Melanin aggregation and polymerization: Possible implications in age-related macular degeneration

Ophthalmic Research

Volumn 37, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 136-141

  Sarangarajan, Rangaprasad ^a   Apte, Shireesh P ^a,b  

^a MASSACHUSETTS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY AND HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Age related macular degeneration; Melanin aggregation; Polymerization

Indexed keywords

HYDROLASE; LIPOFUSCIN; MELANIN; OLIGOMER;

CELL PROLIFERATION; COVALENT BOND; ENVIRONMENT; ENZYME ACTIVITY; HUMAN; LYSOSOME; MELANOGENESIS; MELANOSOME; OXIDATION; PHOTORECEPTOR; POLYMERIZATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETINA MACULA AGE RELATED DEGENERATION; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; BIOPOLYMERS; HUMANS; MACULAR DEGENERATION; MELANINS; MURAMIDASE; PIGMENT EPITHELIUM OF EYE;

EID: 22544463637     PISSN: 00303747     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000085533     Document Type: Review

References (62)

1. Stone EM, Sheffield VC, Hageman GS: Molecular genetics of age-related macular degeneration. Hum Mol Genet 2001;10:2285-2292.
2. Chopdar A, Chakravarthy U, Verma D: Age-related macular degeneration. BMJ 2003;326:485-488.
3. Sarna T, Burke JM, Korytowski W, et al: Loss of melanin from human RPE with aging: Possible role of melanin photooxidation. Exp Eye Res 2003;76:89-98.
4. Sarna T: Properties and function of the ocular melanin - A photobiological view. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 1992;12:215-258.
5. Boulton M:The role of melanin in the RPE; in Marmor M, Wolfensberger T (eds): The Retinal Pigment Epithelium. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1998, pp 68-85.
6. Stjernschantz J, et al: Increased pigmentation of iridial melanocytes in primates induced by a prostaglandin analogue. Exp Eye Res 1999;68:431-436.
7. Levin LA, Dutkiewicz R, Albert DM: Effects of latanoprost on tyrosinase activity and mitotic index of cultured melanoma lines. Exp Eye Res 2000;70:563-569.
8. Dayhaw-Barker P: Retinal pigment epithelium melanin and ocular toxicity. Int J Toxicol 2002;21:451-454.
9. Kayatz P, Thumann G, Luther TT, et al: Oxidation causes melanin fluorescence. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001;42:241-246.
10. Borovansky J, Elleder M: Melanosome degradation: Fact or fiction. Pigment Cell Res 2003;16:280-286.
11. Hegedus ZL: The probable involvement of soluble and deposited melanins, their intermediates and the reactive oxygen side-products in human diseases and aging. Toxicology 2000;145:85-101.
12. Rozanowska M, Korytowski W, Rozanowski B, et al: Photoreactivity of aged human RPE melanosomes: A comparison with lipofuscin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002;43:2088-2096.
13. Nofsinger JB, Liu Y, Simon JD: Aggregation of eumelanin mitigates photogeneration of reactive oxygen species. Free Radic Biol Med 2002;32:720-730.
14. Simon D, Liu Y, Nofsinger JB: Assembly and aerobic photoreactivity of melanin. Spectrum 2002;15:1-6.
15. Littrell KC, Gallas JM, Zajac GW, et al: Structural studies of bleached melanin by synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering. Photochem Photobiol 2003;77:115-120.
16. Pascutti PG, Ito AS: EPR study of melanin-protein interaction - Photoinduced free radicals and progressive microwave power saturation. J Photochem Photobiol B 1992;16:257-266.
17. Kollias N, Baqer AH: Absorption mechanisms of human melanin in the visible, 400-720 nm. J Invest Dermatol 1987;89:384-388.
18. Orlow SJ: Melanosomes are specialized members of the lysosomal lineage of organelles. J Invest Dermatol 1995;105:3-7.
