The biological role of smoking, oral contraceptive use and endogenous sexual steroid hormones in invasive squamous epithelial cervical cancer

Anticancer Research

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 3041-3046

  Hellberg, Dan ^a,b,d   Stendahl, Ulf ^c  

^a FALUN HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^b UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^c UMEÅ UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^d Center for Clinical Research   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Cervical cancer; Oral contraceptives; Review; Smoking; Steroid hormones

Indexed keywords

DNA FRAGMENT; ESTRADIOL; FRAGILE HISTIDINE TRIAD PROTEIN; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; PROGESTERONE; STEROID HORMONE; TUMOR MARKER; UVOMORULIN;

ANGIOGENESIS; BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY; CANCER INVASION; CANCER RISK; CANCER SURVIVAL; CELL ACTIVITY; CELL CYCLE S PHASE; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL TRANSFORMATION; DNA DAMAGE; ESTRADIOL BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; LANGERHANS CELL; NATURAL KILLER CELL; ORAL CONTRACEPTION; PREMENOPAUSE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGESTERONE BLOOD LEVEL; REVIEW; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SMOKING; UTERINE CERVIX CANCER; UTERINE CERVIX MUCUS;

CARCINOMA, SQUAMOUS CELL; CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL, HORMONAL; FEMALE; GONADAL STEROID HORMONES; HUMANS; SMOKING; STEROIDS; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL; UTERINE CERVICAL NEOPLASMS;

EID: 22944442604     PISSN: 02507005     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (52)

