Competing realist conceptions of power

Millennium: Journal of International Studies

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 523-549

  Schmidt, Brian C ^a  

^a CARLETON UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 22444431609     PISSN: 03058298     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/03058298050330031401     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. John J. Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York: W.W. Norton, 2001), 12.
2. For an excellent review of the literature, see David Baldwin, 'Power and International Relations', in Handbook of International Relations, eds. Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, and Beth A. Simmons (London: Sage, 2002), 177-191.
3. See, for example, Stephen G. Brooks, 'Dueling Realisms', International Organization 51, no. 3 (1997);
4. Jack Donnelly, Realism and International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000);
5. Michael Doyle, Ways of War and Peace (New York: W.W. Norton, 1997);
6. and Benjamin Frankel, 'Restating the Realist Case: An Introduction', Security Studies 5 (1996).
7. For an additional elaboration of these three categories of realism, see Tim Dunne and Brian C. Schmidt, 'Realism', in The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, eds. John Baylis and Steve Smith, 3rd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
8. E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919-1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations (New York: Harper and Row, 1964), vii.
9. See Frederick S. Dunn, 'The Scope of International Relations', World Politics 1 (1948): 142-146;
10. Frederick S. Schuman, International Politics: An Introduction to the Western State System (New York: McGraw Hill, 1933);
11. Georg Schwarzenberger, Power Politics: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations and Post-War Planning (London: Jonathan Cape, 1941);
12. and Nicholas J. Spykman, America's Strategy in World Politics: The United States and the Balance of Power (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1942).
13. Dunn, 'The Scope of International Relations', 144.
14. Barry Buzan, 'The Timeless Wisdom of Realism?', in International Theory: Positivism and Beyond, eds. Steve Smith, Ken Booth, and Marysia Zalewski (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 51.
15. Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, 3rd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954), 4.
16. Baldwin, 'Power and International Relations', 185.
17. Stephano Guzzini, 'The Use and Misuse of Power Analysis in International Theory', in Global Political Economy: Contemporary Theories, ed. Ronen Palan (London: Routledge, 2000), 55.
18. Joseph S. Nye Jr., Understanding International Conflicts: An Introduction to Theory and History, 4th ed. (New York: Longman, 2003), 59.
19. Baldwin, 'Power and International Relations', 180.
20. See Robert O. Keohane, 'Theory of World Politics: Structural Realism and Beyond', in Political Science: The State of the Discipline, ed. Ada W. Finifter (Washington, DC: APSA, 1983).
21. The classic work is Harold D. Laswell and Abraham Kaplan, Power and Society: A Framework for Political Inquiry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1950).
22. Robert Dahl, 'The Concept of Power', Behavioral Science 2 (1957): 202.
23. Stefano Guzzini, 'Structural Power: The Limits of Neorealist Power Analysis', International Organization 47, no. 3 (1993): 453.
24. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations, 25.
25. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis, 102.
26. Schuman, International Politics, 491.
27. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations, 26-27.
28. Max Weber, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (New York: The Free Press, 1947), 152.
29. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations, 27.
30. Ibid., 129.
31. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis, 109.
32. On the 'evil' school, see Arnold Wolfers, Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International Politics (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1962);
33. and Michael Spirtas, 'A House Divided: Tragedy and Evil in Realist Theory', Security Studies 5 (1996).
34. Kenneth N. Waltz, Man, the State, and War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959) 35.
35. For an elaboration of biological realism, see Donnelly, Realism and International Relations.
36. I am fully aware of the difficulties and limitations of interpreting these figures as belonging to one particular school of realism. See, for example, Doyle, Ways of War and Peace;
37. Rob Walker, 'The Prince and the "Pauper": Tradition, Modernity, and Practice in the Theory of International Relations', in International/ Intertextual Relations: Postmodern Readings of World Politics, ed. James Der Derian and Michael Shapiro (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1989);
38. and Daniel Garst, 'Thucydides and Neorealism', International Studies Quarterly 33, No. 1 (1989).
39. Doyle, Ways of War and Peace, 46.
40. For a fuller explanation of this move, see Ashley J. Tellis, 'Reconstructing Political Realism: The Long March to Scientific Theory', in Roots of Realism, ed. Benjamin Frankel (London: Frank Cass, 1996).
