Geochronological and geochemical constraints on Mesozoic suturing in east central Tibet

Tectonics

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 2003, Pages

  Roger, Françoise ^a,b   Arnaud, Nicolas ^b,c   Gilder, Stuart ^a   Tapponnier, Paul ^a   Jolivet, Marc ^d   Brunel, Maurice ^d   Malavielle, Jacques ^d   Xu, Zhiqin ^e   Yang, Jingsui ^e  

^a UNIVERSITÉ PARIS DESCARTES   (France)

^b UNIV MONTPELLIER   (France)

^c UNIVERSITÉ BLAISE PASCAL   (France)

^d CNRS   (France)

^e Ministry of Natural Resources of the People s Republic of China   (China)

Author keywords

Geochemistry; Geochronology; Granitoid; Jinsha suture; Kunlun suture; Late Triassic subduction zone

Indexed keywords

GEOCHEMISTRY; GEOCHRONOLOGY; IGNEOUS ROCK; JURASSIC; METAMORPHIC ROCK; SUBDUCTION ZONE; SUTURE ZONE; TRIASSIC;

CHINA; KOKOXILI; TIBET; YUSHU;

EID: 0345581717     PISSN: 02787407     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2002TC001466     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. Academia Sinica, Geological map of China, scale 1:4,000,000, Geol. Publ. House, Beijing, 1976.
2. Ames, L., G. R. Tilton, and G. Z. Zhou, Timing of collision of the Sino-Korean and Yangtse cratons: U-Pb zircon dating of coesite-bearing eclogites, Geology 21, 342, 1993.
3. Ames, L., G. Zhou, and B. Xiong, Geochoronology and isotopic character of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism with implications for coillision of the Sino-Korean and Yangtze craton, central China, Tectonics, 15, 472-489, 1996.
4. Arnaud, N., et al., Evidence for Mesozoic shear along the western Kunlun and Altyn-Tagh fault, northern Tibet (China), J. Geophys. Res., 108(B1), 2053, doi:10.1029/2001JB000904, 2003.
5. Avouac, J. P., and P. Tapponnier, Kinematic model of active deformation in central Asia,. Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 895-898, 1993.
6. Barr, S. M., and A. S. Macdonald, Nan River suture zone, northern Thailand, Geology, 15, 907-910, 1987.
7. Barr, S. M., A. S. Macdonald, G. R. Dunning, P. Ounchanum, and W. Yaowanoiyothin, Petrochemistry, U-Pb (zircon) age, and palaeotectonic setting of the Lampang volcanic belt, northern Thailand, J. Geol. Soc. London, 157, 553-563, 2000.
8. Besse, J., and V. Courtillot, Revised and synthetic apparent polar wander paths of the African, Eurasian, North American and Indian plates and true polar wander since 200 Ma, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 4029-4050, 1991.
9. Briais, A., P. Patrial, and P. Tapponnier, Updated interpretation of magnetic anomalies and seafloor spreading stages in the South China Sea. Implications for the Tertiary tectonics of Southeast Asia, J Geophys. Res., 98, 6299-6328, 1993.
10. Brown, G. C., Calc-alkaline intrusive rocks: Their diversity, evolution and relation to volcanic arc, in Andesites, edited by R. S. Thorpe, pp. 437-461, John Wiley, Hoboken, N, J., 1982.
11. Brown, G. C., R. S. Thorpe, and P. C. Webb, The geochemical characteristics of granitoids in contrasting arcs and comments on magma sources, J. Geol. Soc. London, 141, 411-426, 1984.
12. Bruguier, O., J. R. Lancelot, and J. Malavieille, U-Pb dating on single zircon grains from the Triassic Songpan-Ganze flysch (noted China): Provenance and tectonic correlations, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 152, 217-231, 1997.
13. Burchfiel, B. C., et al., Geology of the Ulugh Muztagh area, northern Tibet, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 94, 57-70, 1989.
14. Chang, C. F., and H. Cheng. Some tectonic features of the Mount. Jolmo Lungma area, southern Tibet, China, Sci. Sin., 16, 257-265, 1973.
15. Chang, C., et al. Preliminary conclusions of the Royal Society and Academia Sinica 1985 geotraverse of Tibet, Nature, 323, 501-507, 1986.
16. Cheng, J., and G. Xu, Geologic map ofthe Gaize region with report (in Chiese), 369 pp., Tibetan Bur. of Geol and Miner. Resour., Beijing, 1986.
