progression/regression studies using intravascular ultrasound. Curr Drug Targets Cardiovasc Haematol Disord 3:218-226
23. Nissen SE (2003) Pathobiology, not angiography, should guide management in acute coronary syndrome/non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the non-interventionist's perspective. J Am Coll Cardiol 41:1038-1128
24. Larsen JR, Brekke M, Bergengen L et al (2005) Mean HbA(1)c over 18 years predicts carotid intima media thickness in women with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 48:776-779
25. Jarvisalo MJ, Jartti L, Nanto-Salonen K et al (2001) Increased aortic intima-media thickness: a marker of preclinical atherosclerosis in high-risk children. Circulation 104:2943-2947
26. Jarvisalo MJ, Raitakari M, Toikka JO et al (2004) Endothelial dysfunction and increased arterial intima-media thickness in children with type 1 diabetes. Circulation 109:1750-1755
27. Eid HM, Eritsland J, Larsen J, Arnesen H, Seljeflot I (2003) Increased levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine in populations at risk for atherosclerotic disease. Effects of pravastatin. Atherosclerosis 166:279-284
28. Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, Pyorala K, Laakso M (1999) Poor glycemic control predicts coronary heart disease events in patients with type 1 diabetes without nephropathy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19:1014-1019
29. Valsania P, Zarich SW, Kowalchuk GJ, Kosinski E, Warram JH, Krolewski AS (1991) Severity of coronary artery disease in young patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am Heart J 122:695-700
30. Wood D (1998) European and American recommendations for coronary heart disease prevention. Eur Heart J 19 [Suppl A]: A12-A19
31. Yudkin JS, Chaturvedi N (1999) Developing risk stratification charts for diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Diabet Med 16:219-227
32. Grundy SM, Balady GJ, Criqui MH et al (1998) Primary prevention of coronary heart disease: guidance from Framingham: a statement for healthcare professionals from the AHA Task Force on Risk Reduction. American Heart Association. Circulation 97:1876-1887
33. Anonymous (1998) American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Nutrition. Cholesterol in childhood. Pediatrics 101:141-147
34. Erbey JR, Kuller LH, Becker DJ, Orchard TJ (1998) The association between a family history of type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease in a type 1 diabetes population. Diabetes Care 21:610-614
35. Makimattila S, Ylitalo K, Schlenzka A et al (2002) Family histories of Type II diabetes and hypertension predict intima-media thickness in patients with Type I diabetes. Diabetologia 45:711-718
36. Jensen-Urstad KJ, Reichard PG, Rosfors JS, Lindblad LE, Jensen-Urstad MT (1996) Early atherosclerosis is retarded by improved long-term blood glucose control in patients with IDDM. Diabetes 45:1253-1258
37. Anonymous (1995) Effect of intensive diabetes management on macrovascular events and risk factors in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Am J Cardiol 75:894-903
38. Nathan DM, Lachin J, Cleary P et al (2003) Intensive diabetes therapy and carotid intima-media thickness in type 1 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 348:2294-2303
39. Margeirsdottir HD, Larsen JR, Sandvik L et al (2003) The management of diabetes in Norwegian children and adolescents. A prospective national quality study. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 16:919
40. Anonymous (2005) Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care 28:S4-S36
41. ISPAD (International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes). Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Children and Adolescents with Diabetes. 2000. (GENERIC) Ref Type: Report
42. Rossing P, Hougaard P, Borch-Johnsen K, Parving HH (1996) Predictors of mortality in insulin dependent diabetes: 10 year observational follow up study. BMJ 313:779-784
43. Klausen K, Borch-Johnsen K, Feldt-Rasmussen B et al (2004) Very low levels of microalbuminuria are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and death independently of renal function, hypertension, and diabetes. Circulation 110:32-35