41. Hans J. Morgenthau, Scientific Man Versus Power Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1946), 168.
42. Ibid., 192.
43. Ibid., 193.
44. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations, 31.
45. See Bahman Fozouni, 'Confutation of Political Realism', International Studies Quarterly 39, no. 4 (1995).
46. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations, 211.
47. Ibid., 36;
48. and Morganthau, Scientific Man, 192.
49. Schuman, International Politics, 493.
50. Stanley Hoffmann, 'International Relations: The Long Road to Theory', World Politics 11, no. 3 (1959): 350.
51. Kenneth N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics (New York: Random House, 1979), 113.
52. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. C.B. Macpherson. (New York: Penguin Books, 1985), 161.
53. Arnold Wolfers, 'The Pole of Power and the Pole of Indifference', World Politics 4, no. 1 (1951): 42.
54. Kenneth N. Waltz, 'The Origins of War in Neorealist Theory, in The Origin and Prevention of Major Wars, eds. Robert I. Rotberg and Theodore K. Rabb (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 43.
55. Spykman, America's Strategy in World Politics, 17.
56. Waltz, Theory of International Politics, 131, emphasis in original.
57. Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 13.
58. Waltz, Theory of International Politics, 131.
59. See Baldwin, 'Power and International Relations', 183.
60. Waltz, Theory of International Politics, 192.
61. Baldwin, 'Power and International Relations', 183.
62. Waltz, Theory of International Politics, 113.
63. Ibid., 98.
64. Waltz, 'The Origins of War', 40.
65. Ibid., 40.
66. Waltz, Theory of International Politics, 128.
67. Ibid., 126.
68. Joseph Grieco, 'Realist International Theory and the Study of World Politics', in New Thinking in International Relations Theory, eds. Michael W. Doyle and G. John Ikenberry (Boulder: Westview Press, 1997), 167.
69. Randall L. Schweller, 'Neorealism's Status-Quo Bias: What Security Dilemma?', Security Studies 5 (1996): 91.
70. For a general introduction to the debate between defensive and offensive realism, see Sean M. Lynn-Jones, 'Realism and America's Rise: A Review Essay', International Security 23 (1998);
71. Jeffrey W. Taliaferro, 'Security Seeking Under Anarchy', International Security 25 (2000/01);
72. and Brian C. Schmidt, 'Realism as Tragedy', Review of International Studies 30, no. 3 (2004).
73. Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, 21.
74. Ibid., 30-31.
75. Ibid., 33.
76. Ibid., 57.
77. Ibid., 56.
78. Ibid., 83-137.
79. Ibid., 55.
80. Ibid., 67. Measuring latent power in the years between 1816 to 1960, Mearsheimer uses a straightforward composite indicator that accords equal weight to a state's iron and steel production and its energy consumption; from 1960 to the present he uses GNP to measure wealth.
81. Stephen M. Walt, 'The Enduring Relevance of the Realist Tradition', in Political Science: The State of the Discipline, ed. Ira Katznelson and Helen V. Milner (New York: W.W. Norton, 2002), 211.
82. Ibid., 211.
83. Randall L. Schweller, 'Unanswered Threats: A Neoclassical Realist Theory of Underbalancing', International Security 29, no. 2 (2004): 164.
84. See William C. Wohlforth, The Elusive Balance: Power and Perceptions during the Cold War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993), 1-17;
85. and Gideon Rose, 'Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy', World Politics 51 (1998): 151.
86. Information about the Correlates of War Project can be found at http:// www.correlatesofwar.org/
87. Randall L. Schweller, Deadly Imbalances: Tripolarity and Hitler's Strategy of World Conquest (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), 26-27.
88. Wohlforth, The Elusive Balance, 2.
89. Rose, 'Neoclassical Realism', 147.
90. Ibid., 147.
91. Fareed Zakaria, From Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of America's World Role (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998), 38-39.
92. Ibid., 9.
93. Schweller, Deadly Imbalances, 22.
94. See Zakaria, From Wealth to Power;
95. and Fareed Zakaria, 'Realism and Domestic Politics: A Review Essay', in The Perils of Anarchy: Contemporary Realism and International Security, ed. Michael E. Brown, Sean M. Lynn-Jones, and Steven E. Miller (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995).
96. Brooks, 'Dueling Realisms', 462.
97. Walt, 'Enduring Relevance', 222.
98. See Baldwin, 'Power and International Relations',
99. and Keohane, 'Theory of World Politics'.
100. Waltz, Man, the State, and War, 160.
101. For an additional example of this undertaking by a structural realist, see Dale C. Copleland, The Origins of Major War (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000).
102. Jeffrey W. Legro and Andrew Moravcsik, 'Is Anybody Still a Realist?', International Security 24, no. 2 (1999): 6.
103. For a different view, see Randall L. Schweller, 'The Progressiveness of Neoclassical Realism, in Progress in International Relations Theory: Appraising the Field, eds. Colin Elman and Miriam Fendius Elman (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003).
104. James Traub, 'The New Hard-Soft Power'. The Newk York Times Magazine, 30 January 2005, 28.