Immunomodulatory treatment strategies in inflammatory cardiomyopathy: Current status and future perspectives

Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 37-51

  Noutsias, Michel ^a   Pauschinger, Matthias ^a   Poller, Wolfgang Christian ^a   Schultheiss, Heinz Peter ^a   Kühl, Uwe ^a  

^a CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

5 [5 [2,6 DICHLORO 4 (4,5 DIHYDRO 2 OXAZOLYL)PHENOXY]PENTYL] 3 METHYLISOXAZOLE; ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONIST; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; AZATHIOPRINE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BETA INTERFERON; CELL ADHESION MOLECULE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; INTERFERON BETA SERINE; INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; INTERLEUKIN 10; PREDNISONE; IMMUNOLOGICAL ADJUVANT;

AUTOIMMUNITY; CELL COUNT; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONGESTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DISEASE CONTROL; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; FLU LIKE SYNDROME; HEART FAILURE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE EJECTION FRACTION; HUMAN; IMMUNOADSORPTION; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IMMUNOMODULATION; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INFLAMMATORY INFILTRATE; PATHOGENESIS; PERSISTENT VIRUS INFECTION; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VIRUS MYOCARDITIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; COXSACKIE VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNOLOGY; MYOCARDITIS; VIRUS INFECTION;

ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADJUVANTS, IMMUNOLOGIC; ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; CARDIOMYOPATHY, DILATED; COXSACKIEVIRUS INFECTIONS; HUMANS; IMMUNOGLOBULINS, INTRAVENOUS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; MYOCARDITIS;

EID: 2342418775     PISSN: 14779072     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/14779072.2.1.37     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. Richardson P, McKenna W, Bristow M et al. Report of the 1995 World Health Organization/International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force on the Definition and Classification of cardiomyopathies. Circulation 93(5), 841-842 (1996).
2. D'Ambrosio A, Patti G, Manzoli A et al. The fate of acute myocarditis between spontaneous improvement and evolution to dilated cardiomyopathy: a review. Heart 85(5), 499-504 (2001).
3. Anker SD, Rauchhaus M. Insights into the pathogenesis of chronic heart failure: immune activation and cachexia. Curr. Opin. Cardiol. 14(3), 211-216 (1999).
4. Olbrich HG. Epidemiology-etiology of dilated cardiomyopathy. Z. Kardiol. 90(Suppl.) 12-19 (2001).
5. Karjalainen J, Heikkila J. Incidence of three presentations of acute myocarditis in young men in military service. A 20-year experience. Eur. Heart J. 20(15), 1120-1125 (1999).
6. Hosenpud JD, Bennett LE, Keck BM, Fiol B, Boucek MM, Novick RJ. The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: sixteenth official report - 1999. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 18(7), 611-626 (1999).
7. Michels VV, Driscoll DJ, Miller FA et al. Progression of familial and nonfamilial dilated cardiomyopathy: long term follow up. Heart 89(7), 757-761 (2003).
8. McCarthy RE 3rd, Boehmer JP, Hruban RH et al. Long-term outcome of fulminant myocarditis as compared with acute (nonfulminant) myocarditis. N. Engl. J. Med. 342(10), 690-695 (2000).
9. Sinagra G, Maras P, D'Ambrosio A et al. Clinical polymorphic presentation and natural history of active myocarditis: experience in 60 cases. G. Ital. Cardiol. 27(8), 758-774. (1997).
10. Schannwell CM, Schoebel FC, Marx R et al. Prognostic relevance of left ventricular diastolic function parameters in dilated cardiomyopathy. Z. Kardiol. 90(4), 269-279 (2001).
11. Ammann P, Naegeli B, Schuiki E et al. Long-term outcome of acute myocarditis is independent of cardiac enzyme release. Int. J. Cardiol. 89(2-3), 217-222 (2003).