44. Dahl-Jorgensen K, Bjoro T, Kierulf P, Sandvik L, Bangstad HJ, Hanssen KF (1992) Long-term glycemic control and kidney function in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int 41:920-923
45. Anonymous (1993) The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. N Engl J Med 329:977-986
46. Mogensen CE, Keane WF, Bennett PH et al (1995) Prevention of diabetic renal disease with special reference to microalbuminuria. Lancet 346:1080-1084
47. Silverstein J, Klingensmith G, Copeland K et al (2005) Care of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 28:186-212
48. Stamler J, Vaccaro O, Neaton JD, Wentworth D (1993) Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Diabetes Care 16:434-444
49. Anonymous (2004) The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 114:555-576
50. Soergel M, Kirschstein M, Busch C et al (1997) Oscillometric twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure values in healthy children and adolescents: a multicenter trial including 1141 subjects. J Pediatr 130:178-184
51. Lurbe E, Sorof JM, Daniels SR (2004) Clinical and research aspects of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children. J Pediatr 144:7-16
52. Holl RW, Schwab KO, Wiemann D et al (2003) Cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 1 diabetes during the first two decades of life. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 16 [Suppl 4]:919
53. Anonymous (2000) Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Lancet 355:253-259
54. Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG et al (1998) Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. HOT Study Group. Lancet 351:1755-1762
55. Anonymous (1997) The sixth report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Arch Intern Med 157:2413-2446
56. Anonymous (1998) Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. BMJ 317:703-713
57. Arauz-Pacheco C, Parrott MA, Raskin P (2003) Treatment of hypertension in adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 26 [Suppl 1]: S80-S82
58. Wells T, Frame V, Soffer B et al (2002) A double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study of the effectiveness and safety of enalapril for children with hypertension. J Clin Pharmacol 42:870-880
59. Soffer B, Zhang Z, Miller K, Vogt BA, Shahinfar S (2003) A double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study of the effectiveness and safety of lisinopril for children with hypertension. Am J Hypertens 16:795-800
60. Franklin SS, Khan SA, Wong ND, Larson MG, Levy D (1999) Is pulse pressure useful in predicting risk for coronary heart disease? The Framingham heart study. Circulation 100:354-360
61. Giannattasio C, Failla M, Piperno A et al (1999) Early impairment of large artery structure and function in type I diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 42:987-994
62. Wilkinson IB, MacCallum H, Rooijmans DF et al (2000) Increased augmentation index and systolic stress in type 1 diabetes mellitus. QJM 93:441-448
63. Haller MJ, Samyn M, Nichols WW et al (2004) Radial artery tonometry demonstrates arterial stiffness in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 27:2911-2917
64. Sims TJ, Rasmussen LM, Oxlund H, Bailey AJ (1996) The role of glycation cross-links in diabetic vascular stiffening. Diabetologia 39:946-951
65. Berg TJ, Dahl-Jorgensen K, Torjesen PA, Hanssen KF (1997) Increased serum levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in children and adolescents with IDDM. Diabetes Care 20:1006-1008
66. Chiarelli F, de Martino M, Mezzetti A et al (1999) Advanced glycation end products in children and adolescents with diabetes: relation to glycemic control and early microvascular complications. J Pediatr 134:486-491
67. Ronnback M, Fagerudd J, Forsblom C, Pettersson-Fernholm K, Reunanen A, Groop PH (2004) Altered age-related blood pressure pattern in type 1 diabetes. Circulation 110:1076-1082
68. Steinberg D (2002) Atherogenesis in perspective: hypercholesterolemia and inflammation as partners in crime. Nat Med 8:1211-1217
69. Jenkins AJ, Lyons TJ, Zheng D et al (2003) Serum lipoproteins in the diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes intervention and complications cohort: associations with gender and glycemia. Diabetes Care 26:810-818
70. Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A (2002) Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation 105:1135-1143
71. Williams CL, Hayman LL, Daniels SR et al (2002) Cardiovascular health in childhood: A statement for health professionals from the Committee on Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young (AHOY) of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, American Heart Association. Circulation 106:143-160
72. Walldius G, Jungner I, Holme I, Aastveit AH, Kolar W, Steiner E (2001) High apolipoprotein B, low apolipoprotein A-I, and improvement in the prediction of fatal myocardial infarction (AMORIS study): a prospective study. Lancet 358:2026-2033
73. Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, Sleigh P, Peto R (2003) MRC/ BHF heart protection study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 361:2005-2016
74. de Jongh S, Ose L, Szamosi T et al (2002) Efficacy and safety of statin therapy in children with familial hypercholesterolemia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with simvastatin. Circulation 106:2231-2237
75. Stein EA, Illingworth DR, Kwiterovich PO Jr et al (1999) Efficacy and safety of lovastatin in adolescent males with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 281:137-144
76. Wiegman A, Hutten BA, de Groot E et al (2004) Efficacy and safety of statin therapy in children with familial hypercholesterolemia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 292:331-337
77. Graham DJ, Staffa JA, Shatin D et al (2004) Incidence of hospitalized rhabdomyolysis in patients treated with lipid-lowering drugs. JAMA 292:2585-2590
78. Carr ME (2001) Diabetes mellitus: a hypercoagulable state. J Diabetes Complications 15:44-54
79. Nordt TK, Bode C (2000) Impaired endogenous fibrinolysis in diabetes mellitus: mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Semin Thromb Hemost 26:495-501
80. Eidelman RS, Hebert PR, Weisman SM, Hennekens CH (2003) An update on aspirin in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Arch Intern Med 163:2006-2010
81. Colwell JA (2003) Aspirin therapy in diabetes. Diabetes Care 26 [Suppl 1]:S87-S88
82. Moy CS, Songer TJ, LaPorte RE et al (1993) Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, physical activity, and death. Am J Epidemiol 137:74-81
83. Wallberg-Henriksson H, Gunnarsson R, Henriksson J et al (1982) Increased peripheral insulin sensitivity and muscle mitochondrial enzymes but unchanged blood glucose control in type I diabetics after physical training. Diabetes 31:1044-1050
84. Rowland TW, Swadba LA, Biggs DE, Burke EJ, Reiter EO (1985) Glycemic control with physical training in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Dis Child 139:307-310
85. Freedman DS, Dietz WH, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS (1999) The relation of overweight to cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics 103:1175-1182
86. Lloyd CE, Kuller LH, Ellis D, Becker DJ, Wing RR, Orchard TJ (1996) Coronary artery disease in IDDM. Gender differences in risk factors but not risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 16:720-726
87. Gay EC, Cai Y, Gale SM et al (1992) Smokers with IDDM experience excess morbidity. The Colorado IDDM Registry. Diabetes Care 15:947-952
88. Suarez L, Barrett-Connor E (1984) Interaction between cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus in the prediction of death attributed to cardiovascular disease. Am J Epidemiol 120:670-675
89. Ford ES, Malarcher AM, Herman WH, Aubert RE (1994) Diabetes mellitus and cigarette smoking. Findings from the 1989 National Health Interview Survey. Diabetes Care 17:688-692
90. Jones RB, Hedley AJ (1987) Prevalence of smoking in a diabetic population: the need for action. Diabet Med 4:233-236
91. Masson EA, MacFarlane IA, Priestley CJ, Wallymahmed ME, Flavell HJ (1992) Failure to prevent nicotine addition in young people with diabetes. Arch Dis Child 67:100-102
92. Shaw NJ, McClure RJ, Kerr S, Lawton K, Smith CS (1993) Smoking in diabetic teenagers. Diabet Med 10:275-277
93. Whincup PH, Gilg JA, Emberson JR et al (2004) Passive smoking and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: prospective study with cotinine measurement. BMJ 329:200-205
94. McGill HC Jr, McMahan CA (2003) Starting earlier to prevent heart disease. JAMA 290:2320-2322