Diamonds, blood, and taxes: A revenue-centered framework for explaining political order

Journal of Conflict Resolution

Volumn 49, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 563-597

  Snyder, Richard ^a   Bhavnani, Ravi ^b  

^a BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Africa; Civil war; Diamonds; Lootable wealth; Resource extraction

Indexed keywords

EID: 22944466701     PISSN: 00220027     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0022002705277796     Document Type: Review

References (73)

1. Addy, Samuel N. 1998. Ghana: Revival of the mineral sector. Resources Policy 24 (4): 229-39.
2. Arulpragasam, Jehan, and David E. Sohn. 1997. Economic transition in Guinea: Implications for growth and poverty. New York: New York University Press.
3. Ardant, Gabriel. 1975. Financial policy and economic infrastructure of modern states and nations. In The formation of national states in Western Europe, ed. Charles Tilly. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
4. Auty, Richard, ed. 2001. Resource abundance and economic development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5. Bates, Robert, Avner Greif, and Smita Singh. 2002. Organizing violence. Journal of Conflict Resolution 46:599-628.
6. Brady, Henry E., and David Collier, eds. 2004. Rethinking social inquiry: Diverse tools, shared standards. Berkeley: Rowman & Littlefield/Berkeley Public Policy Press.
7. Buhaug, Halvard, and Scott Gates. 2002. The geography of civil war. Journal of Peace Research 39 (4): 417-33.
8. Callaghy, Thomas M. 1990. Lost between state and market: The politics of economic adjustment in Ghana, Zambia, and Nigeria. In Economic crisis and policy choice: The politics of adjustment in the third world, ed. Joan M. Nelson. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
9. Campbell, Greg. 2002. Blood diamonds. Boulder, CO: Westview.
10. Cheibub, Jose Antonio. 1998. Political regimes and the extractive capacity of governments: Taxation in democracies and dictatorships. World Politics 50 (3): 349-76.
11. Coakley, Geoge J. 2002. The mineral industry of Ghana. In Minerals yearbook, area reports: International 2000, Africa and the Middle East. Vol. 3. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey.
12. Cohen, Youssef, Brian R. Brown, and A. F. K. Organski. 1981. The paradoxical nature of state making: The violent creation of order. American Political Science Review 75 (4): 901-10.
13. Collier, Paul, and Anke Hoeffler. 1998. On economic causes of civil war. Oxford Economic Papers 50 (14): 563-73.
14. _. 2002. Military expenditure: threats, aid and arms races. World Bank Working Paper: The Economics of Civil War, Crime and Violence. Washington, DC: World Bank.
15. _. 2004. Greed and grievance in civil war. Oxford Economic Papers 56 (4): 563-96.
16. Coppedge, Michael. 2001. Explaining democratic deterioration in Venezuela through nested induction. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, September, San Francisco.
17. De Soysa, Indra. 2000. The resource curse: Are civil wars driven by rapacity or paucity? In Greed and grievance: Economic agendas in civil war, ed. Mats Berdal and David Malone. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
18. Ellis, Stephen. 1999. The mask of anarchy. New York: New York University Press.
19. Englebert, Pierre, and James Ron. 2004. Primary commodities and war: Congo-Brazzaville's ambivalent resource curse. Comparative Politics 37 (1): 61-81.
20. Fearon, James D. 2004. Why do some civil wars last so much longer than others? Journal of Peace Research 41 (3): 275-302.
21. Fearon, James D., and David D. Laitin. 1999. Weak states, rough terrain, and large-scale ethnic violence since 1945. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, September 2-5, Atlanta, GA.
22. _. 2003. Ethnicity, insurgency, and civil war. American Political Science Review 97:75-90.
23. Gberie, Lansana. 2001. Destabilizing Guinea: Diamonds, Charles Taylor and the potential for wider humanitarian catastrophe. Occasional Paper 1, the Diamonds and Human Security Project. Ottawa, Canada: Partnership Africa Canada.
24. George, Alexander L., and Timothy J. McKeown. 1985. Case studies and theories of organizational decision making. In Advances in information processing in organizations, vol. 2. Santa Barbara, CA: JAI Press.
25. Grossman, Herschel. 1999. Kleptocracy and revolutions. Oxford Economic Papers 51:267-83.
26. Gyimah-Boadi, E. 1999. Ghana: The challenges of consolidating democracy. In State, conflict, and democracy in Africa, ed. Richard Joseph. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
27. Harden, Blaine. 2000. Africa's diamond wars. New York Times, April 6.
28. Hegre, Havard, Tanja Ellingsen, Scott Gates, and Nils Petter Gleditsch. 2001. Toward a democratic civil peace? Democracy, political change, and civil war, 1816-1992. American Political Science Review 95:33-48.
29. Henk, D., and M. Rupiya. 2001. Funding defense: Challenges of buying military capability in Sub-Saharan Africa. Strategic Studies Institute Working Paper. Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College.
30. Herbst, J. 1993. The politics of reform in Ghana, 1982-1991. Berkeley: University of California Press.
31. _. 2004. African militaries and rebellion: The political economy of threat and combat effectiveness. Journal of Peace Research 41 (3): 357-70.
32. Hirsch, John L. 2001. Sierra Leone: Diamonds and the struggle for democracy. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
33. Hobbes, Thomas. 1651/1985. Leviathan. London: Penguin.