12. Kuhl U, Lauer B, Souvatzoglu M, Vosberg H, Schultheiss HP. Antimyosin scintigraphy and immunohistologic analysis of endomyocardial biopsy in patients with clinically suspected myocarditis - evidence of myocardial cell damage and inflammation in the absence of histologic signs of myocardids. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 32(5), 1371-1376 (1998).
13. Why HJ, Meany BT, Richardson PJ et al. Clinical and prognostic significance of detection of enteroviral RNA in the myocardium of patients with myocarditis or dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 89(6), 2582-2589 (1994).
14. Fujioka S, Kitaura Y, Ukimura A et al. Evaluation of viral infection in the myocardium of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 36(6), 1920-1926 (2000).
15. Calabrese F, Rigo E, Milanesi O et al. Molecular diagnosis of myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy in children: clinicopathologic features and prognostic implications. Diagn. Mol. Pathol. 11(4), 212-221 (2002).
16. Kanzaki Y, Terasaki F, Okabe M et al. Myocardial inflammatory cell infiltrates in cases of dilated cardiomyopathy as a determinant of outcome following partial left ventriculectomy. Jpn. Circ. J. 65(9), 797-802 (2001).
17. Baboonian C, Treasure T. Meta-analysis of the association of enteroviruses with human heart disease. Heart 78(6), 539-543 (1997).
18. Pauschinger M, Doerner A, Kuehl U et al. Enteroviral RNA replication in the myocardium of patients with left ventricular dysfunction and clinically suspected myocarditis. Circulation 99(7), 889-895 (1999).
19. Pauschinger M, Bowles NE, Fuentes-Garcia FJ et al. Detection of adenoviral genome in the myocardium of adult patients with idiopathic left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 99(10), 1348-1354 (1999).
20. Poller W, Fechner H, Noutsias M, Tschoepe C, Schultheiss HP. Highly variable expression of virus receptors in the human cardiovascular system Implications for cardiotropic viral infections and gene therapy. Z. Kardiol. 91(12), 978-991 (2002).
21. Klingel K, Stephan S, Sauter M et al. Pathogenesis of murine enterovirus myocarditis: virus dissemination and immune cell targets. J. Virol. 70(12), 8888-8895 (1996).
22. Noutsias M, Fechner H, de Jonge H et al. Human coxsackie-adenovirus receptor is colocalized with integrins alpha(v)beta(3) and α(v)β(5) on the cardiomyocyte sarcolemma and upregulated in dilated cardiomyopathy: implications for cardiotropic viral infections. Circulation 104(3), 275-280 (2001).
23. Ito M, Kodama M, Masuko M et al. Expression of coxsackievinis and adenovirus receptor in hearts of rats with experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Circ. Res. 86(3), 275-280 (2000).
24. Fechner H, Noutsias M, Tschoepe C et al. Induction of coxsackievirus-adenovirus-receptor expression during myocardial tissue formation and remodeling: identification of a cell-to-cell contact-dependent regulatory mechanism. Circulation 107(6), 876-882 (2003).
25. Bowles NE, Javier FG F, Makar KA et al. Analysis of the coxsackievirus B-adenovirus receptor gene in patients with myocarditis or dilated cardiomyopathy. Mol. Genet. Metab. 77(3), 257-259 (2002).
26. Badorff C, Lee GH, Lamphear BJ et al. Enteroviral protease 2A cleaves dystrophin: evidence of cytoskeletal disruption in an acquired cardiomyopathy. Nat. Med 5(3), 320-326 (1999).
27. Wessely R, Henke A, Zell R, Kandolf R, Knowlton KU. Low-level expression of a mutant coxsackieviral cDNA induces a myocytopathic effect in culture: an approach to the study of enteroviral persistence in cardiac myocytes. Circulation 98(5), 450-457 (1998).
