Counterfactuals as self-generated primes: The effect of prior counterfactual activation on person perception judgments

Social Cognition

Volumn 18, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 252-280

  Galinsky, Adam D ^a   Moskowitz, Gordon B ^b   Skurnik, Ian ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034339108     PISSN: 0278016X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1521/soco.2000.18.3.252     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Allison, S. T., Mackie, D. M., & Messick, D. M. (1996). Outcome biases in social perception: Implications for dispositional inference, attitude change, stereotyping, and social behavior. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 28, pp. 53-93). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
2. Anderson, C. A., Lepper, M. R., & Ross, L. (1980). Perseverance of social theories: The role of explanation in the persistence of discredited information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(Suppl. 6), 1037-1049.
3. Bargh, J. A., Chen, M., & Burrow, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 230-244.
4. Chen, S., Shechter, D., & Chaiken, S. (1996). Getting at the truth or getting along: Accuracy-and impression motivated heuristic and systematic processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 262-275.
5. Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and contolled components. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 56, 5-18.
6. Einhorn H. J., & Hogarth, R. M. (1986). Judging probable cause. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 3-19.
7. Esses, V. M., & Zanna, M. P. (1995). Mood and the expression of ethnic stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1052-1068.
8. Galinsky, A. D., & Moskowitz, G. B. (2000). Counterfactuals as behavioral primes: Priming the simulation heuristic and the consideration of alternatives. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 357-383.
9. Galinsky, A. D., & Moskowitz, G. B. (1999). Stereotype suppression and perspective-taking in debiasing social thought: The role of stereotype and counterstereotype accessibility. Manuscript submitted for publication.
10. Gollwitzer, P. M., Heckhausen, H., & Steller, B. (1990). Deliberative vs. implemental mind-sets: Cognitive tuning toward congruous thoughts and information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1119-1127.
11. Higgins, E. T. (1996). Knowledge activation: Accessibility, applicability, and salience. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles. New York: Guilford.
12. Higgins, E. T., & Brendl, M. (1995). Accessibility and applicability: Some "activation rules" influencing judgment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31, 218-243.
13. Higgins, E. T., Rholes, W. S., & Jones, C. R. (1977). Category accessibility and impression formation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13, 141-154.
14. Hirt, E. R., & Markman, K. D. (1995). Multiple explanation: A consider-an-alternative strategy for debiasing judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(6), 1069-1086.
15. Johnson, J. T. (1986). The knowledge of what might have been: Affective and attributional consequences of near outcomes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 12, 51-62.
16. Johnson, E. J., & Tversky, A. (1983). Affect generalization, and the perception of risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 20-31.
17. Johnson, M. K., & Sherman, S. J. (1990). Constructing and reconstructing the past and the future in the present. In E. T. Higgins & R. M. Sorrentino, (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (Vol. 2, pp. 482-526). New York: Guilford.
18. Kahneman, T., & Miller, D. T. (1986). Norm theory: Comparing reality to its alternatives. Psychological Review, 93, 136-153.
19. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1973). On the psychology of prediction. Psychological Review, 80, 237-251.
20. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1982). The simulation heuristic. In D. Kahneman, P. Slovic, & A. Tversky (Eds.), Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases (pp. 201-208). New York: Cambridge University Press.
21. Kahneman, D., & Varey, C. A. (1990). Propensity stand counterfactuals: The loser that almost won. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1101-1110.
22. Koehler, D. J. (1991). Explanation, imagination, and confidence in judgment. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 499-519.
23. Lerner, M. J., & Miller, D. T. (1978). Just world research in the attribution process: Looking back and ahead. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 1030-1051.
24. Macrae, C. N., & Milne, A. B. (1992). A curry for your thoughts: Empathic effects on counterfactual thinking. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 625-630.
25. Mandel, D. R., & Lehman, D. R. (1996). Counterfactual thinking and ascriptions of cause and preventability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 450-463.
26. Martin, L. L. (1986). Set/reset: Use/disuse of concepts in impression formation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 493-504.
27. Medvec, V. H., Madey, S. F., & Gilovich, T. (1995). When less is more: Counterfactual thinking and satisfaction among Olympic athletes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 603-610.
28. Miller, D. T., & McFarland, C. (1986). Counterfactual thinking and victim compensation: A test and norm theory. Personality And Social Psychology Bulletin, 12, 513-519.
29. Miller, D. T., & Taylor, B. R. (1995). Counterfactual thought, regret, and superstition: How to avoid kicking yourself. In N. J. Roese & J. M. Olson (Eds.), What might have been: The social psychology of counterfactual thinking (pp. 305-331). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
30. Miller, D. T., Turnbull, W., & McFarland, C. (1989). When a coincidence is suspicious: The role of mental simulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 581-589.
31. Miller, D. T., Turnbull, W., & McFarland, C. (1990). Counterfactual thinking and social perception: thinking about what might have been. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 23, pp. 305-331). New York: Academic Press.
32. Moskowitz, G. B., & Roman, R. J. (1992). Spontaneous trait inferences as self-generated primes: Implications for conscious social judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 728-738.
33. Moskowitz, G. B., & Skurnik, I. (1999). The differing nature of contrast effects following exemplar versus trait primes: Standard of comparison versus motivated correction processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 911-927.
34. N'gbala, A., & Branscombe, N.R. (1997). When does action elicit more regret than inaction and is counterfactual mutation the mediator of this effect? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 324-343.
35. Roese, N. J. (1994). The functional basis of counterfactual thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 805-818.
36. Roese, N. J. (1997). Counterfactual thinking. Psychological Bulletin, 121. 133-148.
37. Roese, N. J., & Hur, T. (1997). Affective determinants of counterfactual thinking. Social Cognition, 15, 274-290.
38. Roese, N. J., & Olson, J. M. (1995). Counterfactual thinking: A critical overview. In N. J. Roese & J. M. Olson (Eds.), What might have been: The social psychology of counterfactual thinking (pp. 1-55). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
39. Roese, N. J., & Olson, J. M. (1996). Counterfactuals, causal attributions, and the hindsight bias: A conceptual integration. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 32, 197-227.
40. Roese, N. J., & Olson, J. M. (1997). Counterfactual thinking: The intersection of affect and function. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 29, pp. 1-59). New York: Academic Press.
41. Ross, L. D., Lepper, M. R., Strack, F., & Steinmetz, J. (1977). Social explanation and social expectation: Effects of real and hypothetical explanations on subjective likelihood. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 35(11), 817-829.
42. Sanna, L. J., & Turley, K. J. (1996). Antecedents to spontaneous counterfactual thinking: Effects of expectancy violation and outcome valence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 906-919.
43. Sedikides, C., & Skowronski, J. J. (1991). The law of cognitive structure activation. Psychological Inquiry, 2, 169-184.
44. Srull, T. K., & Wyer, R. S. (1979). The role of category accessibility in the interpretation of information about persons: Some determinants and implications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1660-1672.
45. Strack, F., Schwarz, N., Bless, H., Kübler, A., & Wänke, M. (1993). Awareness of the influence as a determinant of assimilation versus contrast. European Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 53-62.
46. Walster, E. (1966). The assignment of responsibility for an accident. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 73-79.
47. Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1997). The flexible correction model: The role of naive theories of bias in bias correction. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 29, pp. 142-208). New York: Academic Press.
48. Wells, G. L., & Gavanski, I (1989). Mental simulation of causality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 161-169.