Maintenance therapy to suppress micrometastasis: The new challenge for adjuvant cancer treatment

Clinical Cancer Research

Volumn 11, Issue 15, 2005, Pages 5337-5341

  Epstein, Richard J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYTOTOXIC AGENT; DOXORUBICIN; FLUOROPYRIMIDINE; FLUOROURACIL; FOLINIC ACID; HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR; HORMONE INHIBITOR; I KAPPA B; METALLOPROTEINASE; METHOTREXATE; PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITOR; PROTEIN P53; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; RETINOID; THYMIDYLATE SYNTHASE;

BREAST CANCER; BRMS1 GENE; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER PALLIATIVE THERAPY; CANCER RESEARCH; CANCER SURVIVAL; COLORECTAL CANCER; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; CRSP3 GENE; CYTOTOXICITY; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; GENE; HUMAN; KAI1 GENE; KISS1 GENE; MAINTENANCE THERAPY; METASTASIS; MKK4 GENE; NM23 GENE; PARACRINE SIGNALING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RHOGD12 GENE; RKIP GENE; TIMP2 GENE; TREATMENT PLANNING; TUMOR GROWTH; TUMOR RESISTANCE; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE; TUMOR VOLUME; VDUP1 GENE;

ANIMALS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; CHEMOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HUMANS; NEOPLASM METASTASIS; NEOPLASMS; PALLIATIVE CARE; RECURRENCE; REMISSION INDUCTION; RISK; TIME FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 23044484011     PISSN: 10780432     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-0437     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Gelber RD, Bonetti M. Castiglione-Gertsch M, et al. Tailoring adjuvant treatments for the individual breast cancer patient. The Breast 2003;12:558-68.
2. Grossman SA, Burch PA. Quantitation of tumor response to antineoplastic therapy. Semin Oncol 1988;15:441-54.
3. Buchholz TA, Hill BS, Tucker SL, et al. Factors predictive of outcome in patients with breast cancer refractory to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer J 2001;7:413-20.
4. Chollet P, Amat S, Cure H, et al. Prognostic significance of a complete pathological response after induction chemotherapy in operable breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2002;86:1041-6.
5. Pierga JY, Robain M, Jouve M, et al. Response to chemotherapy is a major parameter influencing long-term survival of metastatic breast cancer patients. Ann Oncol 2001;12:231-7.
6. Klastersky J, Paesmans M. Response to chemotherapy, quality of life benefits and survival in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2001;34 Suppl 4:595-101.
7. Sengelov L, Kamby C, Geertsen P Andersen LJ, von der Maase H. Predictive factors of response to cisplatin-based chemotherapy and the relation of response to survival in patients with metastatic urothelial cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2000;46:357-64.
8. Payne JE, Pheils MT, Chapuis PH, MacPherson JG. The effect of fluorouracil on survival in metastatic colorectal cancer. ANZ J Surg 1981;51:12-6.
9. Powles TJ, Coombes RC, Smith IE, Jones JM, Ford HT, Gazet JC. Failure of chemotherapy to prolong survival in a group of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Lancet 1980;i:580-2.
10. Di Leo A, Buyse M, Bleiberg H. Is overall survival a realistic primary end point in advanced colorectal studies? Ann Oncol 2004;15:545-9.
11. Braud AC, Asselain B, Scholl S, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in young breast cancer patients: correlation between response and relapse? Eur J Cancer 1999;35:392-7.
12. Faneyte IF, Schrama JG, Peterse JL, Remijnse PL, Rodenhuis S, van der Vijver MJ. Breast cancer response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy: predictive markers and relation with outcome. Br J Cancer 2003;88:406-12.
13. Petit T, Wilt M, Velten M, et al. Comparative value of tumor grade, hormonal receptors, Ki-67, HER-2 and topoisomerase IIα status as predictive markers in breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant anthracycline chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer 2004;40:205-11.
14. Sierocki JS, Hilaris BS, Hopfan S, et al. cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum and VP-16-213: an active induction regimen for small cell carcinoma of the lung. Cancer Treat Rep 1979;63:1593-7.
15. Epstein RJ. Treating breast cancer before surgery. Br Med J 1996;313:1345-16.
16. Van der Hage JA, van de Velde CJ, Julien JP, Tubiana-Hulin M, Vandervelden C, Duchateau L. Preoperative chemotherapy in primary operable breast cancer: results from the EORTC trial 10902. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:4224-37.
17. Geisler S, Borresen-Dale AL, Johnsen H, et al. TP53 mutations predict the response to neoadjuvant treatment with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin in locally advanced breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2003;9:5582-8.
18. Hamelin R, Laurent-Puig P, Olschwang S, et al. Association of p53 mutations with short survival in colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 1994;106:42-8.