28. Liu PP, Mason JW. Advances in the understanding of myocarditis. Circulation 104(9), 1076-1082 (2001).
29. Noutsias M, Pauschinger M, Schultheiss HP, Kuhl U. Advances in the immunohistological diagnosis of inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Eur. Heart. J. 4(Suppl. I), 54-62 (2002).
30. Carlquist JF, Menlove RL, Murray MB, O'Connell JB, Anderson JL. HIA class II (DR and DQ) antigen associations in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Validation study and meta-analysis of published HLA association studies. Circulation 83(2), 515-522 (1991).
31. Maisch B, Ristic AD, Hufnagel G, Pankuweit S. Pathophysiology of viral myocarditis: the role of humoral immune response. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 11(2), 112-122 (2002).
32. Warraich RS, Noutsias M, Kasac I et al. Immunoglobulin G3 cardiac myosin autoantibodies correlate with left ventricular dysfunction in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: Immunoglobulin G3 and clinical correlates. Am Heart J. 143(6), 1076-1084 (2002).
33. Matsumori A. Cytokines in myocarditis and cardiomyopathies. Curr. Opin. Cardiol. 11(3), 302-309 (1996).
34. Hunter JJ, Chien KR. Signaling pathways for cardiac hypertrophy and failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 341(17), 1276-1283 (1999).
35. Noutsias M, Seeberg B, Schultheiss HP, Kuhl U. Expression of cell adhesion molecules in dilated cardiomyopathy: evidence for endothelial activation in inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Circulation 99(16), 2124-2131 (1999).
36. + infiltrates are associated with cell adhesion molecule expression in dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur. J. Heart fail. 5(4), 469-479 (2003).
37. Kuhl U, Noutsias M, Seeberg B, Schultheiss HP. Immunohistological evidence for a chronic intramyocardial inflammatory process in dilated cardiomyopathy. Heart 75(3), 295-300 (1996).
38. Kuhl U, Pauschinger M, Bock T et al. Parvovirus B19 infection mimicking acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 108(8), 945-950 (2003).
39. Li J, Schwimmbeck PL, Tschope C et al. Collagen degradation in a murine myocarditis model: relevance of matrix metalloproteinase in association with inflammatory induction. Cardiovasc. Res. 56(2), 235 (2002).
40. Frustaci A, Pieroni M, Chimenti C. The role of endomyocardial biopsy in the diagnosis of cardiomyopathies. Ital. Heart J. 3(6), 348-353 (2002).
41. Maisch B. Myokardbiopsien und Perikardioskopien. In: Hess OM, Simon; RW, eds. Herzkatheter, Einsatz in Diagnostik und Therapie. Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg-NY, 309-349 (1999).
42. Aretz HT. Myocarditis: the Dallas criteria. Hum. Pathol. 18(6), 619-624 (1987).
43. Strauer BE, Kandolf R, Mall G et al. Myocarditis - cardiomyopathy. Consensus Report of the German Association for Internal Medicine, presented at the 100th annual meeting, Wiesbaden, 13 April 1994. Acta Cardiol. 51(4), 347-371 (1996).
44. Mason JW, O'Connell JB, Herskowitz A et al. A clinical trial of immunosuppressive therapy for myocarditis. The Myocarditis Treatment Trial Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. 333(5), 269-275 (1995).
45. Veinot JP. Diagnostic endomyocardial biopsy pathology - general biopsy considerations, and its use for myocarditis and cardiomyopathy: a review. Can. J. Cardiol. 18(1), 55-65 (2002).
46. Shanes JG, Ghali J, Billingham ME et al. Interobserver variability in the pathologic interpretation of endomyocardial biopsy results. Circulation 75(2), 401-405 (1987).
47. Hauck AJ, Kearney DL, Edwards WD. Evaluation of postmortem endomyocardial biopsy specimens from 38 patients with lymphocytic myocarditis: implications for role of sampling error. Mayo Clin. Proc. 64(10), 1235-1245 (1989).