1. Crum CP: Contemporary theories of cervical carcinogenesis: the virus, the host and the stem cell. Mod Pathol 13: 243-251, 2000.
2. Hellberg D, Valentin J and Nilsson S: Long-term use of oral contraceptives and cervical neoplasia: an association confounded by other risk factors. Contraception 32: 337-346, 1985.
3. Hellberg D, Valentin J and Nilsson S: Smoking as risk factor in cervical neoplasia. Lancet 2: 1497, 1983.
4. Castellsaque X and Munoz N: Cofactors in human papillomavirus carcinogenesis - role of parity, oral contraceptives, and tobacco smoking. J Natl Cancer Inst Monographs 31: 20-28, 2003.
5. Lindström A, Backström T, Hellberg D, Tribukait B, Strang P and Stendahl U: Correlations between serum progesterone and smoking, and the growth fraction of cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Anticancer Res 20: 3637-3640, 2000.
6. Hellberg D, Lindström AK and Stendahl U: Correlation between serum estradiol/progesterone ratio and survival length in invasive squamous cell cervical cancer. Anticancer Res 25: 611-616, 2005
7. Lindström A, Hellberg D, Bäckström T and Stendahl U: Diagnostic, endocrinological, behavioral, and DNA ploidy differences between squamous cell and adenomatous carcinoma of the cervix uteri. Oncology Res 14: 321-324, 2004.
8. Sikström B, Hellberg D, Nilsson S and Mardh P-A: Smoking, alcohol, sexual behaviour and drug use in women with cervical human papillomavirus infection. Arch Gynecol Obstet 256: 131-137, 1995.
9. Sasson IM, Hellberg D, Haley NJ, Nilsson S, Hoffman D and Wynder EL: Cigarette smoking and neoplasia of the uterine cervix: smoke constituents in cervical mucus. N Engl J Med 312: 315-316, 1985.
10. Hellberg D, Nilsson S, Haley NJ, Hoffman D and Wynder E: Smoking and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: nicotine and cotinine in serum and cervical mucus in smokers and nonsmokers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 158: 910-913, 1988.
11. Melikian AA, Sun P, Prokopczyk B, El-Bayoumy K, Hoffmann D, Wang X and Waggoner S: Identification of benzo(a)pyrene metabolites in cervical mucus and DNA adducts in cervical tissues in humans by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Cancer Lett 146: 127-134, 1999.
12. Simons AM, Phillips DH and Coleman DV: DNA adduct assay in cervical epithelium. Diagn Cytopathol 10: 284-288, 1994.
13. Melikian AA, Wang X, Waggoner S, Hoffmann D and El-Bayoumy K: Comparative response of normal and of human papillomavirus-16 immortalized human epithelial cervical cells to benzo(a)pyrene. Oncol Rep 6: 1371-1376, 1999.
14. Prokopczyk B, Cox JE, Hoffmann D and Waggoner SE: Identification of tobacco-specific carcinogen in the cervical mucus of smokers and nonsmokers. J Natl Cancer Inst 89: 868-873, 1997.
15. Wiencke JK: DNA adduct burden and tobacco carcinogenesis. Oncogene 21: 7376-7391, 2002.
16. Deligeoroglou E, Michailidis E and Creatsas G: Oral contraceptives and reproductive system cancer. Ann NY Acad Sci 997: 199-208, 2003.
17. Green J, Berrington de Gonzalez A, Sweetland S, Beral V, Chilvers C, Crossley B, Deacon J, Hermon C, Jha P, Mant D, Peto J, Pike M and Vessey MP: Risk factors for adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix in women aged 20-44 years: the UK National Case-Control Study of Cervical Cancer. Br J Cancer 89: 2078-2086, 2003.
18. Stendahl U and Rogo K: Cervical cancer: role for progesterone during pregnancy and contraception? Am J Obstet Gynecol 163: 685-686, 1990.
19. Brabin L: Interactions of the female hormonal environment, susceptibility to viral infections and disease progression. AIDS Patient Care 16: 211-221, 2002.
20. Remoue F, Jacobs N, Miot V, Boniver J and Delvenne P: High intraepithelial expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in the transformation zone of the uterine cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189: 1660-1665, 2003.
21. Crook T, Storey A, Almond N, Osborn K and Crawford L: Human papillomavirus type 16 cooperates with activated ras and fos oncogenes in the hormone-dependent transformation of primary mouse cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 8820-8824, 1988.
22. Pater A, Bayatpour M and Pater MM: Oncogenic transformation by human papillomavirus type 16 deoxyribonucleic acid in the presence of progesterone or progestins from oral contraceptives. Am J Obstet Gynecol 162: 1099-1103, 1990.
23. Kedzia W, Gozdzicka-Josefiak A, Kwasniewska A, Schmidt M, Miturski R and Spaczynski M: Relationship between HPV infection of the cervix and blood serum levels of steroid hormones among pre- and postmenopausal women. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 21: 177-179, 2000.
24. Arena S, Marconi M, Ubertosi M, Frega A, Arena G and Villani C: HPV pregnancy: diagnostic methods, transmission and evolution. Minerva Ginecologica 54: 225-237, 2002.
25. Hellberg D, Axelsson O, Gad A and Nilsson S: Conservative management of the abnormal smear during pregnancy - a long-term follow-up. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 66: 195-199, 1987.
26. Yuan F, Auborn K and James C: Altered growth and viral gene expression in human papillomavirus type 16-containing cancer cell lines treated with progesterone. Cancer Invest 17: 19-29, 1999.
27. De Villiers E-M: Relationship between steroid hormone contraceptives and HPV, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical carcinoma. Int J Cancer 103: 705-708, 2003.
