Therapeutic controversies in hypertension

Seminars in Nephrology

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 227-235

  Messerli, Franz H ^a,b   Grossman, Ehud ^a,b  

^a ST LUKE S ROOSEVELT HOSPITAL CENTER   (United States)

^b SHEBA MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; AMLODIPINE; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ATENOLOL; BENDROFLUMETHIAZIDE; CALCIUM ANTAGONIST; CAPTOPRIL; CARVEDILOL; CHLORTALIDONE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DOXAZOSIN; ENALAPRIL; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; LISINOPRIL; LOSARTAN; METOPROLOL; PERINDOPRIL; RAMIPRIL; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT; TRANDOLAPRIL; VALSARTAN; VERAPAMIL;

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; CANCER; CANCER RISK; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG COST; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG RESPONSE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HEART INFARCTION; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPOKALEMIA; HYPONATREMIA; KIDNEY DISEASE; META ANALYSIS; MONOTHERAPY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; STROKE; UREMIA;

EID: 22544461932     PISSN: 02709295     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2005.02.007     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension. Results in patients with diastolic blood pressures averaging 115 through 129 mm Hg JAMA 202 1967 1028 1034
2. Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension. II. Results in patients with diastolic blood pressure averaging 90 through 114 mm Hg JAMA 213 1970 1143 1152
3. SHEP Cooperative Research Group Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP) JAMA 265 1991 3255 3264
4. MRC Working Party Medical Research Council trial of treatment of hypertension in older adults Principal results BMJ 304 1992 405 412
5. J.H. Warram, L.M. Laffel, P. Valsania Excess mortality associated with diuretic therapy in diabetes mellitus Arch Intern Med 151 1991 1350 1356
6. J.D. Curb, S.L. Pressel, J.A. Cutler Effect of diuretic-based antihypertensive treatment on cardiovascular disease risk in older diabetic patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program Cooperative Research Group JAMA 276 1996 1886 1892
7. G. Mancia, M. Brown, A. Castaigne Outcomes with nifedipine GITS or Co-amilozide in hypertensive diabetics and nondiabetics in Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension (INSIGHT) Hypertension 41 2003 431 436
8. ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) JAMA 288 2002 2981 2997
9. J.E. Carlsen, L. Kober, C. Torp-Pedersen Relation between dose of bendrofluazide, antihypertensive effect, and adverse biochemical effects BMJ 300 1990 975 978
10. D.S. Siscovick, T.E. Raghunathan, B.M. Psaty Diuretic therapy for hypertension and the risk of primary cardiac arrest N Engl J Med 330 1994 1852 1857
11. B. Pitt, W. Remme, F. Zannad Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction N Engl J Med 348 2003 1309 1321
12. B. Pitt, F. Zannad, W.J. Remme The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators N Engl J Med 341 1999 709 717
13. L.M. Wing, C.M. Reid, P. Ryan A comparison of outcomes with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and diuretics for hypertension in the elderly N Engl J Med 348 2003 583 592
14. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Group Mortality after 10 1/2 years for hypertensive participants in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Circulation 82 1990 1616 1628
15. L. Hansson, L.H. Lindholm, T. Ekbom Randomised trial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients Cardiovascular mortality and morbidity the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension-2 study Lancet 354 1999 1751 1756
16. L. Hansson, L.H. Lindholm, L. Niskanen Effect of angiotensin-converting- enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension The Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomised trial Lancet 353 1999 611 616
17. Guidelines Committee 2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension J Hypertens 21 2003 1011 1053
