Structural Studies of Bleached Melanin by Synchrotron Small-angle X-ray Scattering

Photochemistry and Photobiology

Volumn 77, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 115-120

  Littrell, Kenneth C ^a   Gallas, James M ^b   Zajac, Gerry W ^c   Thiyagarajan, Pappannan ^a  

^a ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

^c BP AMERICA INC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

1,4 BENZOQUINONE; CARBOXYLIC ACID; MELANIN; PHENOL; TYROSINE;

ALKALINITY; ARTICLE; BLEACHING; CRYSTAL STRUCTURE; HYDROGEN BOND; HYPOTHESIS; OXIDATION; PARTICLE SIZE; PERIMETER; STRUCTURE ANALYSIS; SYNCHROTRON; X RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CHEMISTRY; RADIATION SCATTERING;

MELANINS; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; SCATTERING, RADIATION;

EID: 0037658640     PISSN: 00318655     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)077<0115:SSOBMB>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. Kolias, N. (1995) Melanin and non-melanin photoprotection. In Melanin: Its Role in Human Photoprotection (Edited by L. Zeise, M. R. Chedekel and T. B. Fitzpatrick), pp. 31-38. Valdenmar Publishing Co., Overland Park, KS.
2. Pathak, M. A. and T. Fitzpatrick (1974) The role of natural photoprotective agents in human skin. In Sunlight and Man (Edited by M. A. Pathak), pp. 725-750. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.
3. Ham, W. T., J. J. Roffolo, H. A. Mueller and D. Guerry (1980) The nature of retinal radiation damage: dependence on wavelength, power level and exposure time. Vision Res. 20, 1105-1111.
4. Gallas, J. M. (1992) Application of synthetic melanin to optical plastic substrates. In Occhio e Radiazoni Solari, Tecnologie Fotoprotettive e Funzione Visiva (Edited by M. Cordella), pp. 117-130. Universita degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy.
5. Felix, C. C., J. S. Hyde, T. Sarna and R. C. Sealy (1978) Melanin photoreactions in aerated media: electron spin resonance evidence for production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 84, 335-341.
6. Prota, G., M. D'Ischia and A. Napolitano (1998) The chemistry of melanins and related metabolites. In The Pigmentary System (Edited by J. J. Nordlund), pp. 307-334. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
7. Ago, B., S. Saxena and S. Nacht (1995) Photoprotection of solubilized and microdispersed melanin particles. In Melanin: Its Role in Human Photoprotection (Edited by L. Zeise, M. R. Chedekel and T. B. Fitzpatrick), pp. 255-270. Valdenmar Publishing Co., Overland Park, KS.
8. Sarna, T. (1992) Properties and function of the ocular melanin - A photobiophysical view. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 12, 215-258.
9. Aime, S., M. Fasano, E. Terreno and C. J. Groombridge (1991) NMR studies of melanins: characterization of a soluble melanin free acid from Sepia Ink. Pigm. Cell Res. 4, 216-221.
10. Nofsinger, J. B., S. E. Forest, L. M. Eibest, K. A. Gold and J. D. Simon (2000) Probing the building blocks of eumelanins using scanning electron microscopy. Pigm. Cell Res. 13, 179-184.
11. Zajac, G. W., J. M. Gallas, J. Cheng, M. Eisner and S. C. Moss (1994) The fundamental unit of melanin: a verification by tunneling microscopy of X-ray scattering results. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1199, 271-278.
12. Cheng, J., S. C. Moss, M. Eisner and P. Zschack (1994) X-ray characterization of melanins-I. Pigm. Cell Res. 7, 255-262.
13. Cheng, J., S. C. Moss and M. Eisner (1994) X-ray characterization of melanins-II. Pigm. Cell Res. 7, 263-273.
14. Miyake, Y., Y. Izumi, A. Tsutsumi and K. Jimbow (1986) Chemicophysical properties of melanin III. In Structure and Function of Melanin 3 (Edited by K. Jimbow), pp. 3-18. Fuji Ltd., Sapporo, Japan.
15. Gallas, J. M., K. C. Littrell, S. Seifert, G. W. Zajac and P. Thiyagarajan (1999) Solution structure of copper ion-induced molecular aggregation of tyrosine melanin. Biophys. J. 77, 1135-1142.
16. Wolfram, L. J., K. Hall and I. Hui (1970) The mechanism of hair bleaching. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 21, 875-900.
17. Gallas, J. M., G. W. Zajac, T. Sarna and P. L. Stotter (2000) Structural differences in unbleached and mildly-bleached synthetic tyrosine-derived melanins identified by scanning probe microscopy. Pigm. Cell Res. 13, 99-108.
18. Brandt, H. C. A., E. M. Hendricks, M. A. J. Michels and F. Visser (1995) Thermodynamic modeling of asphaltene stacking. J. Phys. Chem. 99, 10430-10432.
19. Seifert, S., R. E. Winans, D. M. Tiede and P. Thiyagarajan (2000) Design and performance of a ASAXS instrument at the Advanced Photon Source. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 33, 782-784.
20. Guinier, A. and G. Fournet (1955) Small Angle Scattering of X-rays, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
21. Porod, G. (1982) General theory. In Small Angle X-ray Scattering (Edited by O. Glatter, O. Kraftky and T. B. Fitzpatrick), pp. 725-750. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.
22. Fournet, G. (1951) Scattering functions for geometrical forms. Bull. Soc. Fr. Minéral. Cryst. 74, 39-113.
23. Pedersen, J. S. (1997) Analysis of small-angle scattering data from colloids and polymer solutions: modeling and least-squares plotting. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 70, 171-210.
24. Clark, M. B., Jr., J. A. Gardella, T. M. Schultz, D. G. Patil and L. S. Salvati, Jr. (1990) Solid-state analysis of eumelanin biopolymers by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. Anal. Chem. 62, 949-956.
25. Atkins, P. (1997) Physical Chemistry. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York.
26. Nofsinger, J. B., Y. Liu and J. D. Simon (2002) Aggregation of eumelanin mitigates photogeneration of reactive oxygen species. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 32, 720-730.
27. Freeman, H. S. and A. T. Peters (1996) Physico-chemical principles in color chemistry. In Advances in Color Chemistry Series, Vol. 4 (Edited by H. S. Freeman and A. T. Peters), pp. 196-253. Blackie Academic Press, Glasgow, Scotland.
28. Kayatz, P., G. Thumann, T. T. Luther, J. F. Jordan, K. U. Bartz-Schmidt, P. J. Esser and U. Schraermeyer (2001) Oxidation causes melanin fluorescence. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42, 241-246.
29. Clancy, C. M. R. and J. D. Simon (2001) Ultrastructural organization of eumelanin from Sepia officinalis measured by atomic force microscopy. Biochemistry 40, 13353-13360.