17. Cogné, J. P., N. Halim, Y. Chen, and V. Courtillot, Resolving the problem of shallow magnetizations of Tertiary age in Asia: Insights from paleomagnetic data from the Qiangtang. Kunlun and Qaidam blocks (Tibet, China), and a new hypothesis, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 17,715-17,734, 1999.
18. Corrigan, J., Inversion of apatite fission track data for thermal history information. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 21,927-21,941, 1991.
19. Coward, M.P., W. S. F. Kidd, Y. Pan, R. M. Shackleton, and H. Zhang, The structure of the 1985 Tibet geotraverse, Lhasa to Golmud, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 327, 307-336, 1998.
20. Dahl, P. S., A crystal-chemical basis for Ph retention and fission-track annealing systematics in U-bearing minerals, with implications for geochronology, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 150, 277-290, 1997.
21. Darbyshire, D. P. F., Geochronology of Malaysian granites. Isotope Geol. Cent. Open File Rep. 88/3, Nat. Environ. Res. Counc., Swindon, U. K., 1988.
22. Debon, F., F. P. Le, S. M. F. Sheppard, and J. Sonet, The four plutonic belts of the Transhimalaya-Himalaya: A chemical, mineralogical, isotopic, and chronological synthesis along a Tibet-Nepal section, J. Petrol., 27, 219-250, 1986.
23. Deng, W., J. Yin, and Z. Guo, Basic-ultrabasic and volcanic rocks in Chagbu-Shuanghu area of northern Xizang (Tibet), China, Sci. China, Ser. D, 39, 359-368, 1996.
24. DePaolo, D. J., and G. J. Wasserburg, Inference about magma sources and mantle structure from variations of 143Nd/144Nd, Geophys. Res. Lett., 3, 743-746, 1976.
25. Deprat, J., Etude des plissements et des zones D'écrasement de la moyenne et basse Rivière Noire, Mem. Serv: Geol. Induchine, 3, 1-59, 1914.
26. Dunning, G. R., A. S. Macdonald, and S. M. Barr, Zircon and monazite U-Pb dating of the Doi Inthanon core complex, northern Thailand: Implications for extension within the Indonisian orogen, Tectonophysics, 251, 197-213, 1995.
27. Eide, E. A., M. O. McWilliams, and J. G. Liou, 40Ar/39Ar geochronology and exhumation of high-pressure to ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks in east-central China, Geology, 22, 601-604, 1994.
28. Enkin, R. J., Y. Zhenyu, Y. Chen, and V. Courtillot, Paleomagnetic constraints on the geodynamic history of the major blocks of China from Permian to the present, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 13,953-13,989, 1992.
29. Faure, M., W. Lin, L. Shu, Y. Sun, and U. Schärer, Tectonics of the Dabieshan (eastern China) and possible exhumation mechanism of ultra high-pressure rocks, Terra Nova, 11, 251-258, 1999.
30. Geological Publishing House, Geological map of Qinghai province of the People's Republic of China, scale 1:1,500,000, Beijing, 1991.
31. Gilder, S., and V. Courtillot, Timing of the north-south China collision from new middle to late Mesozoic paleomagnetic data from the north China block, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 17,713-17,727, 1997.
32. Gilder, S. A., X. X. Zhao, H. R. Coe, H. R. Wu, and G. D. Kuang, Discordance of Jurassic paleomagnetic data from south China and their tectonic implications, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 119, 259-269, 1993.
33. Gilder, S. A., et al, Isotopic and paleomagnetic constraints on the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of south China, J. Geophys, Res., 101, 16,137-16,154, 1996a.
34. Gilder, S., et al, Paleomagnetism and tectonics of the southern Tarim basins, northwestern China, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 22,015-22,031, 1996b.
35. Gilder, S. A., et al. Tectonic evolution of the Tancheng-Lujiang (Tan-Lu) fault via Middle Triassic to early Cenozoic paleomagnetic data, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 15,365-15,390, 1999.
36. Green, P. F., et al, Thermal annealing of fission tracks in apatite: 4. Quantitative modelling techniques and extension to geological timescales, Chem. Geol., 79, 155-182, 1989.
37. Hacker, B. R., et al., U/Pb zircon ages constrain the architecture of the ultrahigh-pressure Qinling-dabie orogen, China, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 161, 215-230, 1998.