18. A.V. Chobanian, G.L. Bakris, H.R. Black The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure The JNC 7 report JAMA 289 2003 2560 2572
19. The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure Arch Intern Med 157 1997 2413 2446
20. F.H. Messerli, E. Grossman, U. Goldbourt Are beta-blockers efficacious as first-line therapy for hypertension in the elderly? A systematic review JAMA 279 1998 1903 1907
21. A.F. Lever, P.J. Brennan MRC trial of treatment in elderly hypertensives Clin Exp Hypertens 15 1993 941 952
22. S. Eriksson, B.-O. Olofsson, P.-O. Wester TEST Study Group Atenolol in secondary prevention after stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 5 1995 21 25
23. Dutch TIA Trial Study Group Trial of secondary prevention with atenolol after transient ischemic attack or nondisabling ischemic stroke Stroke 24 1993 543 548
24. B. Dahlof, R.B. Devereux, S.E. Kjeldsen Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE) A randomised trial against atenolol Lancet 359 2002 995 1003
25. L.H. Lindholm, H. Ibsen, B. Dahlof Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE) A randomised trial against atenolol Lancet 359 2002 1004 1010
26. A.W. Hoes, D.E. Grobbee, J. Lubsen Diuretics, beta-blockers, and the risk for sudden cardiac death in hypertensive patients Ann Intern Med 123 1995 481 487
27. B. Dahlof, L.H. Lindholm, L. Hansson Morbidity and mortality in the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension (STOP-Hypertension) Lancet 338 1991 1281 1285
28. J.B. Kostis, K.G. Berge, B.R. Davis Effect of atenolol and reserpine on selected events in the systolic hypertension in the elderly program (SHEP) Am J Hypertens 8 1995 1147 1153
29. J. Coope, T.S. Warrender Randomised trial of treatment of hypertension in elderly patients in primary care BMJ 293 1986 1145 1151
30. Medical Research Council Working Party MRC trial of treatment of mild hypertension Principal results BMJ 291 1985 97 104
31. The IPPPSH Collaborative Group Cardiovascular risk and risk factors in a randomized trial of treatment based on the beta-blocker oxprenolol The International Prospective Primary Prevention Study in Hypertension (IPPPSH) J Hypertens 3 1985 379 392
32. L. Wilhelmsen, G. Berglund, D. Elmfeldt Beta-blockers versus diuretics in hypertensive men Main results from the HAPPHY trial J Hypertens 5 1987 561 572
33. The National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group Primary prevention with metoprolol in patients with hypertension (letter) JAMA 260 1988 1713 1716
34. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group report on hypertension in diabetes Hypertension 23 1994 145 160
35. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reducing risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes UKPDS 39 BMJ 317 1998 713 720
36. P.A. Poole-Wilson, K. Swedberg, J.G. Cleland Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure in the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET) Randomised controlled trial Lancet 362 2003 7 13
37. GEMINI study Metabolic effects of carvedilol vs metoprolol in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension a randomized controlled trial JAMA 292 2004 2227 2236
38. M. Pahor, J.M. Guralnik, M.C. Corti Long-term survival and use of antihypertensive medications in older persons J Am Geriatr Soc 43 1995 1191 1197
39. N.O. Borhani, M. Mercuri, P.A. Borhani Final outcome results of the Multicenter Isradipine Diuretic Atherosclerosis Study (MIDAS). A randomized controlled trial JAMA 276 1996 785 791
40. C.D. Furberg, B.M. Psaty, J.V. Meyer Nifedipine. Dose-related increase in mortality in patients with coronary heart disease Circulation 92 1995 1326 1331
41. B.M. Psaty, S.R. Heckbert, T.D. Koepsell The risk of myocardial infarction associated with antihypertensive drug therapies JAMA 274 1995 620 625
42. M. Pahor, J.M. Guralnik, M.E. Salive Do calcium channel blockers increase the risk of cancer? Am J Hypertens 9 1996 695 699
43. A.L. Fitzpatrick, J.R. Daling, C.D. Furberg Use of calcium channel blockers and breast carcinoma risk in postmenopausal women Cancer 80 1997 1438 1447
44. L.H. Lindholm, H. Anderson, T. Ekbom Relation between drug treatment and cancer in hypertensives in the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension 2 A 5-year, prospective, randomised, controlled trial Lancet 358 2001 539 544