19. Nori D, Merimsky O, Samala E, et al. Tumor ploidy as a risk factor for disease recurrence and short survival in surgically treated Dukes' B2 colon cancer patients. J Surg Oncol 1995;59:239-42.
20. Wild PJ, Reichle A, Andreesen R, et al. Microsatellite instability predicts poor short-term survival in patients with advanced breast cancer after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous transplantation. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:556-64.
21. Fister KR, Panetta JC. Optimal control applied to competing chemotherapeutic cell-kill strategies. J Appl Math 2003;63:1954-71.
22. Liebes L, Potmesil M, Kim T, et al. Pharmacodynamics of topoisomerase I inhibition. Clin Cancer Res 1998;4:545-57.
23. Edler D, Glimelius B, Hallstrom M, et al. Thymidylate synthase expression in colorectal cancer: a prognostic and predictive marker of benefit from adjuvant fluorouracil-based chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:1711-3.
24. Henderson IC, Berry DA, Demetri GD, et al. Improved outcomes from adding sequential paclitaxel but not from escalating Doxorubicin dose in an adjuvant chemotherapy regimen for patients with node-positive primary breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:976-83.
25. Skipper HE. Schabel FM, Wilcox WS. On the criteria and kinetics associated with "curability" of experimental leukemia. Cancer Chemother Rep 1964;35:1-111.
26. Coldman AJ, Goldie JH. Impact of dose-intense chemotherapy on the development of permanent drug resistance. Semin Oncol 1987;14:29-33.
27. Norton L, Simon R, Brereton HD, Bodgen AE. Predicting the course of Gompertzian growth. Nature 1976;264:542-5.
28. Dimanche-Boitrel MT, Garrido C, Chauffert B. Kinetic resistance to anticancer agents. Cytotechnology 1993;12:347-56.
29. Norton L, Simon R, Tumor size, sensitivity to therapy, and design of treatment scheduling. Cancer Treat Rep 1977;61:1307-17.
30. Citron ML, Berry DA, Cirrincione C, et al. Randomized trial of dose-dense versus conventionally scheduled and sequential versus concurrent combination chemotherapy as postoperative adjuvant treatment of node-positive primary breast cancer: first report of Intergroup Trial C9741/Cancer and Leukemia Group B Trial 9741. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:1431-9.
31. Goodison S, Kawai K, Hihara J, et al. Prolonged dormancy and site-specific growth potential of cancer cells spontaneously disseminated from nonmetastatic breast tumors as revealed by labeling with green fluorescent protein. Clin Cancer Res 2003;9:3808-14.
32. Cameron MD, Schmidt EE, Kerkvliet N, et al. Temporal progression of metastasis in lung: cell survival, dormancy, and location dependence of metastatic inefficiency. Cancer Res 200;60:2541-6.
33. Braun S, Kentenich C, Janni W, et al. Lack of effect of adjuvant chemotherapy on the elimination of dormant tumor cells in bone marrow of high-risk bresat cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:80-6.
34. Naumov GN, Townson JL, Macdonald IC, et al. Ineffectiveness of doxorubicin treatment on solitary dormant mammary carcinoma cells or late-developing metastases. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2003;82:199-206.
35. Demicheli R, Terenziani M, Valagussa P, Moliterni A, Zambetti M, Bonadonna G. Local recurrences following mastectomy: support for the concept of tumor dormancy. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86:45-8.
36. Demicheli R, Terenziani M, Bonadonna G. Estimate of tumor growth time for breast cancer local recurrences: rapid growth after wake-up? Breast Cancer Res Treat 1998;51:133-7.
37. Luzzi KJ, MacDonald IC, Schmidt EE, et al. Multistep nature of metastatic inefficiency: dormancy of solitary cells after successful extravasation and limited survival of early micrometastases. Am J Pathol 1998;153:865-73.
38. MacDonald IC, Groom AC, Chambers AF. Cancer spread and micrometastasis development: quantitative approach for in vivo models. Bioessays 2002;24:885-93.
39. Cao Y, O'Reilly MS, Marshall B, Flynn E, Ji RW, Folkman J. Expression of angiostatin cDNA in a murine fibrosarcoma suppresses primary tumor growth and produces long-term dormancy of metastases. J Clin Invest 1998;101:1055-63.
40. Holmgren L, O'Reilly MS, Folkman J. Dormancy of micrometastases: balanced proliferation and apoptosis in the presence of angiogenesis suppression. Nat Med 1995;1:149-53.
41. Udagawa T, Fernandez A, Achilles E, Folkman J, DAmato RJ. Persistence of microscopic human cancers in mice: alterations in the angiogenic balance accompanies loss of tumor dormancy. FASEB J 2002;16:1361-70.