28. Auborn KJ, Woodworth C, DiPaolo JA and Bradlow HL: The interaction between HPV infection and estrogen metabolism in cervical carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer 49: 867-869, 1991.
29. Salazar EL, Mercado E, Sojo I and Salcedo M: Relationship between estradiol 16 alpha-hydroxylation and human papillomavirus infection in cervical cell transformation. Gynecol Endocrinol 15: 335-340, 2001.
30. Elson DA, Riley RR, Lacey A, Thordarson G, Talamantes FJ and Arbeit JM: Sensitivity of the cervical transformation zone to estrogen-induced squamous carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 60: 1267-1275, 2000.
31. Hanahan D and Weinberg RA: The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 100: 57-70, 2000.
32. Waggoner SE and Wang X: Effect of nicotine on proliferation of normal, malignant, and human papillomavirus-transformed human cervical cells. Gynecol Oncol 55: 91-95, 1994.
33. Konishi I, Fujii S, Nonogaki H, Nanbu Y, Iwai T and Mori T: Immunohistochemical analysis of estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, Ki-67 antigen, and human papillomavirus DNA in normal and neoplastic epithelium of the uterine cervix. Cancer 68: 1340-1350, 1999.
34. Mathur RS, Mathur SP and Young RC: Up-regulation of epidermal growth factor-receptors (EGF-R) by nicotine in cervical cancer cell lines: this effect may be mediated by EGF. Am J Reprod Immunol 44: 114-120, 2000.
35. Ridderheim M, Stendahl U and Backström T: Progesterone and estradiol stimulate release of epidermal growth factor/transforming growth factor alpha by ovarian tumours in vitro. Anticancer Res 14: 2763-2768, 1994.
36. Xinarianos G, Scott FM, Liloglou T, Prime W, Callaghan J, Gosney JR and Field JK: Telomerase activity in non-small cell lung carcinomas correlates with smoking status. Int J Oncol 15: 961-965, 1999.
37. Williams CD, Bogess JF, LaMarque LR, Meyer WR, Murray MJ, Fritz MA and Lessey BA: A prospective, randomized study of endometrial telomerase during the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86: 3912-3917, 2001.
38. Hussain SP and Harris CC: Molecular epidemiology of human cancer. In: Recent Results in Cancer Research, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 22-36, 1998.
39. Arends MJ, Buckley CH and Wells M: Aetiology, pathogenesis, and pathology of cervical neoplasia. J Clin Pathol 57: 96-103, 1998.
40. Gao W-M, Hussam HM, Yu G-Y, Siegfried JM, Luketich JD, Melhem MF and Keohavong P: Comparison of p53 mutations between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung: unique spectra involving G and A transitions in both histologic types. Lung Cancer 40: 141-150, 2003.
41. Carico E, Atlante M, Bucci B, Nofroni I and Vecchione A: E-cadherin and alpha-catenin expression during tumor progression of cervical carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 80: 156-161, 2001.
42. Toyooka S, Maruyama R, Toyooka KO, McLerran D, Feng Z, Fukuyama Y, Virmani AK, Zochbauer-Muller S, Tsukuda K, Sugio K, Shimizu N, Shimizu N, Lee H, Chen CY, Fong KM, Gilcrease M, Roth JA, Minna JD and Gazdar AF: Smoke-exposure, histologic type and geography-related differences in the methylation profiles of non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 103: 153-160, 2003.
43. Moser P, Kieback DG, Hefler L, Tempfer L, Neunteufel W and Gitsch G: Immunohistochemical detection of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 1 and 2, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP 2) in stage IB cervical cancer. Anticancer Res 19: 4391-4393, 1999.
44. Yu C, Pan K, Xing D, Liang G, Tan W, Zhang L and Lin D: Correlation between a single nucleotide polymorphism in the matrix metalloproteinase-2 promoter and risk of lung cancer. Cancer Res 62: 6430-6433, 2002.
45. Dobbs SP, Hewett PW, Johnson IR, Carmichael J and Murray JC: Angiogenesis is associated with vascular endothelial growth factor expression in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Br J Cancer 76: 1410-1415, 1997.
46. Conklin BS, Zhao W, Zhong D-S and Chen C: Nicotine and cotinine up-regulate vascular endothelial growth factor expression in endothelial cells. Am J Pathol 160: 413-418, 2002.
47. Schuurs AHWM and Verheul HAM: Effects of gender and sex steroids on the immune response. J Steroid Biochem 35: 157-172, 1990.
48. Schneider A: Pathogenesis of genital HPV infection. Genitourin Med 69: 165-173, 1993.
49. Barton SE, Maddox PH, Jenkins D, Edwards R, Cuzick J and Singer A: Effect of cigarette smoking on cervical intraepithelial immunity: a mechanism for neoplastic change? Lancet 2: 652-654, 1988.
50. Saegusa M, Hashimura M, Hara A and Okayasu I: Upregulation of pS2 expression during the development of adenocarcinomas but not squamous cell carcinomas of the uterine cervix, independently of expression of c-jun or oestrogen and progesterone receptors. J Pathol 190: 554-563, 2000.
51. Butler D, Collins C, Mabruk M, Leader MB and Kay EW: Loss of Fhit expression as a potential marker of malignant progression in preinvasive squamous cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 86: 144-149, 2002.
52. Nelson HH, Wiencke JK, Gunn L, Wain JC, Christiani DC and Kelsey KT: Chromosome 3p14 alterations in lung cancer: Evidence that FHIT exon deletion is a target of tobacco carcinogenesis and asbestos. Cancer Res 58: 1804-1807, 1998.