Neurobiology of mice selected for high voluntary wheel-running activity

Integrative and Comparative Biology

Volumn 45, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 438-455

  Rhodes, Justin S ^a   Gammie, Stephen C ^b   Garland Jr , Theodore ^c  

^a PORTLAND VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MUS MUSCULUS;

EID: 21444435672     PISSN: 15407063     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/icb/45.3.438     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (134)

1. Aidman, E. and S. Woollard. 2003. The influence of self-reported exercise addiction on acute emotional and physiological responses to brief exercise deprivation. Psychol Sport Ex 4:225-236.
2. Anderson, B. J., D. N. Rapp, D. H. Baek, D. P. McCloskey, P. S. Coburn-Litvak, and J. K. Robinson. 2000. Exercise influences spatial learning in the radial arm maze. Physiol. Behav. 70:425-429.
3. Baggio, G. and F. Ferrari. 1980. Role of brain dopaminergic mechanisms in rodent aggressive behavior: Influence of (±)N-n-propyl-norapomorphine on three experimental models. Psychopharmacology. 70:63-68.
4. Baik, J. H., R. Picetti, A. Saiardi, G. Thiriet, A. Dierich, A. Depaulis, M. Le Meur, and E. Borrelli. 1995. Parkinsonian-like locomotor impairment in mice lacking dopamine D2 receptors. Nature 377:424-428.
5. Baker, H., T. H. Joh, and D. J. Reis. 1980. Genetic control of number of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in inbred strains of mice: Relationship to size and neuronal density of the striatum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77:4369-4373.
6. Becker, J. B., C. N. Rudick, and W. J. Jenkins. 2001. The role of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and striatum during sexual behavior in the female rat. J. Neurosci. 21:3236-3241.
7. Belke, T. W. 1996. Investigating the reinforcing properties of running: Or, running is its own reward. In W. F. Epling and W. D. Pierce (eds.), Activity anorexia: Theory, research, and treatment, pp. 45-55. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, New Jersey.
8. Belter, J. G., H. V. Carey, and T. Garland, Jr. 2004. Effects of voluntary exercise and genetic selection for high activity levels on HSP72 expression in house mice. J. Appl. Physiol. 96:1270-1276.
9. Berridge, C. W., E. Mitton, W. Clark, and R. H. Roth. 1999. Engagement in a non-escape (displacement) behavior elicits a selective and lateralized suppression of frontal cortical dopaminergic utilization in stress. Synapse 32:187-197.
10. Berridge, K. C. and T. E. Robinson. 1998. What is the role of dopamine in reward: Hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience? Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 28:309-369.
11. Biederman, J., S. V. Faraone, T. Spencer, T. Wilens, E. Mick, and K. A. Lapey. 1994. Genetic differences in a sample of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry. Res. 53:13-29.
12. Biederman, J., E. Mick, S. V. Faraone, E. Braaten, A. Doyle, T. Spencer, T. E. Wilens, E. Frazier, and M. A. Johnson. 2002. Influence of gender on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children referred to a psychiatric clinic. Am. J. Psychiatry 159:36-42.
13. Blomberg, S., T. J. Garland, and A. Ives. 2003. Testing for phylogenetic signal in comparative data: Behavioral traits are more labile. Evolution 57:717-745.
14. Bronikowski, A. M., J. S. Rhodes, T. Garland, Jr., T. A. Prolla, T. A. Awad, and S. C. Gammie. 2004. The evolution of gene expression in mouse hippocampus in response to selective breeding for increased locomotor activity. Evolution 58:2079-2086.
15. Bronikowski, A. M., P. A. Carter, J. G. Swallow, I. A. Girard, J. S. Rhodes, and T. Garland, Jr. 2001. Open-field behavior of house mice selectively bred for high voluntary wheel-running. Behav. Genet. 31:309-316.
16. Brudzynski, S. M. and C. J. Gibson. 1997. Release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens caused by stimulation of the subiculum in freely moving rats. Brain Res. Bull. 42:303-308.