38. Hahn, L., The Indosinian orogeny in Thailand and adjacent areas, Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr., 147, 71-82, 1985.
39. Harris, N. B. W., R. Xu, C. L. Lewis, C. J. Hawkesworth, and Y. Zhang, Isotope geochemistry of the 1985 Tibet geotraverse. Lhasa to Golmud, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 327, 263-285, 1988a.
40. Harris, N. B. W., R. Xu, C. L. Lewis, and C. Jin, Plutonic rocks of the 1985 Tibet geotraverse. Lhasa to Golmud, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A. 327, 145-168, 1988b.
41. Harris, N. B. W., S. Inger, and R. Xu, Cretaceous plutonism in central Tibet: An example of post-collision magmation?, J. Volcanol. Geotherm, Res., 44, 21-32, 1990.
42. Harrison, T. M., R. L. Armstrong, and G. K. C. Clarke, Thermal models nd cooling histories fiver fission-track, K-Ar, Rb-Sr, and U-Pb mineral dates, northern Coast Pluton Complex, British Columbia, in Short Papers of the Fourth International Conference, Geochronology: Cosmochronology, Isotope Geology, edited by R. E. Zartman, U.S. Geol. Surv. Open File Rep. 78-0701, 167-170, 1978.
43. Helmcke, D., The Permo-Triassic "Paleotethys" in mainland Southeast Asia and adjacent parts of China, Geol. Rundsch., 74, 215-228, 1985.
44. Hsü, K. J., Q. Wang, J. Li, D. Zhou, and S. Sun, Tectonic evolution of Qinling Mountains, China, Eclogae Geol. Helv, 80, 735-752, 1987.
45. Huang, J., New researches on the tectonic characteristics of China, in Tectonics of Asia, edited by A. L. Yanshin et al., Proc. Int. Geol. Congr., 27th, 13-28, 1984.
46. Huang, K., N. D. Opdyke, X. Peng, and J. Li, Paleomagnetic results from the Upper Permian of the eastern Qiangtang Terrane of Tibet and their tectonic implications, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 111, 1-10, 1992.
47. Hurford, A. J., Cooling and uplift patterns in the Lepontine Alps south central Switzerland and age of vertical movement on the Insubric fault line, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 108, 413-427, 1986.
48. Hutchison, C. S., Multiple Mesozoic Sn-W-Sb granitoids of southeast Asia, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 159, 35-60, 1993.
49. Hutchison, C. S., The Palaeo-Tethyan realm and Indosinian orogenic system of Southeast Asia, in Tectonic Evolution of the Tethyan Region, edited by A. M. C. Sengör, pp. 585-643, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass., 1989a.
50. Hutchison, C. S., C. Geological Evolution of South-East Asia, 368 pp., Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1989b.
51. Janvier, P., T. D. Thanh, and D. N. Truong, Devonian fishes from Vietnam: New data from central Vietnam and their paleobiogeographical significance, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Stratigraphic Correlation of Southeast Asia, Bangkok, edited by P. E. A. Angsuwathana et al., pp. 69-74, Dep. of Mineral Resour., Bangkok, 1994.
52. Jolivet, M., et al., Neogene extension and volcanism in the Kunlun fault zone, northern Tibet: New constraints on the age of the Kunlun fault, Tectonics, 22, doi:10.1029/2002TC001428, in press, 2003.
53. Kapp, P., et al., Blueschist-bearing metamorphic core complexes in the Qiangtang block reveal deep crustal structure of northern Tibet, Geology, 28, 19-22, 2000.
54. Kidd, W. S. F., and P. Molnar, Quaternary and active faulting observed on the 1985 Academia Sinica-Royal Society geotraverse of Tibet, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 327, 337-363, 1988.
55. Kroner, A., G. Zhang, D. Zhou, and Y. Sun, Granulites in the Tongbai area, Qinling belt, China: Geochemistry, petrology, single zircon geochronology and implications for the tectonic evolution of eastern Asia, Tectonics, 12, 245-255, 1993.
56. Laveine, J. P., Y. Lemoigne, and S. Zhang, Pangaea, Palaeotethys and Paripteris, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 314, 1103-1110, 1992.
57. Laveine, J. P., B. Rathanasthien, and S. Sithirach, The Carboniferous flora of Na Duang coal mine, northeastern Thailand: Its paleogeographic interest, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Stratigraphic Correlation to Southeast Asia, edited by P. E. A. Angsuwathana et al., pp. 83-90, Dep. of Mineral Resour., Bangkok, 1994.
58. Lee, J. K. W., I. S. Williams, and D. J. Ellis, Pb, U and Th diffusion in natural zircon, Nature, 390, 159-161, 1997.
59. Leloup, P. H., et al., The Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone (Yunnan, China) Tertiary transform boundary of Indochina, Tectonophysics, 251, 3-84, 1995.
60. Leloup, P. H., et al., New constraints on the structure, thermochronology, and timing of the Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone, SE Asia, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 6683-6732, 2001.
61. Lepvrier, C., et al., Indosinian NW-trending shear zones within the Troung Son belt (Vietnam) 40Ar/39Ar Triassic ages and Cretaceous to Cenozoic overprints, Tectonophysics, 283, 105-127, 1997.
62. Li, C., C. Liren, H. Ke, Y. Zengrong, and H. Yurong, Study on the Paleo-Tethys Suture Zone of Lungmu Co-Shuang Hu, Tibet, 131 pp., Geol. Publ. House, Beijing, 1995.
63. Liew, T. C., and R. W. Page, U-Pb zircon dating of granitoid plutons from the west coast province of peninsular Malaysia, J. Geol. Soc. London, 142, 515-526, 1985.
64. Lin, J., and M. Fuller, Palaeomagnetism, north China and south China collision, and the Tan-Lun fault, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 331, 589-598, 1990.
65. Lin, J., and D. R. Watts, Palaeomagnetic results from the Tibetan Plateau, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 327, 239-262, 1988.
66. Lin, J., M. Fuller, and W. Zhang, Preliminary Phanerozoic polar wander paths for the north and south China blocks, Nature, 313, 444-449, 1985.
67. Lin, W., M. Faure, P. Monić, U. Schärer, L. Zhang, and Y. Sun, Tectonics of SE China: New insights from the Lushan massif (Jiangxi Province), Tectonics, 19, 852-871, 2000.
68. Malavieille, J., et al., Structure and tectonic evolution of western Tibet: Results of the 1993-1994 geotraverses, Proc. Int. Geol. Congr., 30th, 1996.
69. Masson, F., Etudes des hétérogénéités de la lithosphère-Tomographie télésismique du Nord du Tibet, Ph.D. thesis, 225 pp., Univ. Louis Pasteur Strasbourg I, Strasbourg, France, 1995.
70. Mattauer, M., et al., Tectonics of the Qinling belt: Build-up and evolution of eastern Asia, Nature, 317, 496-500, 1985.
71. Mattauer, M., et al., La chaine triasique de Songpan-Garze (ouest Sechuan et est Tibet): Une chaine de plissement-decollement sur marge passive, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 314, 619-626, 1992.
72. Matte, P., et al., Tectonics of western Tibet, between the Tarim and the Indus, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 142, 311-330, 1996.
73. Mattinson, J. M., Age, origin and thermal history of some plutonic rocks from the Salinian block of California, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 67, 233-245, 1978.
74. McElhinny, M. W., B. J. J. Embleton, X. H. Ma, and Z. K. Zhang, Fragmentation of Asia in the Permian, Nature, 293, 212-216, 1981.
75. Meng, Q. R., and G. W. Zhang, Timing of collision of the north and south China blocks: Controversy and reconciliation, Gealogy, 27, 123-126, 1999.
76. Meng, Q. R., and G. W. Zhang, Geologic framework and tectonic evolution of the Qinling orogen, central China, Tectonophysics, 323, 183-196, 2000.
77. Metcalfe, I., Origin and assembly of South-East Asian continental terranes, in Gondwana and Tethys, edited by M. G. Audley-Charles and A. Hallam, Geol. Soc.Spec. Publ., 37, 101-118, 1988.
78. Metcalfe, I., Gondwana dispersion and Asian accretion, in Geology of Southeast Asia and Adjacent Areas, edited by T. Van Tri et al., J. Geol., Ser B, 5-6, 223-266, 1995.
79. Metcalfe, I., The Bentong-Raub suture zone, J. Asian Earth Sci., 18, 691-712, 2000.
80. Mock, C., N. O. Arnaud, and J. M. Cantagrel, An early unroofing in northeastern Tibet? Constraints from 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology on granitoids from the eastern Kunlun range (Qianghai, NW China), Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 171, 107-122, 1999.
81. Molnar, P., et al., Geologic evolution of northern Tibet: Results of an expedition to Ulugh Muztagh, Science, 235, 299-305, 1987.
82. Mouret, C., Geological history of northeastern Thailand since the Carboniferous: Relation with Indochina and Carboniferous to early Cenozoic evolution model, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Stratigraphic Correlation of Southeast Asia, edited by T. Thanasuthipitak and P. Ounchanum, pp. 132-157, Dep. of Mineral Resour., Bangkok, 1994.
83. Nakamura, N., Determination of REE, Ba, Fe, Mg, Na and K in carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 38, 757-775, 1974.
84. Nie, Y. S., Paleoclimatic and paleomagnetic constraints on the Paleozoic reconstructions of South China, North China and Tarim, Tectonophysics, 196, 279-308, 1991.
85. Nie, S., A. Yin, and D. B. Rowley, Exhumation of the Dabie Shan ultra-high-pressure rocks and accumulation of the Songpan-Ganzi flysch sequence, central China, Geology, 22, 999-1002, 1994.
86. Norin, E., Geological Explorations in Western Tibet, Sino-Swedish Exped. 1927-1933 Publ. 29, 214 pp., Sino-Swed, Exped., Stockholm, 1946.
87. Pearce, J. A., and W. Deng, The ophiolites of the Tibetan geotraverses, Lhasa to Golmud (1985) and Lhasa to Kathmandu (1986), Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 327, 215-238, 1988.
88. Pearce, J. A., and H. Mei, Volcanic rocks of the 1985 Tibet geotraverse: Lhasa to Golmud, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 327, 169-201, 1988.
89. Pearce, J. A., N. B. W. Harris, and A. G. Tindle, Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks, J. Petrol., 25, 956-983, 1984.
90. Pidgeon, R. T., and M. Aftalion, Cogenetic and inherited zircon U/Pb systems in granites: Paleozoic granites of Scotland and England, Geol. J., 10, 183-220, 1978.
91. Pupin, J. P., Zircon and granite petrology, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 73, 207-220, 1980.
92. Purdy, J. W., and E. Jager, K-Ar ages on rock forming minerals from the central Alps, Mem. 1st. Geol. Mineral, Univ. Padova, 30, 1-31, 1976.
93. Richard, P., P. Shimizu, and C. J. Allègre, 143Nd/144Nd, a natural tracer: An application to oceanic basalt, Earth Planet, Sci. Lett., 31, 269-278, 1976.
94. Roger, F., and S. Calassou, Gochronologie U-Pb sur zircons et géochimie (Pb, Sr et Nd) du socle de la chaïne de Songpan-Garze (Chine), C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 324, 819-826, 1997.
95. Roger, F., et al., An Eocene magmatic belt across central Tibet mantle subduction triggered by the India collision, Terra Nova, 12, 102-108, 2000a.
96. Roger, F, et al., Long and complex thermal history of the Song Chay metamorphic dome (northern Vietnam) by multi-system geochronology, Tectonophysics, 321, 449-466, 2000b.
97. Rowley, D. B., et al., Ages of ultrahigh pressure metamorphism and protolith orthogneisses from the eastern Dabie Shan: U/Pb zircon geochronology, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 151, 191-203, 1997.
98. Sengör, A. M. C., The Cimmeride orogenic system and the tectonics of Eurasia, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 195, 1-82, 1984.
99. Sengör, A. M. C., Tectonic subdivisions and evolution of Asia, Bull. Tech. Univ. Istanbul, 40, 355-435, 1987.
100. Sengör, A. M. C., and K. J. Hsü, The Cimmerides of eastern Asia: History of the eastern end of Palaeo-Tethys, Mem. Soc. Geol. Fr., 147, 139-167, 1984.
101. Sengör, A. M. C., D. Altiner, A. Cin, T. Ustaomer, and K. J. Hsü, Origin and assembly of the Tethyside orogenic collage at the expense of Gondwana Land, in Gondwana and Tethys, edited by M. G. Audley-Charles and A. Hallam, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 37, 119-181, 1988.
102. Silver, L. T., and S. Deustsch, Uranium lead method on zircons, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 91, 279-283, 1961.
103. Singharajwarapan, S., and R. Berry, Tectonic implications of the Nan suture zone and its relationship to the Sukhothai fold belt, northern Thailand, J. Asian Earth Sci., 18, 663-673, 2000.