42. Retsky M, Bonadonna G, Demicheli R, Folkman J, Hrushesky W, Valagussa P. Hypothesis: induced angiogenesis after surgery in premenopausal node-positive breast cancer patients is a major underlying reason why adjuvant chemotherapy works particularly well for those patients. Breast Cancer Res 2004;6:372-4.
43. Guba M, Cernaianu G, Koehl G, et al. A primary tumor promotes dormancy of solitary tumor cells before inhibiting angiogenesis. Cancer Res 2001;61:575-9.
44. Konn EC, Liotta LA. Molecular insights into cancer invasion: strategies for prevention and intervention. Cancer Res 1995;55:1856-62.
45. Jongsma J, Oomen MH, Noorzij MA, et al. Androgen deprivation of the PC-310 human prostate cancer model system induces neuroendocrine differentiation. Cancer Res 2000;60:741-8.
46. Shimosata Y, Kameya T, Hirohashi S. Growth, morphology, and function of xenotransplanted human tumors. Pathol Annu 1979;14:215-57
47. Gattelli A, Cirio MC, Quaglino A, et al. Progression of pregnancy-dependent mouse mammary tumors after long dormancy periods: involvement of Wnt pathway activation. Cancer Res 2004;64:5193-9.
48. Soule HD, McGrath CM. Estrogen responsive proliferation of clonal human breast carcinoma cells in athymic mice. Cancer Lett 1980;10:177-89.
49. De Soto JA, Bowen D, Davis JH, Southerland WM, Hawkins M. Sequence- and time-dependent antagonism between raloxifene and methotrexate in human breast cancer cells. Anticancer Res 2002;22:1007-9.
50. Woods KE, Randolph JK, Gewirtz DA. Antagonism between tamoxifen and doxorubicin in the MCF-7 human breast cancer tumor cell line. Biochem Pharmacol 1994;47:1449-52.
51. Pedrazzini A, Cavalli F, Brunner KW, Goldhirsch A, Mermillod B. Complete remission following endocrine or combined cytotoxic and hormonal treatment in advanced breast cancer. Oncology 1987;44:51-9.
52. Medley BD, Winquist E, Chambers AF. Therapeutic targets for antimetastatic therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2004;8:527-36.
53. Uhr JW, Scheuermann RH, Street NE, Vitetta ES. Cancer dormancy: opportunities for new therapeutic approaches. Nat Med 1997;3:505-9.
54. Dowsett M, Archer C, Assersohn L, et al. Clinical studies of apoptosis and proliferation in breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 1999;6:25-8.
55. Noel A, Foidart JM. The role of stroma in breast carcinoma growth in vivo. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 1998;3:215-25.
56. Khazaie K, Prifti S, Beckhove P, et al. Persistence of dormant tumor cells in the bone marrow of tumor cell-vaccinated mice correlates with longterm immunological protection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994;91:7430-4.
57. DiFronzo LA, Gupta RK, Essner R, et al. Enhanced humoral immune response correlates with improved disease-free and overall survival in AJCC stage II melanoma patients receiving adjuvant polyvalent vaccine. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:3242-8.
58. Varghese HJ, Mackenzie LT, Groom AC, et al. In vivo videomicroscopy reveals differential effects of the vascular targeting agent ZD6126 and the antiangiogenic agent ZD6474 on vascular function in a liver metastasis model. Angiogenesis 2004;7:157-64.
59. Zaniboni A. Adjuvant chemotherapy in colorectal cancer with high-dose leucovorin and fluorouracil: impact on disease-free survival and overall survival. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:2432-41.
60. Hanna CL, McKinna FE, Williams LB, et al. High-dose folinic acid and 5-fluorouracil bolus and continuous infusion in advanced colorectal cancer: poor response rate in unselected patients. Br J Cancer 1995;72:774-6.
61. Massacesi C, Pistilli B, Valeri M, et al. Predictors of short-term survival and progression to chemotherapy in patients with advanced colorectal cancer treated with 5-fluorouracil-based regimens. Am J Clin Oncol 2002;25:140-8.
62. Elledge RM, Clark GM, Hon J, et al. Rapid in vitro assay for predicting response to fluorouracil in patients with metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:419-23.
63. Chu E, Callender MA, Farrell MP, Schmitz JC, Thymidylate synthase inhibitors as anticancer agents: from bench to bedside. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2003;52 Suppl 1:80-9.
64. Kornmann M, Schwabe W, Sander S, et al. Thymidylate synthase and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase mRNA expression levels: predictors for survival in colorectal cancer patients receiving adjuvant 5-fluorouracil. Clin Cancer Res 2003;9:4116-24.
65. Wong NA, Brett L, Stewart M, et al. Nuclear thymidylate synthase expression, p53 expression and 5FU response in colorectal carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2001;85:1937-43.