17. Bult, A., E. A. van der Zee, J. C. Compaan, and C. B. Lynch. 1992. Differences in the number of arginine-vasopressin-immunoreactive neurons exist in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of house mice selected for differences in nest-building behavior. Brain Res. 578:335-338.
18. Bull, A., L. Hiestand, E. A. Van der Zee, and C. B. Lynch. 1993. Circadian rhythms differ between selected mouse lines: A model to study the role of vasopressin neurons in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Brain Res. Bull. 32:623-627.
19. Cardinal, R. N., J. A. Parkinson, J. Hall, and B. J. Everitt. 2002. Emotion and motivation: The role of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 26:321-352.
20. Carroll, P. M., B. Dougherty, P. Ross-Macdonald, K. Browman, and K. FitzGerald. 2003. Model systems in drug discovery: Chemical genetics meets genomics. Pharmacol. Ther. 99:183-220.
21. Carter, P. A., J. G. Swallow, S. J. Davis, and T. Garland, Jr. 2000. Nesting behavior of house mice (Mus domesticus) selected for increased wheel-running activity. Behav. Genet. 30:85-94.
22. Castellanos, F. X. 2001. Neuroimaging studies of ADHD. In M. V. Solanto, A. F. T. Arnsten, and F. X. Castellanos (eds.), Stimulant drugs and ADHD, pp. 243-258. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England.
23. Castner, S. A., L. Xiao, and J. B. Becker. 1993. Sex differences in striatal dopamine: In vivo microdialysis and behavioral studies. Brain Res. 610:127-134.
24. Chen, N. and M. E. Reith. 2000. Structure and function of the dopamine transporter. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 405:329-339.
25. Childress, A. R., P. D. Mozley, W. McElgin, J. Fitzgerald, M. Reivich, and C. P. O'Brien. 1999. Limbic activation during cue-induced cocaine craving. Am. J. Psychiatry. 156:11-18.
26. Clark, M., S. R. Weiss, and R. M. Post. 1991. Expression of c-fos mRNA in rat brain after intracerebroventricular administration of corticotropin- releasing hormone. Neurosci. Lett. 132:235-238.
27. Comings, D. E. 1994. Genetic factors in substance abuse based on studies of Tourette syndrome and ADHD probands and relatives. I. Drug abuse. Drug Alcohol Depend 35:1-16.
28. Cotman, C. W. and N. C. Berchtold. 2002. Exercise: A behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity. Trends Neurosci. 25:295-301.
29. Da Costa, A. P., R. J. Kampa, R. J. Windle, C. D. Ingram, and S. L. Lightman. 1997. Region-specific immediate-early gene expression following the administration of corticotropin-releasing hormone in virgin and lactating rats. Brain Res. 770:151-162.
30. Damsma, G., J. G. Pfaus, D. Wenkstern, A. G. Phillips, and H. C. Fibiger. 1992. Sexual behavior increases dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens and striatum of male rats: Comparison with novelty and locomotion. Behav. Neurosci. 106:181-191.
31. DeFries, J. C., J. R. Wilson, and G. E. McClearn. 1970. Open-field behavior in mice: Selection response and situational generality. Behav. Genet. 1:195-211.
32. Dewey, S. L., C. S. Chaurasia, C. E. Chen, N. D. Volkow, F. A. Clarkson, S. P. Porter, R. M. Straughter-Moore, D. L. Alexoff, D. Tedeschi, N. B. Russo, J. S. Fowler, and J. D. Brodie. 1997. GABAergic attenuation of cocaine-induced dopamine release and locomotor activity. Synapse 25:393-398.
33. Drago, J., C. R. Gerfen, J. E. Lachowicz, H. Steiner, T. R. Hollon, P. E. Love, G. T. Ooi, A. Grinberg, E. J. Lee, S. P. Huang, et al. 1994. Altered striatal function in a mutant mouse lacking D1A dopamine receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. U.S.A. 91:12564-12568.
34. Dragunow, M. and R. Faull. 1989. The use of c-fos as a metabolic marker in neuronal pathway tracing. J. Neurosci. Methods 29:261-265.
35. Dube, T., T. Brunson, A. Nehlig, and T. Z. Baram. 2000. Activation of specific neuronal circuits by corticotropin releasing hormone as indicated by c-fos expression and glucose metabolism. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 20:1414-1424.