45. M.J. Brown, C.R. Palmer, A. Castaigne Morbidity and mortality in patients randomised to double-blind treatment with a long-acting calcium-channel blocker or diuretic in the International Nifedipine GITS study Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension Treatment (INSIGHT) Lancet 356 2000 366 372
46. L. Hansson, A. Zanchetti, S.G. Carruthers HOT Study Group Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension Principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial Lancet 351 1998 1755 1762
47. J.A. Staessen, R. Fagard, L. Thijs Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. The Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Investigators Lancet 350 1997 757 764
48. L. Hansson, T. Hedner, P. Lund-Johansen Randomised trial of effects of calcium antagonists compared with diuretics and beta-blockers on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension The Nordic Diltiazem (NORDIL) study Lancet 356 2000 359 365
49. L.Y. Agodoa, L. Appel, G.L. Bakris Effect of ramipril vs amlodipine on renal outcomes in hypertensive nephrosclerosis A randomized controlled trial JAMA 285 2001 2719 2728
50. E.J. Lewis, L.G. Hunsicker, W.R. Clarke Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes N Engl J Med 345 2001 851 860
51. T. Berl, L.G. Hunsicker, J.B. Lewis Cardiovascular outcomes in the Irbesartan Diabetic Nephropathy Trial of patients with type 2 diabetes and overt nephropathy Ann Intern Med 138 2003 542 549
52. S. Julius, S.E. Kjeldsen, M. Weber Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine The VALUE randomised trial Lancet 363 2004 2022 2031
53. J.R. Sowers, M. Epstein, E.D. Frohlich Diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease An update Hypertension 37 2001 1053 1059
54. E. Grossman, F.H. Messerli, U. Goldbourt High blood pressure and diabetes mellitus Are all antihypertensive drugs created equal? Arch Intern Med 160 2000 2447 2452
55. H.H. Parving, U.M. Smidt Hypotensive therapy reduces microvascular albumin leakage in insulin-dependent diabetic patients with nephropathy Diabet Med 3 1986 312 315
56. H.H. Parving, A.R. Andersen, U.M. Smidt Early aggressive antihypertensive treatment reduces rate of decline in kidney function in diabetic nephropathy Lancet 1 1983 1175 1179
57. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes UKPDS 38 BMJ 317 1998 703 713
58. R.O. Estacio, B.W. Jeffers, W.R. Hiatt The effect of nisoldipine as compared with enalapril on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes and hypertension N Engl J Med 338 1998 645 652
59. P. Tatti, M. Pahor, R.P. Byington Outcome results of the Fosinopril Versus Amlodipine Cardiovascular Events Randomized Trial (FACET) in patients with hypertension and NIDDM Diabetes Care 21 1998 597 603
60. J. Tuomilehto, D. Rastenyte, W.H. Birkenhager Effects of calcium-channel blockade in older patients with diabetes and systolic hypertension. Systolic Hypertension in Europe Trial Investigators N Engl J Med 340 1999 677 684
61. E. Grossman, F.H. Messerli Are calcium antagonists beneficial in diabetic patients with hypertension? Am J Med 116 2004 44 49
62. M.A. Pfeffer, E. Braunwald, L.A. Moye Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators N Engl J Med 327 1992 669 677
63. M.A. Pfeffer, G.A. Lamas, D.E. Vaughan Effect of captopril on progressive ventricular dilatation after anterior myocardial infarction N Engl J Med 319 1988 80 86
64. The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS) N Engl J Med 316 1987 1429 1435
65. The SOLVD Investigators Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure N Engl J Med 325 1991 293 302
66. The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure Lancet 342 1993 821 828
67. G. Viberti, C.E. Mogensen, L.C. Groop Effect of captopril on progression to clinical proteinuria in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria. European Microalbuminuria Captopril Study Group JAMA 271 1994 275 279
68. E.J. Lewis, L.G. Hunsicker, R.P. Bain The effect of angiotensin- converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group N Engl J Med 329 1993 1456 1462
69. P. Ruggenenti, A. Perna, G. Gherardi Renoprotective properties of ACE-inhibition in non-diabetic nephropathies with non-nephrotic proteinuria Lancet 354 1999 359 364
70. P. Ruggenenti, A. Perna, G. Gherardi Renal function and requirement for dialysis in chronic nephropathy patients on long-term ramipril: REIN follow-up trial. Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia (GISEN). Ramipril Efficacy in Nephropathy Lancet 352 1998 1252 1256
71. The GISEN Group (Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia) Randomised placebo-controlled trial of effect of ramipril on decline in glomerular filtration rate and risk of terminal renal failure in proteinuric, non-diabetic nephropathy Lancet 349 1997 1857 1863
72. M. Ravid, H. Savin, I. Jutrin Long-term stabilizing effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on plasma creatinine and on proteinuria in normotensive type II diabetic patients Ann Intern Med 118 1993 577 581
73. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus Results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy Lancet 355 2000 253 259
74. K.M. Fox EURopean Trial On Reduction of Cardiac Events With Perindopril in Stable Coronary Artery Disease Investigators Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study) Lancet 362 2003 782 788
75. S. Yusuf, P. Sleight, J. Pogue Effects of an angiotensin-converting- enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators N Engl J Med 342 2000 145 153
76. PROGRESS Collaborative Group Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack Lancet 358 2001 1033 1041
77. F.H. Messerli, W.B. White, J.A. Staessen If only cardiologists did properly measure blood pressure. Blood pressure recordings in daily practice and clinical trials J Am Coll Cardiol 40 2002 2201 2203
78. P. Svensson, U. de Faire, P. Sleight Comparative effects of ramipril on ambulatory and office blood pressures A HOPE substudy Hypertension 38 2001 E28 E32
79. J.C. Gillis, A. Markham Irbesartan. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in the management of hypertension Drugs 54 1997 885 902
80. K.L. Goa, A.J. Wagstaff Losartan potassium A review of its pharmacology, clinical efficacy and tolerability in the management of hypertension Drugs 51 1996 820 845
81. A. Markham, K.L. Goa Valsartan. A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic use in essential hypertension Drugs 54 1997 299 311
82. B.M. Brenner, M.E. Cooper, D. de Zeeuw RENAAL Study Investigators Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy N Engl J Med 345 2001 861 869
83. H. Lithell, L. Hansson, I. Skoog SCOPE Study Group The Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE) Principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trial J Hypertens 21 2003 875 886
84. B. Pitt, P.A. Poole-Wilson, R. Segal Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure Randomised trial-the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study ELITE II Lancet 355 2000 1582 1587
85. A.P. Maggioni, I. Anand, S.O. Gottlieb Val-Heft Investigators (Valsartan Heart Failure Trial) Effects of valsartan on morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure not receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors J Am Coll Cardiol 40 2002 1414 1421
86. J.N. Cohn, G. Tognoni Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure N Engl J Med 345 2001 1667 1675
87. S. Yusuf, M.A. Pfeffer, K. Swedberg CHARM Investigators and Committees Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction The CHARM-Preserved Trial Lancet 362 2003 777 781
88. C.B. Granger, J.J. McMurray, S. Yusuf CHARM Investigators and Committees Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors The CHARM-Alternative trial Lancet 362 2003 772 776
89. J.J. McMurray, J. Ostergren, K. Swedberg CHARM Investigators and Committees Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors The CHARM-Added trial Lancet 362 2003 767 771
90. M.A. Pfeffer, K. Swedberg, C.B. Granger CHARM Investigators and Committees Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure The CHARM-Overall programme Lancet 362 2003 759 766
91. E. Grossman, F.H. Messerli, J.M. Neutel Angiotensin II receptor blockers Equal or preferred substitutes for ACE inhibitors? Arch Intern Med 160 2000 1905 1911