19. Diment S, Eidelman M, Rodriguez GM, et al: Lysosomal hydrolases are present in melanosomes and are elevated in melanizing cells. J Biol Chem 1995;270:4213-4215.
20. Schraermeyer U, Peters S, Thumann G, et al: Melanin granules of retinal pigment epithelium are connected with the lysosomal degradation pathway. Exp Eye Res 1999;68:237-245.
21. Feeney L: Lipofuscin and melanin of human retinal pigment epithelium: Fluorescence, enzyme cytochemical, and ultrastructural studies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1978;17:583-600.
22. Clancy CMR, Nofsinger JB, Hanks RK, et al: Hierarchical self-assembling of eumelanin. J Phys Chem B 2000;104:7871-7873.
23. Zajac GW, Gallas JM, Cheng J, et al: The fundamental unit of melanin: A verification by tunneling microscopy of X-ray scattering results. Biochim Biophys Acta 1994;1199:271-278.
24. Gallas JM, Littrell KC, Seifert S, et al: Solution structure of copper ion-induced molecular aggregates of tyrosine melanin. Biophys J 1999;77:1135-1142.
25. Sharma AK, Kumar S, Sharma V, et al: Lactoferrin-melanin interaction and its possible implications in melanin polymerization: Crystal structure of the complex formed between mare lactoferrin and melanin monomers at 2.7 A resolution. Proteins 2001;45:229-236.
26. Kono R, Jimbow K, Takakashi H, et al: Ultrasonic measurement of melanosomes for characterization of their physicochemical structure in B16 and Harding-Passey melanomas. Cancer Res 1984;44:4337-4341.
27. Sharma S, Wagh S, Govindarajan R: Melanosomal proteins - Role in melanin polymerization. Pigment Cell Res 2002;15:127-133.
28. Donatien PD, Orlow SJ: Interaction of melanosomal proteins with melanin. Eur J Biochem 1995;232:159-164.
29. Wagh S, Ramaiah A, Subramanian R, et al: Melanosomal proteins promote melanin polymerization. Pigment Cell Res 2000;13:442-448.
30. Borovansky J, Hach P, Duchon J: Melanosome: An unusually resistant subcellular particle. Cell Biol Int Rep 1977;1:549-554.
31. Riley PA: Melanin. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1997;29:1235-129.
32. Metodiewa D, Jaiswal AK, Cenas N, et al: Quercetin may act as a cytotoxic prooxidant after its metabolic activation to semiquinone and quinoidal products. Free Radic Biol Med 1999;26:107-116.
33. Nohl H, Gille L, Kozlov AV, et al: Antioxidant-derived prooxidant formation from ubiquinol. Free Radic Biol Med 1998;25:666-675.
34. Mani I, Sharma V, Tamboli I, et al: Interaction of melanin with proteins - The importance of an acidic intramelanosomal pH. Pigment Cell Res 2001;14:170-179.
35. Kim IT, Choi JB: Melanosomes of retinal pigment epithelium - Distribution, shape, and acid phosphatase activity. Korean J Ophthalmol 1998;12:85-91.
36. Takeuchi YK, Takeuchi IK, Kajishima T: Inhibition of melanosome transformation in embryonic chick pigment retina cultured in vitro. J Exp Zool 1975;192:391-400.
37. Garcia RI, Flynn EA., Szabo G: Autophagocytosis of melanosomes in cultured embryonic retinal pigment cells. Experientia 1983;39:391-392.
38. Feeney L: Lipofuscin and melanin of human retinal pigment epithelium: Fluorescence, enzyme cytochemical, and ultrastructural studies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1978;17:583-589.
39. Endo H, Hu F: Pigment cell development in rhesus monkey eyes: An electron microscopic and histochemical study. Dev Biol 1973;32:69-81.
40. Kato T, Ito S, Fujita K, et al: Tyrosine catalyzed binding of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine with proteins through the sulfhydryl group. Biochim Biophys Acta 1986;881:415-421.
41. Urabe K, Aroca P, Tsukamoto K, et al: The inherent cytotoxicity of melanin precursors: A revision. Biochim Biophys Acta 1994;1221:272-278.
42. Terman A, Brunk UT: Lipofuscin: Mechanisms of formation and increase with age. APMIS 1998;106:265-276.