36. Eagle, D. M. and T. W. Robbins. 2003. Lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex or nucleus accumbens core do not impair inhibitory control in rats performing a stop-signal reaction time task. Behav. Brain Res. 146:131-144.
37. Eaton, M. J., S. Cheung, K. E. Moore, and K. J. Lookingland. 1996. Dopamine receptor-mediated regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Brain Res. 738:60-66.
38. Eikelboom, R. and S. B. Lattanzio. 2003. Wheel access duration in rats: II. Day-night and within-session changes. Behav. Neurosci. 117:825-832.
39. Enoch, M. A. and D. Goldman. 2001. The genetics of alcoholism and alcohol abuse. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 3:144-151.
40. Espana, R. A., B. A. Baldo, A. E. Kelley, and C. W. Berridge. 2001. Wake-promoting and sleep-suppressing actions of hypocretin (orexin): Basal forebrain sites of action. Neuroscience 106:699-715.
41. Falconer, D. S. and T. F. C. Mackay. 1996. Introduction to quantitative genetics, 4th ed. Longman, Essex, England.
42. Fallon, J. H. 1981. Collateralization of monoamine neurons: Mesotelencephalic dopamine projections to caudate, septum, and frontal cortex. J. Neurosci. 1:1361-1368.
43. Faraone, S. V., A. E. Doyle, E. Mick, and J. Biederman. 2001. Meta-analysis of the association between the 7-repeat allele of the dopamine D(4) receptor gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 158:1052-1057.
44. Fink, J. S. and D. J. Reis. 1981. Genetic variations in midbrain dopamine cell number: parallel with differences in responses to dopaminergic agonists and in naturalistic behaviors mediated by central dopaminergic systems. Brain Res. 222:335-349.
45. Freed, C. R. and B. K. Yamamoto. 1985. Regional brain dopamine metabolism: A marker for the speed, direction, and posture of moving animals. Science 229:62-65.
46. Gage, F. H. 2000. Mammalian neural stem cells. Science 287:1433-1438.
47. Gage, F. H., G. Kempermann, T. D. Palmer, D. A. Peterson, and J. Ray. 1998. Multipotent progenitor cells in the adult dentate gyrus. J. Neurobiol. 36:249-266.
48. Gainetdinov, R. R., W. C. Wetsel, S. R. Jones, E. D. Levin, M. Jaber, and M. G. Caron. 1999. Role of serotonin in the paradoxical calming effect of psychostimulants on hyperactivity. Science 283:397-401.
49. Gammie, S. C., N. S. Hasen, J. S. Rhodes, I. Girard, and T. Garland, Jr. 2003. Predatory aggression, but not maternal or intermale aggression, is associated with high voluntary wheel-running behavior in mice. Horm. Behav. 44:209-221.
50. Garland, T. 2003. Selection experiments: An underutilized tool in biomechanics and organismal biology. In V. Bels, J. Gasc, and A. Casinos (eds.), Biomechanics and evolution, pp. 23-56. Bios Scientific Publishers, Oxford, England.
51. Girard, I. and T. Garland, Jr. 2002. Plasma corticosterone response to acute and chronic voluntary exercise in female house mice. J. Appl. Physiol. 92:1553-1561.
52. Girard, I., M. W. McAleer, J. S. Rhodes, and T. Garland, Jr. 2001. Selection for high voluntary wheel-running increases speed and intermittency in house mice (Mus domesticus). J. Exp. Biol. 204:4311-4320.
53. Goeders, N. E. and G. F. Guerin. 2000. Effects of the CRH receptor antagonist CP-154,526 on intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats. Neuropsychopharmocology 23:577-586.
54. Gottfried, J. A., J. O'Doherty, and R. J. Dolan. 2003. Encoding predictive reward value in human amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. Science 301:1104-1107.
55. Greengard, P., P. B. Allen, and A. C. Nairn. 1999. Beyond the dopamine receptor: The DARPP-32/protein phosphatase-1 cascade. Neuron 23:435-447.
56. Haglund, L., C. Kohler, S. B. Ross, and D. Kelder. 1979. Forebrain projections of the ventral tegmentum as studied by axonal transport of [3H]dopamine in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 12:301-306.
57. Harris, J. A. 1998. Using c-fos as a neural marker of pain. Brain Res. Bull. 45:1-8.
58. Hattori, S., M. Naoi, and H. Nishino. 1994. Striatal dopamine turnover during treadmill running in the rat: Relation to the speed of running. