Minor abnormalities of renal function: A situation requiring integrated management of cardiovascular risk

Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology

Volumn 19, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 429-437

  Segura, Julian ^a   Ruilope, Luis M ^a  

^a HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO 12 DE OCTUBRE   (Spain)

Author keywords

Arterial hypertension; Cardiovascular risk factors; Estimated GFR; Microalbuminuria; Proteinuria; Serum creatinine

Indexed keywords

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; CREATININE CLEARANCE; DISEASE COURSE; ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HEART INFARCTION; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY FAILURE; KIDNEY FUNCTION; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MICROALBUMINURIA; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PARAMETER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROTEINURIA; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; STROKE;

ALBUMINURIA; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHRONIC DISEASE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY DISEASES; PROTEINURIA; RISK;

EID: 22344452998     PISSN: 07673981     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2005.00350.x     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Ruilope L.M., van Veldhuisen D.J., Ritz E., Luscher T. Renal function: the Cinderella of cardiovascular risk profile. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2001) 38 1782-1787.
2. Sarnak M.J., Levey A.S., Schollwerth A.C. et al. Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease. A statement from the American Heart Association councils on kidney in cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure research, clinical cardiology, an epidemiology and prevention. Circulation (2003) 108 2154-2169.
3. Mann J.F., Gerstein H.C., Dulau-Florea I. et al. Cardiovascular risk in patients with mild renal insufficiency. S192-S196. Kidney. Int. (2003) 82 (Suppl.) S192-S196.
4. Weiner D.E., Tighiouart H., Amin M.G. et al. Chronic kidney disease as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a pooled analysis of community-based studies. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. (2004) 15 1307-1315.
5. Rosa T.T., Palatini P. Clinical value of microalbuminuria in hypertension. J. Hypertens. (2000) 18 645-654.
6. Ruilope L.M., Salvetti A., Jamerson K. et al. Renal function and intensive lowering of blood pressure in hypertensive participants of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) study. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. (2001) 12 218-225.
7. De Leeuw P.W., Thijs L., Birkenhager W.H. et al. Prognostic significance of renal function in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension: results from the Syst-EUR trial. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. (2002) 13 2213-2222.
8. Schillaci G., Reboldi G., Verdecchia P. High-normal serum creatinine concentration is a predictor of cardiovascular risk in essential hypertension. Arch. Intern. Med. (2001) 161 886-891.
9. Chobanian A., Bakris G.L., Black H.R. et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The JNC 7 Report. JAMA. (2003) 289 2560-2572.
10. Guidelines Committee. European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J. Hypertens. (2003) 21 1011-1053.
11. Culleton B.F., Larson M.G., Wilson P.W.F. et al. Cardiovascular disease and mortality in a community-based cohort with mild renal insufficiency. Kidney Int. (1999) 56 2214-2219.
12. National Kidney Foundation. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation, Classification, and Stratification. Am. J. Kidney Dis. (2002) 39 (Suppl 1): S1-S266.
13. Ruilope L.M., Rodicio J.L. Clinical relevance of proteinuria and microalbuminuria. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. (1993) 2 962-967.
14. Minram A., Ribstein J., Du Calair G. Is microalbuminuria a marker of early intrarenal vascular dysfunction in essential hypertension? Hypertension (1994) 23 (part 2) 1018-1021.
15. Lindeman R., Tobin J., Shock N.W. Longitudinal studies on the rate of decline in renal function with age. J. Am. Geriat. Soc. (1985) 33 278-285.
16. Swedko P.J., Clark H.D., Paramsothy K., Akbari A. Serum creatinine is an inadequate screening test for renal failure in elderly patients. Arch. Intern. Med. (2003) 163 356-360.
17. Segura J., Campo C., Rodicio J.L., Ruilope L.M. How relevant and frequent is the presence of mild renal insufficiency in essential hypertension? J. Clin. Hypertens. (2002) 4 332-336.
18. Levey A.S., Bosch J.P., Lewis J.B. et al. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. "Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group". Ann. Intern. Med. (1999) 130 461-470.
19. Coresh J., Astor B.C., Greene T. et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and decreased kidney function in the adult US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am. J. Kidney Dis. (2003) 41 1-12.
20. Clase C.M., Garg A.X., Kiberd B.A. Prevalence of low glomerular filtration rate in nondiabetic Americans: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination survey (NHANES III). J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. (2002) 13 1338-1349.
21. Mann J.F.E., Gerstein H.C., Pogue J. et al. on behalf of the HOPE investigators. Renal insufficiency as predictor of cardiovascular outcomes and impact of ramipril: The HOPE randomization trial. Ann. Intern. Med. (2001) 134 629-636.
22. Perneger T.V., Klag M.J., Feldman H.I. et al. Projections of hypertension-related renal disease in middle-aged residents of the United States. JAMA (1993) 269 1272-1277.
23. Zanchetti A., Stella A. Cardiovascular disease and the kidney: an epidemiologic overview. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1999) 33 (Suppl. 1) S1-S6.
24. Ronstad S.G., Brown G., Kirk K.A. et al. Renal insufficiency in treated essential hypertension. N. Engl. J. Med. (1989) 320 684-688.
25. Segura J., Campo C., Gil P. et al. Development of chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular prognosis in essential hypertensive patients. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. (2004) 15 1616-1622.
26. Shulman N.B., Ford C.E., Hall W.D. et al. Prognostic value of serum creatinine and effect of treatment of hypertension on renal function. Results from the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program. Hypertension (1989) 13 (Suppl. 5) 180-193.
27. Ruilope L.M., Palmer C., de Leeuw P. et al. Evaluation of different parameters of renal function as predictors of primary outcome in the INSIGHT study. J. Hypertens. (2001) 19 (Suppl. 2) S223 (abstract).
28. Wang J.G., Staessen J.A., Fagard R.H., Birkenhager W.H., Gong L., Liu L. Prognostic significance of serum creatinine and uric acid in older Chinese patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Hypertension (2001) 37 1069-1074.
29. Pahor M., Shorr R.I., Somes G.W. et al. Diuretic-based treatment and cardiovascular events in patients with mild renal dysfunction enrolled in the systolic in the elderly program. Arch. Intern. Med. (1998) 158 1340-1345.
30. Zanchetti A., Hansson L., Dahlöf B. et al. on behalf of the HOT Study Group. Effects of individual risk factors on the incidence of cardiovascular events in the treated hypertensive patients of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment Study. J. Hypertens. (2001) 19 1149-1159.
31. Manjunath G., Tighiouart H., Ibrahim H. et al. Level of kidney function as a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular outcomes in the community. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2003) 41 47-55.
32. Henry R.M., Kostense P.J., Bos G. et al. Mild renal insufficiency is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality: The HOORN Study. Kidney Int. (2002) 62 1402-1407.
33. Jager A., Kostense P.J., Ruhe H.G. et al. Microalbuminuria and peripheral arterial disease are independent predictors of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, especially among hypertensive subjects: five year follow-up of the HOORN study. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (1999) 19 617-624.
34. Damsgaard E.M., Froland A., Jorgensen O.D., Mogensen C.E. Microalbuminuria as predictor of increased mortality in elderly people. BMJ (1990) 300 297-300.
35. Dinneen S.F., Gerstein H.C. The association of microalbuminuria and mortality in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a systematic overview of the literature. Arch. Intern. Med. (1997) 157 1413-1418.
36. Gerstein H.C., Mann J.F., Yi Q. et al. HOPE Study Investigators. Albuminuria and risk of cardiovascular events, death, and heart failure in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. JAMA (2001) 286 421-426.
37. Jensen J.S., Feldt-Rasmussen B., Strangaard S., Schroll M., Borch-Johnsen K. Arterial hypertension, microalbuminuria and risk of ischemic heart disease. Hypertension (2000) 35 898-903.
38. Bigazzi R., Bianchi S., Baldari D., Campese V.M. Microalbuminuria predicts cardiovascular events and renal insufficiency in patients with essential hypertension. J. Hypertens. (1998) 16 1325-1333.
39. Agewall S., Wikstrand J., Ljungman S., Fagerberg B. Usefulness of microalbuminuria in predicting cardiovascular mortality in treated hypertensive men with and without diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Cardiol. (1997) 80 164-169.
40. Roest M., Banga J.D., Janssen W.M. et al. Excessive urinary albumin levels are associated with future cardiovascular mortality in postmenopausal women. Circulation (2001) 103 3057-3061.
41. Hillege H.L., Fidler V., Diercks G.F. et al. Prevention of Renal and Vascular End Stage Disease (PREVEND) Study Group. Urinary albumin excretion predicts cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality in general population. Circulation (2002) 106 1777-1782.
42. Redon J., Williams B. Microalbuminuria in essential hypertension: redefining the threshold. J. Hypertens. (2002) 20 353-355.
43. Pedrinelli R., Dell'Omo G., Di Bello V., Pontremoli R., Mariani M. Microalbuminuria, an integrated marker of cardiovascular risk in essential hypertension. J. Hum. Hypertens. (2002) 16 79-89.
44. Knight E.L., Kramer H.M., Curhan G.C. High-normal blood pressure and microalbuminuria. Am. J. Kidney Dis. (2003) 41 588-595.
45. Schmieder R.E., Messerli F.H., Garavaglia G., Nuñez B. Glomerular hypreflltration indicates early target organ damage in essential hypertension. JAMA (1990) 264 2775-2780.
46. Volpe M., Cosentino F., Ruilope L.M. Is it time to measure microalbuminuria in hypertension? J. Hypertens. (2003) 21 1213-1220.
47. Ruilope L.M., Campo C., Rodriguez-Artalejo F., Lahera V., Garcia-Robles R., Rodicio J.L. Blood pressure and renal function: therapeutic implications. J. Hypertens. (1996) 14 1259-1263.
48. Pinto-Sietsma S.J., Janssen W.M.T., Hillege H.L., Navis G., De Zeeuw D., De Jong P.E. Urinary albumin excretion is associated with renal function abnormalities in a nondiabetic population. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. (2000) 11 1882-1888.
49. Mann J.F.E., Gerstein H.C., Qi-Long Y. et al. Development of renal disease in people at high cardiovascular risk: results of the HOPE randomized trial. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. (2003) 14 641-647.
50. Kannel W.B., Stampfer M.J., Castelli W.P., Verter J. The prognostic significance of proteinuria. Am. Heart J. (1984) 108 1347-1352.
51. Samuelsson O. Hypertension in middle-aged man: management, morbidity and prognostic factors during long-term hypertensive care. Acta Med. Scand. (1985) 702 (Suppl.) 1-79.
52. Brown M.J., Palmer C.R., Castaigne A. et al. Morbidity and mortality in patients randomised to double-blind treatment with a long-acting calcium-channel blocker or diuretic in the International Nifedipine GITS Study: Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension Treatment (INSIGHT). Lancet (2000) 356 366-372.
53. Benetos A., Adamopoulos C., Bureau J.M. et al. Determinants of accelerated progressin of arterial stiffness in normotensive subjects and in treated hypertensive subjects over a 6-year period. Circulation (2002) 105 1202-1207.
54. Shlipak M.G., Simon J.A., Grady D., Lin F., Wenger N.K., Furberg C.D., for the Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Investigators. Renal insufficiency and cardiovascular events in postmenopausal women with coronary heart disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2001) 38 705-711.
55. McCullough P.A., Soman S.S., Shah S.S. et al. Risks associated with renal dysfunction in patients in the coronary care unit. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2000) 36 679-684.
56. Shlipak M.G., Fried L.F., Crump C. et al. Cardiovascular disease risk status in elderly persons with renal insufficiency. Kidney Int. (2002) 62 997-1004.
57. Tracy R.E., Malcom G.T., Oalmann M.C., Newman W.P. III, Guzman M.A. Nephrosclerosis, glycohemoglobin, cholesterol, and smokingin subjects dying of coronary heart disease. Mod. Pathol. (1994) 7 301-309.