34. Homer-Dixon, Thomas F. 1999. Environment, scarcity, and violence. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
35. Humphreys, Macartan. 2005. Natural resources, conflict, and conflict resolution: Uncovering the mechanisms. Journal of Conflict Resolution 49 (4): 508-37.
36. Humphreys, Macartan, and Habaye ag Mohamed. 2003. Senegal and Mali. Working Paper, Department of Political Science, Columbia University, New York.
37. Janse, A. J. A. (Bram). 1995. A history of diamond sources in Africa: Part I. Gems & Gemology 31:228-55.
38. _. 1996. A history of diamond sources in Africa: Part II. Gems & Gemology 32:2-30.
39. Karl, Terry Lynn. 1997. The paradox of plenty: Oil booms and petro-states. Berkeley: University of California Press.
40. Keen, David. 1998. The economic functions of violence in civil wars. Adelphi Paper 320. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
41. Le Billon, Philippe. 2001. The political ecology of war: Natural resources and armed conflicts. Political Geography 20 (5): 561-84.
42. Levi, Margaret. 1988. Of rule and revenue. Berkeley: University of California Press.
43. Levinson, Alfred A., John J. Gurney, and Melissa B. Kirkley. 1992. Diamond sources and production: Past, present, and future. Gems & Gemology 28 (4): 234-54.
44. Lieberman, Evan S. 2004. Nested analysis as a mixed-method strategy for cross-national research. Working Paper, Department of Politics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ.
45. Lujala, Päivi, Nils Petter Gleditsch, and Elisabeth Gilmore. 2005. A diamond curse? Civil war and a lootable resource. Journal of Conflict Resolution 49 (4): 538-63.
46. Moore, Mick. 2004. Revenues, state formation, and the quality of governance in developing countries. International Political Science Review 25:297-319.
47. Musgrave, Richard. 1969. Fiscal systems. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
48. Muller, Edward N., and Erich Weede. 1990. Cross-national variations in political violence: A rational action approach. Journal of Conflict Resolution 34:624-51.
49. Parunak, H., R. Savit, and R. Riolo. 1998. Agent-based modeling vs. equation-based modeling: A case study and user's guide. In Proceedings of Multi-Agent Systems and Agent-Based Simulation (MABS'98), 10-25. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
50. Przeworski, Adam, and Henry Teune. 1970. The logic of comparative social inquiry. New York: John Wiley.
51. Reno, William. 1995. Corruption and state politics in Sierra Leone. New York: Cambridge University Press.
52. _. 1998. Warlord politics and African states. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
53. Richards, Paul. 1996. Fighting for the rain forest: War, youth, and resources in Sierra Leone. Oxford, UK: James Currey.
54. Ross, Michael. 2003. Oil, drugs, and diamonds: The varying roles of natural resources in civil war. In The political economy of armed conflict: Beyond greed and grievance, ed. Karen Ballentine and Jake Sherman. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
55. _. 2004a. How does natural resource wealth influence civil war? Evidence from thirteen cases. International Organization 58 (1): 35-68.
56. _. 2004b. What do we know about natural resources and civil war? Journal of Peace Research 41(3): 337-56.
57. Sambanis, Nicholas. 2004. Using case studies to expand economic models of civil war. Perspectives on Politics 2:259-79.
58. Schumpeter, Joseph A. 1991. The crisis of the tax state. In Joseph A. Schumpeter: The economics and sociology of capitalism, ed. Richard Swedberg. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
59. Scott, James C. 1999. Seeing like a state: How certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
60. Shafer, D. Michael. 1994. Winners and losers: How sectors shape the developmental prospects of states. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
61. Skocpol, Theda. 1979. States and social revolutions: A comparative analysis of France, Russia and China. New York: Cambridge University Press.
62. Snyder, Richard. 1992. Explaining transitions from neopatrimonial dictatorships. Comparative Politics 24:379-99.
63. _. 2001. Does lootable wealth breed disorder? States, regimes, and the political economy of extraction. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, September, San Francisco.
64. _. 2004. Does lootable wealth breed disorder? A political economy of extraction framework. Working Paper 312, the Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN. http://www.nd.edu/~kellogg/WPS/312.pdf.
65. Tilly, Charles. 1978. From mobilization to revolution. New York: Random House.
66. _. 1990. Coercion, capital, and European states, AD 990-1992. Cambridge, UK: Blackwell.
67. Traub, James. 2000. The worst place on earth. New York Review of Books, June 29.
68. United States Geological Survey. 2002. Minerals yearbook, area report: International 2000. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey.
69. Van der Laan,H. L. 1965. The Sierra Leone diamonds: An economic study covering the years 1952-1961. London: Oxford University Press.
70. Weber, Max. 1978. Economy and society, ed. Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich. Berkeley: University of California Press.
71. Wickham-Crowley, Timothy P. 1992. Guerillas and revolution in Latin America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
72. Zack-Wiliams, Alfred. 1995. Tributors, supporters and merchant capital: Mining and underdevelopment in Sierra Leone. Aldershot, UK: Avebury.
73. Zack-Williams, Babatunde. 1990. Diamond mining and underdevelopment in Sierra Leone: 1930/1980. Africa Development 15 (2): 95-117.