Perceived consensus influences intergroup behavior and stereotype accessibility

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 80, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 645-654

  Sechrist, Gretchen B ^a   Stangor, Charles ^b  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; DECISION MAKING; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; MALE; PERCEPTION; QUESTIONNAIRE; RANDOMIZATION; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY;

ADULT; DECISION MAKING; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; JUDGMENT; MALE; QUESTIONNAIRES; RANDOM ALLOCATION; SOCIAL PERCEPTION; STEREOTYPING;

EID: 85047684211     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.80.4.645     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Abrams, D., & Hogg, M. A. (1988). Comments on the motivational status of self-esteem in social identity and intergroup discrimination. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 313-334.
2. Abrams, D., & Hogg, M. A. (1990). Social categorization, social identity, and social influence. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology, (Vol. 1, pp. 195-228). New York: Wiley.
3. Allen, V. L., & Wilder, D. A. (1980). Impact of group consensus and social support on stimulus meaning: Mediation of conformity by cognitive restructuring. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1116-1124.
4. Allport, G. W. (1935). Attitudes. In C. Murchison (Ed.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 798-844). Worcester, MA: Clark University Press.
5. Aronson, E., Blaney, N., Stephan, C., Sikes, J., & Snapp, M. (1978). The jig-saw classroom. London: Sage.
6. Asch, S. E. (1952). Social psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
7. Ashmore, R. D., & del Boca, F. K. (1976). Psychological approaches to understanding intergroup conflict. In P. A. Katz (Ed.), Towards the elimination of racism. New York: Pergamon.
8. Baron, R. S., Hoppe, S. I., Kao, C. F., Brunsman, B., Linneweh, B., & Rogers, D. (1996). Social corroboration and opinion extremity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 32, 537-560.
9. Bar-Tal, D. (1990). Group beliefs. New York: Springer Verlag.
10. Berscheid, E. (1966). Opinion change and communicator-communicatee similarity and dissimilarity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 670-680.
11. Blanchard, F. A., Crandall, C. S., Brigham, J. C., & Vaughn, L. A. (1994). Condemning and condoning racism: A social context approach to interracial settings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 993-997.
12. Bodenhausen, G., & Macrae, C. (1996). The self regulation of intergroup perception: Mechanisms and consequences of stereotype suppression. In C. N. Macrae, C. Stangor, & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Stereotypes and stereotyping (pp. 227-253). New York: Guilford Press.
13. Brewer, M., & Brown, R. (1998). Intergroup relations. In S. Fiske, D. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 554-594). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
14. Brewer, M., & Miller, N. (1984). Beyond the contact hypothesis: Theoretical perspectives on desegregation. In N. Miller & M. Brewer (Eds.), Groups in contact: The psychology of desegregation (pp. 281-302). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
15. Deutsch, M., & Gerard, H. B. (1955). A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgment. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51, 629-636.
16. Dovidio, J., Evans, N., & Tyler, R. (1986). Racial stereotypes: The contents of their cognitive representations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 22-37.
17. Eagly, A. H., & Kite, M. E. (1987). Are stereotypes of nationalities applied to both women and men? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 451-462.
18. Fazio, R. H. (1990a). The MODE model as an integrative framework. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 23, 75-109.
19. Fazio, R. H. (1990b). A practical guide to the use of response latency in social psychological research. In C. Hendrick & M. Clark (Eds.), Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. 11, pp. 74-97). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
20. Fazio, R. H., Chen, J., McDonel, E. C., & Sherman, S. J. (1982). Attitude accessibility, attitude-behavior consistency, and the strength of the object-evaluation association. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 18, 339-357.
21. Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117-140.
22. Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson.
23. Fiske, S. T. (1998). Stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (4 ed., Vol. 2, pp. 357-414). New York: McGraw Hill.
24. Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., Anastasio, P. A., Bachman, B. A., & Rust, M. C. (1993). The common ingroup identity model: Recategorization and the reduction of intergroup bias. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 1-26). Chichester, England: Wiley.