104. Stacey, J. S., and J. D. Kramers, Approximation of terrestrial lead isotope evolution by a two-stage model, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 26, 207-221, 1975.
105. Tapponnier, P., and P. Molnar, Active faulting and tectonics of China, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 2905-2930, 1977.
106. Tapponnier, P., G. Peltzer, and R. Armijo, On the mechanics of the collision between Asia and India, in Collision Tectonics, edited by M. P. Coward and A. C. Ries, Geol Soc., Spec. Publ., 19, 115-157, 1986.
107. Tapponnier, P., et al., The Ailao Shan/Red River metamorphic belt: Tertiary left-lateral shear between Indochina and south China, Nature, 343, 431-437, 1990.
108. Thanh, T. D., P. Janvier, and T. H. Phuong, Fish suggests continental connections between the Indochina and south China blocks in middle Devonian time, Geology, 24, 571-574, 1996.
109. Ulmishek, G., Geology and petroleum resources of basins in western China, Rep. ANL/ES-146, 131 pp., Argonne Natl. Lab., Argonne, III., 1984.
110. Van der Woerd, J., Couplage cinématique entre décrochements et chevauchement actifs dans le nord du Tibet: Croissance du plateau tibétain, Ph.D. thesis, 440 pp., Univ. Paris VII, Paris, 1998.
111. Van der Woerd, J., et al., Uniform slip-rate along the Kunlun fault: Implication for seismic behaviour and large-scale tectonics, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2353-2356, 2000.
112. Van Der Voo, R., Paleomagnetism of the Atlantic, Tethys and Iapetus Oceans, 411 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1993.
113. Weaver, B. L., and J. Tarney, Continental crust composition and nature of the lower crust: Constraints from mantle Nd-Sr isotope correlatior, Nature, 286, 342-346, 1980.
114. Winkler, H. G. F., Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks, 348 pp., Springer-Verlag, New York, 1979.
115. Wittlinger, G., et al., Seismic tomography of northern Tibet and Kunlun: Evidence for crustal blocks and mantle velocity contrasts, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 139, 263-279, 1996.
116. Wu, H., C. A. Boulter, B. Ke, D. A. V. Stow, and Z. Wang, The Changning-Menglian su'ure zone: A segment of the major Cathaysian-Gondwana divide in Southeast Asia, Tectonophysics, 242, 267-280, 1995.
117. Xue, F., F. Lerch, A. Kröner, and T. Reischmann, Tectonic evolution of the East Qinling Mountains, China, in the Paleozoic: A review and a new tectonic model, Tectonophysics, 253, 271-284, 1996.
118. Yang, J. S., P. T. Robinson, C. F. Jiang, and Z. Q. Xu, Ophiolites of the Kunlun Mountains, China and their tectonic implications, Tectonophysics, 258, 215-231, 1996.
119. Yang, Z., and J. Besse, Paleomagnetic study on Permian and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks from north Thailand supports the extrusion model for Indochina, Earth Planet, Sci. Lett., 117, 525-552, 1993.
120. Yang, Z., X. Ma, L. Xing, S. Xu, and J. Zhang, Jurassic paleomagnetic constraints on the collis on of the north and south China blocks, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 577-580, 1992.
121. Yin, J., J. Xu, C. Liu, and H. Li, The Tibetan plateau: Regional stratigraphic context and previous work, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 327, 5-52, 1988.
122. Zhai, X., H. W. Day, B. R. Hacker, and Z. You, Paleozoic metamorphism in the Qinling orogen, Tongbai Mountains, central China, Geology, 26, 371-374, 1998.
123. Zhao, X., and R. S. Coe, Palaeomagnetic constraints on the collision and rotation of north and south China, Nature, 327, 141-142, 1987.
124. Zhao, X., and R. S. Coe, Tectonic implication of Permo-Triassic paleomagnetic results from north and south China, in Deep Structure and Fast Kinematics of Accreted Tarranes, Geophys Monogr. Ser., vol. 50, edited by J. W. Hillhouse, pp. 278-293, AGU, Washington, D. C., 1989,
125. Zhao, X. X., R. S. Coe, Y. X. Zhou, H. R Wu, and J. Wang, New paleomagnetic results from northern China: Collision and suturing with Siberia and Kazakhstan, Tectonophysics, 181, 43-81, 1990.