48. Chander S, Talwar KK, Chopra P. Immunohistochemical characterisation and quantitative evaluation of lymphomononuclear cells in dilated cardiomyopathy - an endomyocardial biopsy study. Indian Heart J. 47(4), 360-364 (1995).
49. Devaux B, Scholz D, Hirche A, Klovekorn WP, Schaper J. Upregulation of cell adhesion molecules and the presence of low grade inflammation in human chronic heart failure. Eur. Heart J. 18(3),470-479 (1997).
50. Kolbeck PC, Steenbergen C, Wolfe JA, Sanfilippo F, Jennings RB. The correlation of mononuclear cell phenotype in endomyocardial biopsies with clinical history and cardiac dysfunction. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 91(1), 37-44 (1989).
51. Mues B, Brisse B, Zwadlo G et al. Phenotyping of macrophages with monoclonal antibodies in endomyocardial biopsies as a new approach to diagnosis of myocarditis. Eur. Heart J. 11(7), 619-627 (1990).
52. Noutsias M, Pauschinger M, Schultheiss H, Kuhl U. Phenotypic characterization of infiltrates in dilated cardiomyopathy - diagnostic significance of T-lymphocytes and macrophages in inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Med Sci. Monit 8(7), CR47&-CR487 (2002).
53. Mahon NG, Madden BP, Caforio AL et al. Immunohistologic evidence of myocardial disease in apparently healthy relatives of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 39(3), 455-462 (2002).
54. Dettmeyer R, Reith K, Madea B. Alcoholic cardiomyopathy versus chronic myocarditis - immunohistological investigations with LCA, CD3, CD68 and tenascin. Forensic Sci. Int. 126(1), 57-62 (2002).
55. Springer TA. Adhesion receptors of the immune system. Nature 346(6283), 425-434(1990).
56. Herskowitz A, Ahmed-Ansari A, Neumann DA et al. Induction of major histocompatibility complex antigens within the myocardium of patients with active myocarditis: a nonhistologic marker of myocarditis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 15(3), 624-632 (1990).
57. Ino T, Kishiro M, Okubo M et al. Late persistent expressions of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on myocardial tissue in children with lymphocytic myocarditis. Cardiovasc. Res. 34(2), 323-328 (1997).
58. Wojnicz R, Nowalany-Kozielska E, Wojciechowska C et al. Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study for Immunosuppressive Treatment of Inflammatory Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Two-Year Follow-Up Results. Circulation 104(1),39-45 (2001).
59. Noutsias M, Pauschinger M, Ostermann K et al. Digital image analysis system for the quantification of infiltrates and cell adhesion molecules in inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Med. Sci. Monit. 8(5), MT59-MT71 (2002).
60. Parrillo JE. Inflammatory cardiomyopathy (myocarditis): which patients should be treated with anti-inflammatory therapy? Circulation 104(1), 4-6 (2001).
61. Braimbridge MV, Darracott S, Chayen J, Bitensky L, Poulter LW. Possibility of a new infective aetiological agent in congestive cardiomyopathy. Lancet 1(7483), 171-176 (1967).
62. Keeling PJ, Jeffery S, Caforio AL et al. Similar prevalence of enteroviral genome within the myocardium from patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and controls by the polymerase chain reaction. Br. Heart J. 68(6), 554-559 (1992).
63. Andreoletti L, Bourlet T, Moukassa D et al. Enteroviruses can persist with or without active viral replication in cardiac tissue of patients with end-stage ischemic or dilated cardiomyopathy. J. Infect. Dis. 182(4), 1222-1227 (2000).
64. Chimenti C, Frustaci A, Pieroni M, Maseri A. Histologically proven myocarditis in patients with biventricular dysfunction and severe asymptomatic coronary artery disease. Cardiologia 44(2), 177-180 (1999).
65. Bowles NE, Ni J, Kearney DL et al. Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction. evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 42(3), 466-472 (2003).