58. Tracy R.E., Strong J.P., Newman W.P. III, Malcom G.T., Oalmann M.C., Guzman M.A. Renovasculopathies of nephrosclerosis in relation to atherosclerosis at ages 25-54 years. Kidney Int. (1996) 49 564-570.
59. Leoncini G., Viazzi F., Parodi D. et al. Mild renal dysfunction and subclinical cardiovascular damage in primary hypertension. Hypertension (2003) 42 14-18.
60. Reis S.E., Olson M.B., Fried L. et al. Mild renal insufficiency is associated with angiographic coronary artery disease in women. Circulation (2002) 105 2826-2829.
61. Redon J., Baldo E., Lurbe E. et al. Microalbuminuria, left ventricular mass and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Kidney Int. (1996) 49 (Suppl. 55) S81-S84.
62. McCullough P.A. Why is chronic kidney disease the "spoiler" for cardiovascular outcomes? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2003) 41 725-728.
63. Mahon N.G., Blackstone E.H., Francis G.S., Starling R.C. III, Young J.B., Lauer M.S. The prognostic value of estimated creatinine clearance alongside functional capacity in ambulatory patients with chronic congestive heart failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2002) 40 1106-1113.
64. Reis S.E., Olson M.B., Fried L. et al. Mild renal insufficiency is associated with angiographic coronary artery disease in women. Circulation (2002) 105 2826-2829.
65. O'Brien M.M., Gonzales R., Shroyer A.L. et al. Modest serum creatinine elevation affects adverse outcome after general surgery. Kidney Int. (2002) 62 585-592.
66. Clermont G., Acker C.G., Angus D.C., Sirio C.A., Pinsky M.R., Johnson J.P. Renal failure in the ICU: Comparison of the impact of acute renal failure and end-stage renal disease on ICU outcomes. Kidney Int. (2002) 62 986-996.
67. Kronenberg F., Kuen E., Ritz E. et al. Lipoprotein (a) serum concentrations and apolipoprotein(a) phenotypes in mild and moderate renal failure. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. (2000) 11 105-115.
68. Fliser D., Pacini G., Engelleiter R. et al. Insulin resistance and hiperinsulinemia are already present in patients with incipient renal disease. Kidney Int. (1998) 53 1343-1347.
69. Kato Y., Hayashi M., Ohno Y., Suzawa T., Sasaki T., Saruta T. Mild renal dysfunction is associated with insulin resistance in chronic glomerulonephritis. Clin. Nephrol. (2000) 54 366-373.
70. Ribstein J., Du Cailar G., Mimran A. Glucose tolerance and age-associated decline in renal function of hypertensive patients. J. Hypertens. (2001) 19 2257-2264.
71. Witko-Sarsat V., Friedlander M., Nguyen Khoa T. et al. Advanced oxidation protein products as novel mediators of inflammation and monocyte activation in chronic renal failure. J. Immunol. (1998) 161 2524-2532.
72. Minuz P., Patrignani P., Gaino S. et al. Increased oxidative stress and platelet activation in patients with hypertension and renovascular disease. Circulation (2002) 106 2800-2805.
73. London G.M., Guerin A.P., Pannier B., Marchais S.J., Benetos A., Safar M.E. Increased systolic pressure in chronic uremia: role of arterial wave reflection. Hypertension (1992) 20 10-19.
74. Johnson R.J., Kang D.H., Feig D. et al. Is there a pathogenetic role for uric acid in hypertension and cardiovascular and renal disease? Hypertension (2003) 41 1183-1190.
75. Tinucci T., Abrahao S.B., Santello J.L., Mion D. Jr. Mild chronic renal insufficiency induces sympathetic overactivity. J. Hum. Hypertens. (2001) 15 401-406.
76. Kielstein J.T., Böger R.H., Bode-Böger S.M. et al. Marked increase of asymmetric dimethylarginine in patients with incipient primary chronic renal disease. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. (2002) 13 170-176.
77. Kielstein J.T., Bode-Böger S.M., Frölich J.C., Ritz E., Haller H., Fliser D. Asymmetric dimethylarginine, blood pressure, and renal perfusion in elderly subjects. Circulation (2003) 107 1891-1895.
78. Shlipak M.G., Fried L.F., Crump C. et al. Elevations of inflammatory and procoagulant biomarkers in elderly persons with renal insufficiency. Circulation (2003) 107 87-92.
79. Zoccali C., Menon V., Wang X. et al. Relationship between C-reactive protein, albumin, and cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. Am. J. Kidney Dis. (2003) 42 44-52.
80. De Jong P.E., Verhave J.C., Pinto-Sietsma S.J., Hillege H.L., for the PREVEND study group. Obesity and target organ damage: the kidney. Int. J. Obesity (2002) 26 (Suppl 4) S21-S24.