25. Gardner, R. C. (1994). Stereotypes as consensual beliefs. In M. P. Zanna & J. M. Olson (Eds.), The psychology of prejudice: The Ontario Symposium (Vol. 7, pp. 1-31). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
26. Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., Lando, H., & McGovern, P. (1991). Social comparison and smoking cessation: The role of the "typical smoker." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27, 239-258.
27. Goethals, G. R., & Darley, J. M. (1977). Social comparison theory: An attributional approach. In J. Suis & R. L. Miller (Eds.), Social comparison processes: Theoretical and empirical perspectives. Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
28. Hamilton, D. L., & Gifford, R. K. (1976). Illusory correlation in interpersonal perception: A cognitive basis of stereotypic judgments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12, 392-407.
29. Hamilton, D. L., & Sherman, J. W. (1994). Stereotypes. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (Vol. 2, pp. 1-68). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
30. Hardin, C., & Higgins, T. (1996). Shared reality: How social verification makes the subjective objective. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (Vol. 3, pp. 28-84). New York: Guilford.
31. Haslam, S. A. (1997). Stereotyping and social influence: Foundations of stereotype consensus. In R. Spears, P. J. Oakes, N. Ellemers, & S. A. Haslam (Eds.), The social psychology of stereotyping and group life (pp. 119-143). Oxford: Blackwell.
32. Haslam, S. A., Oakes, P. J., McGarty, C., Turner, J. C., Reynolds, K. J., & Eggins, R. A. (1996). Stereotyping and social influence: The mediation of stereotype applicability and sharedness by the views of ingroup and outgroup members. British Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 369-397.
33. Haslam, S. A., Oakes, P. J., Reynolds, K. J., & Turner, J. C. (1999). Social identity salience and the emergence of stereotype consensus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 809-818.
34. Haslam, S. A., Turner, J., Oakes, P., Reynolds, K., Eggins, R., Nolan, M., & Tweedie, J. (1998). When do stereotypes become really consensual? Investigating the group-based dynamics of the consensualization process. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 755-776.
35. Henderson-King, E. I., & Nisbett, R. E. (1996). Anti-Black prejudice as a function of exposure to the negative behavior of a single Black person. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 654-664.
36. Hewstone, M., & Brown, R. J. (1986). Contact and conflict in intergroup encounters. London: Basil-Blackwell.
37. Hoffman, C., & Hurst, N. (1990). Gender stereotypes: Perception or rationalization? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 197-208.
38. Hogg, M. A., & Abrams, D. (1988). Social identifications: A social psychology of intergroup relations and group processes. London: Routledge.
39. Jost, J. T., & Banaji, M. R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 1-27.
40. Judd, C. M., Park, B., Ryan, C. S., Braver, M., & Kraus, S. (1995). Stereotypes and ethnocentrism: Diverging interethnic perceptions of African Americans and White American youth. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 460-481.
41. Katz, D., & Braly, K. W. (1933). Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 28, 280-290.
42. Katz, I., & Hass, R. G. (1988). Racial ambivalence and American value conflict: Correlational and priming studies of dual cognitive structures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 893-905.
43. Kelman, H. (1961). Processes of opinion change. Public Opinion Quarterly, 25, 57-78.
44. Kunda, Z., & Thagard, P. (1996). Forming impressions from stereotypes, traits, and behaviors: A parallel constraint satisfaction theory. Psychological Review, 103, 284-308.
45. Lewin, K. (1952a). Field theory in social science. New York: Harper and Row.
46. Lewin, K. (1952b). Group decision and social change. In G. Swanson, T. Newcomb, & E. Hartley (Eds.), Readings in social psychology (pp. 197-211). New York: Holt.
47. Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., & Milne, A. B. (1995). The dissection of selection in person perception: Inhibitory processes in social stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 397-407.
48. Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., Milne, A. B., & Jetten, J. (1994). Out of mind but back in sight: Stereotypes on the rebound. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 808-817.
49. Maio, G. R., Esses, V. M., & Bell, D. W. (1994). The formation of attitudes toward new immigrant groups. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 1762-1776.