66. Ninomiya J, Terada J, Yoshizumi T, et al. Antimetastatic effect of capecitabine on human colon cancer xenografts in nude mouse rectum. Int J Cancer 2004;112:135-42.
67. Steeg PS, Ouatas T, Halverson D, Palmieri D, Salerno M. Metastasis suppressor genes: basic biology and potential clinical use. Clin Breast Cancer 2003;4:51-62.
68. Terao Y, Kumano S, Takatsu Y, et al. Expression of KiSS-1, a metastasis suppressor gene, in trophoblast giant cells of the rat placenta. Biochim Biophys Acta 2004;1678:102-10.
69. Steeg PS. Metastasis suppressors alter the signal transduction of cancer cells. Nat Rev Cancer 2003;3:55-63.
70. DeWald DB, Torbinejad J, Samant RS, et al. Metastasis suppression by breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1 involves reduction of phosphoinositide signaling in MDA-MB-435 breast carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 65:713-7.
71. Stark AM, Tongers K, Maass N, Mehdorn HM, Held-Feindt J. Reduced metastasis-suppressor gene mRNA expression in breast cancer brain metastases. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2005;131:191-8.
72. Ohta S, Lai EW, Pang AL, et al. Down-regulation of metastasis suppressor genes in malignant pheochromocytoma. Int J Cancer 2005;114:139-43.
73. Einhorn LH. Chemotherapeutic and surgical strategies for germ cell tumors. Chest Surg Clin N Am 2002;12:695-706.
74. Riou G, Barrois M, Prost S, Terrier MJ, Theodore C, Levine AJ. The p53 and mdm-2 genes in human testicular germ-cell tumors. Mol Carcinog 1995;12:124-31.
75. Chiba T, Yokosuka O, Fukai K, et al. Cell growth inhibition and gene expression induced by the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A on human hepatoma cells. Oncology 2004;66:481-91.
76. Greten FR, Eckman L, Greten TF, et al. IKK-β links inflammation and tumorigenesis in a mouse model of colitis-associated cancer. Cell 2004;118:285-96.
77. Montel V, Kleeman J, Agarwal D, Spinella D, Kawai K, Tarin D. Altered metastatic behavior of human breast cancer cells after experimental manipulation of matrix metalloproteinase 8 gene expression. Cancer Res 2004;64:1687-94.
78. Weber KL, Doucet M, Price JE, Baker C, Kim SJ, Fidler IJ. Blockade of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling leads to inhibition of renal cell carcinoma in the bone of nude mice. Cancer Res 2003;63:2940-7.
79. Lim YP, Wong CY, Ooi LL, Druker BJ, Epstein RJ. Selective tyrosine hyperphosphorylation of cytoskeletal and stress proteins in primary human breast cancers: implications for adjuvant use of kinase-inhibitory drugs. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:3980-7.
80. Chen EX, Tannock IF. Risks and benefits of phase 1 clinical trials evaluating new anticancer agents: a case for more innovation. JAMA 2004;292:2150-1.
81. Parulekar WR, Eisenhauer EA. Phase 1 trial design for solid tumor studies of targeted, non-cytotoxic agents: theory and practice. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004;96:990-7.
82. Simon R, Maitournam A. Evaluating the efficiency of targeted designs for randomized clinical trials. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:6759-63.
83. McLeod HL. Individualized cancer therapy: molecular approaches to the prediction of tumor response. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2002;2:113-9.
84. Osborne CK. Steroid hormone receptors in breast cancer management. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1998;51:227-38.
85. Sawaki A, Yamao K. Imatinib mesylate acts in metastatic or unresectable gastrointestinal stromal tumor by targeting KIT receptors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2004;s4 suppl:s44-9.
86. Leyland-Jones B. Trastuzumab: hopes and realities. Lancet Oncol 2002;3:137-44.
87. Dancey JE. Predictive factors for EGFR inhibitors: the bull's eye hits the arrow. Cancer Cell 2004;5:411-5.
88. Paz MF, Yaya-Tur R, Rajas-Marcos I, et al. CpG island hypermethylation of the DNA repair enzyme MGMT predicts response to temozolomide in primary gliomas. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:4933-8.
89. Nunez R, Macapinlac HA, Yeung HW, et al. Combined 18F-FDG and 11C-methionine PET scans in patients with newly progressive metastatic prostate cancer. J Nucl Med 2002;43:46-55.
90. Lim YP, Diong LS, Qi R, Druker BJ, Epstein RJ. Phosphoproteomic fingerprinting of EGF signaling and anticancer drug action in human tumor cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2003;2:1369-77.
91. Slavin S. Smarter rather than stronger treatment of haematological malignancies and non-malignant indications for stem-cell transplantation. Lancet 2004;364:122-4.