81. Pinto-Sietsma S.J., Navis G., Janssen W.M.T., de Zeeuw D., Gans R.O.B., de Jong P.E., for the PREVEND study group. A central body fat distribution is related to renal function impairment, even in lean subjects. Am. J. Kidney Dis. (2003) 41 733-741.
82. Bursztyn M., Motro M., Grossman E., Shemesh J. Accelerated coronary artery calcification in mildly reduced renal function of high-risk hypertensives: a 3-year prospective observation. J. Hypertens. (2003) 21 1953-1959.
83. de la Sierra A., Bragulat E., Sierra C. et al. Microalbuminuria in essential hypertension: clinical and biochemical profile. J. Biomed. Sci. (2000) 57 287-291.
84. Leoncini G., Sacchi G., Viazzi F. et al. Microalbuminuria identifies overall cardiovascular risk in essential hypertension: an artificial neural network-based approach. J. Hypertens. (2002) 20 1315-1321.
85. Sowers J.R., Haffner S. Treatment of cardiovascular and renal risk factors in the diabetic hypertensive. Hypertension (2002) 40 781-788.
86. Dell'Omo G., Penno G., Giorgi D., Di Bello V., Mariani M., Pedrinelli R. Association between high-normal albuminuria and risk factores for cardiovascular and renal disease in essential hypertensive men. Am. J. Kidney Dis. (2002) 40 1-8.
87. Verhave J.C., Hillege H.L., Burgerhof J.G.M., Navis G., De Zeeuw D., De Jong P.E. for the PREVEND study group. Cardiovascular risk factors are differently associated with urinary albumin excretion in men and women. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. (2003) 14 1330-1335.
88. Segura J., Campo C., Roldan C. et al. Hypertensive renal damage in metabolic syndrome is associated with glucose metabolism disturbances. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. (2004) 15 (Suppl 1) S37-S42.
89. De Jong P.E., Hillege H.L., Pinto-Sietsma S.J., De Zeeuw D. Screening for microalbuminuria in the general population: a tool to detect subjects at risk for progressive renal failure in an early phase? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. (2003) 18 10-13.
90. Wright J.T. Jr, Bakris G., Greene T. et al. Effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease: results from the AASK trial. For the African-American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension Study Group. JAMA (2002) 288 2421-2431.
91. Schrier R.W., Estacio R.O., Esler A., Mehler P. Effects of aggresive blood pressure control in normotensive type 2 diabetic patients on albuminuria, retinopathy and strokes. Kidney Int. (2002) 61 1086-1097.
92. Schrier R.W., McFann K., Johnson A. et al. Cardiac and renal effects of standard versus rigorous blood pressure control in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease: results of a seven-year prospective randomized study. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. (2002) 13 1733-1739.
93. Fesler P., Du Cailar G., Ribstein J., Mimran A. Left ventricular remodeling and renal function in never-treated essential hypertension. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. (2003) 14 881-887.
94. Koren M.J., Devereux R.B., Casale P.N. et al. Relation of left ventricular mass and geometry to morbidity and mortality in uncomplicated essential hypertension. Ann. Intern. Med. (1991) 114 345-352.
95. Segura J., Campo C., Rodicio J.L., Ruilope L.M. ACE inhibitors and appearance of renal events in hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Hypertension (2001) 38 (part 2): 645-649.
96. Fox K.M., Bertrand M., Ferrari R. et al. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet (2003) 362 782-788.
97. Nakao N., Yoshimura A., Morita H. et al. Combination treatment of angiotensin II-receptor blocker and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in non-diabetic renal disease (COOPERATE): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet (2003) 361 117-124.
98. Segura J., Praga M., Campo C. et al. Combination is better than monotherapy with ACE inhibitor or angiotensin receptor antagonist at recommended doses. J. Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. (2003) 4 43-47.
99. National Kidney Foundation. National Kidney Foundation. National Kidney Foundation K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines on managing dyslipidemias in chronic kidney disease. Am. J. Kidney Dis. (2003) 41 (Suppl. 3) S1-S77.