50. McConahay, J. B., Hardee, B. B., & Batts, V. (1981). Has racism declined? It depends upon who's asking and what is asked. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 25, 563-579.
51. McKoon, G., & Ratcliff, R. (1980). Priming in item recognition: The organization of propositions in memory for text. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19, 369-386.
52. Meyer, D., & Schvaneveldt, R. (1971). Facilitation in recognizing pairs of words: Evidence of a dependence between retrieval operations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 227-234.
53. Moore, H. T. (1921). The comparative influence of majority and expert opinion. American Journal of Psychology, 32, 16-20.
54. Newcomb, T. M. (1943). Personality and social change: Attitude formation in a student community. New York: Dryden Press.
55. Orive, R. (1988a). Group consensus, action immediacy, and opinion confidence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14, 573-577.
56. Orive, R. (1988b). Social projection and social comparison of opinions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 953-964.
57. Rothbart, M., & John, O. P. (1985). Social categorization and behavioral episodes: A cognitive analysis of the effects of intergroup contact. Journal of Social Issues, 41, 81-104.
58. Ruscher, J. B., Hammer, E. Y., & Hammer, E. D. (1996). Forming shared impressions through conversation: An adaptation of the continuum model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 705-720.
59. Schaller, M., & Conway, G. (1999). Influence of impression-management goals on the emerging content of group stereotypes: Support for a social-evolutionary perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 819-833.
60. Sechrist, G. B. (1996). Changing stereotypes by providing consensus information. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Maryland.
61. Sechrist, G. B., & Stangor, C. (2000). Assessing stereotype accuracy via perceived consensus. Manuscript in preparation, University of Maryland.
62. Sherif, M. (1936). The psychology of social norms. New York: Harper & Row.
63. Sherif, M., Harvey, O. J., White, B. J., Hood, W. R., & Sherif, C. W. (1961). Intergroup conflict and cooperation: The robbers' cave experiment. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
64. Sidanius, J., Levin, S., & Pratto, F. (1996). Consensual social dominance orientation and its correlates within the hierarchical structure of American society. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 385-408.
65. Spears, R., Oakes, P. J., Ellemers, N., & Haslam, S. A. (1996). The social psychology of stereotyping and group life. Oxford: Blackwell.
66. Stangor, C., & Jost, J. T. (1997). Commentary: Individual, group and system levels of analysis and their relevance for stereotyping and intergroup relations. In R. Spears, P. J. Oakes, N. Ellemers, & S. A. Haslam (Eds.), The social psychology of stereotyping and group life (pp. 336-358). Oxford, England: Blackwell.
67. Stangor, C., & Lange, J. (1994). Mental representations of social groups: Advances in conceptualizing stereotypes and stereotyping. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 357-416.
68. Stangor, C., Sechrist, G. B. , & Jost, J. T. (2001). Changing racial beliefs by providing concensus information. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 484-494.
69. Stangor, C., Sechrist, G. B., & Jost, J. T. (in press). Social influence and intergroup beliefs: The role of perceived social consensus. In J. Forgas & K. Williams (Eds.), Social influence. Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
70. Stephan, W. G. (1985). Intergroup relations. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology. New York: Random House.
71. Tajfel, H. (1982). Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 1-39.
72. Turner, J. C. (1991). Social influence. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
73. Van Knippenberg, A., & Wilke, H. (1988). Social categorization and attitude change. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 395-406.
74. Wittenbrink, B., & Henly, J. R. (1996). Creating social reality: Informational social influence and the content of stereotypic beliefs. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 598-610.
75. Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C., & Park, B. (1997). Evidence for racial prejudice at the implicit level and its relationship with questionnaire measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 262-274.
76. Worchel, S., & Rothgerber, H. (1997). Changing the stereotype of the stereotype: Emphasizing the side of group perceptions. In R. Spears, P. J. Oakes, N. Ellemers, & S. A. Haslam (Eds.), The social psychology of stereotyping and group life (pp. 72-93). Oxford, England: Blackwell.