66. Frustaci A, Chimenti C, Calabrese F et al. Immunosuppressive therapy for active lymphocytic myocarditis: virological and immunologic profile of responders versus nonresponders. Circulation 107(6), 857-863 (2003).
67. Bultmann BD, Klingel K, Sotlar K, Bock CT, Kandolf R. Parvovirus B19: a pathogen responsible for more than hematologic disorders. Virchows Arch. 442(1), 8-17 (2003).
68. Li Y, Bourler T, Andreoletti L et al. Enteroviral capsid protein VP1 is present in myocardial tissues from some patients with myocarditis or dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 101(3), 231-234 (2000).
69. Kuhl U, Pauschinger M, Schwimmbeck PL et al. Interferon-beta treatment eliminates cardiotropic viruses and improves left ventricular function in patients with myocardial persistence of viral genomes and left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 107(22), 2793-2798 (2003).
70. Maisch B, Camerini F, Schultheiss HP. Immunosuppressive therapy for myocarditis [letter; comment]. N. Engl. J. Med. 333(25), 1713-1714 (1995).
71. McNamara DM, Holubkov R, Starling RC et al. Controlled trial of intravenous immune globulin in recent-onset dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 103(18), 2254-2259 (2001).
72. Staudt A, Schaper F, Stangl V et al. Immunohistological changes in dilated cardiomyopathy induced by immunoadsorption therapy and subsequent immunoglobulin substitution. Circulation 103(22), 2681-2686 (2001).
73. Kuhl U, Schultheiss HP. Treatment of chronic myocarditis with corticosteroids. Eur. Heart J. 16(Suppl. O), O168-O172 (1995).
74. Felix SB, Staudt A, Dorffel WV et al.. Hemodynamic effects of immunoadsorption and subsequent immunoglobulin substitution in dilated cardiomyopathy: three-month results from a randomized study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 35(6),1590-1598 (2000).
75. Schimke I, Muller J, Priem F et al. Decreased oxidative stress in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy one year after immunoglobulin adsorption. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 38(1), 178-183 (2001).
76. Heim A, Grumbach I, Pring-Akerblom P et al. Inhibition of coxsackievirus B3 carrier state infection of cultured human myocardial fibroblasts by ribavirin and human natural interferon-α. Antiviral Res. 34(3),101-111 (1997).
77. Rosen FS. Putative mechanisms of the effect of intravenous γ∠globulin. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 67(3 Pt 2), S41-S43 (1993).
78. Takada H, Kishimoto C, Hiraoka Y. Therapy with immunoglobulin suppresses myocarditis in a murine coxsackievirus B3 model. Antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Circulation 92(6), 1604-1611 (1995).
79. McNamara DM, Rosenblum WD, Janosko KM et al. Intravenous immune globulin in the therapy of myocarditis and acute cardiomyopathy. Circulation 95(11), 2476-2478 (1997).
80. Gullestad L, Aass H, Fjeld JG et al. Immunomodulating Therapy With Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure. Circulation 103(2), 220-225 (2001).
81. Noutsias M, Hohmann C, Pauschinger M et al. sICAM-1 correlates with myocardial ICAM-1 expression in dilated cardiomyopathy. Int. J. Cardiol. 91(2-3), 153-161 (2003).
82. Ghosh S, Goldin E, Gordon FH et al. Natalizumab for active Crohn's disease. N. Engl. J. Med 348(1), 24-32 (2003).
83. Matsumoto Y, Jee Y, Sugisaki M. Successful TCR-based immunotherapy for autoimmune myocarditis with DNA vaccines after rapid identification of pathogenic TCR. J. Immunol. 164(4), 2248-2254 (2000).
84. Heim A, Pfetzing U, Muller G, Grumbach IM. Antiviral activity of WIN 54954 in coxsackievirus B2 carrier state infected human myocardial fibroblasts. Antiviral Res. 37(1), 47-56. (1998).