92. K. Dickstein, J. Kjekshus OPTIMAAL Steering Committee of the OPTIMAAL Study Group Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction: The OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Optimal Trial in Myocardial Infarction with Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan Lancet 360 2002 752 760
93. N. Nakao, A. Yoshimura, H. Morita Combination treatment of angiotensin-II receptor blocker and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor in non-diabetic renal disease (COOPERATE) A randomised controlled trial Lancet 361 2003 117 124
94. J.L. Pool Effects of doxazosin on coronary heart disease risk factors in the hypertensive patient Br J Clin Pract Suppl 74 1994 8 12
95. R.H. Grimm Jr, J.M. Flack, G.A. Grandits Long-term effects on plasma lipids of diet and drugs to treat hypertension. Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS) Research Group JAMA 275 1996 1549 1556
96. ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group Major cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients randomized to doxazosin vs chlorthalidone The antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial (ALLHAT) JAMA 283 2000 1967 1975
97. F.H. Messerli Implications of discontinuation of doxazosin arm of ALLHAT. Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial Lancet 355 2000 863 864
98. P.J. Lewis, E.M. Kohner, A. Petrie Deterioration of glucose tolerance in hypertensive patients on prolonged diuretic treatment Lancet 1 1976 564 566
99. M.B. Murphy, P.J. Lewis, E. Kohner Glucose intolerance in hypertensive patients treated with diuretics; a fourteen-year follow-up Lancet 2 1982 1293 1295
100. L. Hansson, L.H. Lindholm, T. Ekbom STOP-Hypertension-2 Study Group Randomised trial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients Cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension-2 study Lancet 354 1999 1751 1756
101. S. Yusuf, H. Gerstein, B. Hoogwerf HOPE Study Investigators Ramipril and the development of diabetes JAMA 286 2001 1882 1885
102. L.M. Wing, C.M. Reid, P. Ryan Second Australian National Blood Pressure Study Group A comparison of outcomes with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and diuretics for hypertension in the elderly N Engl J Med 348 2003 583 592
103. C.J. Pepine, E.M. Handberg, R.M. Cooper-DeHoff INVEST Investigators A calcium antagonist vs a non-calcium antagonist hypertension treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery disease. The International Verapamil-Trandolapril Study (INVEST): A randomized controlled trial JAMA 290 2003 2805 2816
104. L.H. Lindholm, M. Persson, P. Alaupovic Metabolic outcome during 1 year in newly detected hypertensives Results of the Antihypertensive Treatment and Lipid Profile in a North of Sweden Efficacy Evaluation (ALPINE study) J Hypertens 21 2003 1563 1574
105. L.H. Opie, R. Schall Old antihypertensives and new diabetes J Hypertens 22 2004 1453 1458 (Review)
106. J.W. Conn Hypertension, the potassium ion and impaired carbohydrate tolerance N Engl J Med 273 1965 1135 1143
107. S.S. Fajans, J.C. Floyd Jr, R.F. Knopf Benzothiadiazine suppression of insulin release from normal and abnormal islet tissue in man J Clin Invest 45 1966 481 492
108. J.H. Helderman, D. Elahi, D.K. Andersen Prevention of the glucose intolerance of thiazide diuretics by maintenance of body potassium Diabetes 32 1983 106 111
109. F.H. Messerli ALLHAT, or the soft science of the secondary end point Ann Intern Med 139 2003 777 780
110. P. Verdecchia, G. Reboldi, F. Angeli Adverse prognostic significance of new diabetes in treated hypertensive subjects Hypertension 43 2004 963 969
111. M.H. Alderman, H. Cohen, S. Madhavan Diabetes and cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients Hypertension 33 1999 1130 1134
112. A. Shamiss, J. Carrol, E. Peleg Enalapril with and without hydrochlorothiazide Effects on insulin sensitivity and metabolic abnormalities of NIDDM hypertensive patients Am J Hypertens 8 1995 276 281
113. E. Grossman, F.H. Messerli, U. Goldbourt Does diuretic therapy increase the risk of renal cell carcinoma? Am J Cardiol 83 1999 1090 1093