43. Harman D: Aging: A theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J Gerontol 1956; 211:298-300.
44. Kikugawa K, Kato T, Beppu M, et al: Fluorescent and cross-linked proteins formed by free radical and aldehyde species generated during lipid oxidation. Adv Exp Med. Biol 1989;266:345-357.
45. Haralampus-Grynaviski NM, Lamb LE, Clancy CMR, et al: Spectroscopic and morphological studies of human retinal lipofuscin granules. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:3179-3184.
46. Pawlak A, Rozanowska M, Zareba M, et al: Action spectra for the photoconsumption of oxygen by human ocular lipofuscin and lipofuscin extracts. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002;403:59-62.
47. Geng L, Wihlmark U, Algvere PV: Lipofuscin accumulation in iris pigment epithelial cells exposed to photoreceptor outer segments. Exp Eye Res 1999;69:539-546.
48. Kennedy CJ, Rakoczy PE, Robertson TA, et al: Kinetic studies on phagocytosis and lysosomal digestion of rod outer segments by human retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro. Exp Cell Res 1994;210:209-214.
49. Ivy GO, Roopsingh R, Kanai S, et al: Leupeptin causes an accumulation of lipofuscin-like substances and other signs of aging in kidneys of young rats: Further evidence for the protease inhibitor model of aging. Ann NY Acad Sci 1996;786:12-23.
50. Wihlmark U, Wrigstad A, Roberg K, et al: Formation of lipofuscin in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells exposed to pre-oxidized photoreceptor outer segments. APMIS 1996;104:272-279.
51. Ozeki H, Wakamatsu K, Ito S, et al: Chemical characterization of eumelanins with special emphasis on 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid content and molecular size. Anal Biochem 1997;248:149-157.
52. 2-catalyzed oxidation of dihydroxyindoles: Synthesis of melanin pigments and study of their antioxidant properties. Free Radic Biol Med 1999;26:446-453.
53. Aroca P, Solano F, Salinas C, et al: Regulation of the final phase of mammalian melanogenesis: The role of dopachrome tautomerase and the ratio between 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid and 5,6-dihydroxyindole. Eur J Biochem 1992;208:155-163.
54. Fuller BB, Spaulding DT, Smith DR: Regulation of the catalytic activity of preexisting tyrosinase in black and Caucasian human melanocyte cell cultures. Exp Cell Res 2001;262:197-208.
55. Ancans J, Tobin DJ, Hoogduijn MJ, et al: Melanosomal pH controls the rate of melanogenesis, eumelanin/phaeomelanin ratio and melanosome maturation in melanocytes and melanoma cells. Exp Cell Res 2001;268:26-35.
56. +-ATPaSe inhibitors in amelanotic, tyrosinase positive human and mouse melanoma cells. FEBS Lett 2000;478:57-60.
57. Rodrigues-Lopez JN, Tudela J, Varon R, et al: Kinetic study on the effect of pH on the melanin biosynthesis pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta 1991;1076:379-386.
58. Bhatnagar V, Anjaiah S, Puri N, et al: pH of melanosomes of B 16 murine melanoma is acidic: Its physiological importance in the regulation of melanin biosynthesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 1993;307:183-192.
59. Mishima Y: Molecular and biological control of melanogenesis through tyrosinase genes and intrinsic and extrinsic regulatory factors. Pigment Cell Res 1994;7:376-387.
60. Bodnar AG, Ouellette M, Frolkis M, et al: Extension of life-span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells. Science 1998; 279:349-352.
61. Brunk UT, Terman A: Lipofuscin: Mechanisms of age-related accumulation and influence on cell function. Free Radic Biol Med 2002;33:611-619.
62. Sarangarajan R, Apte SP: Ocular melanogenesis: The role of antioxidants. Ophthalmic Res 2004;36:303-311.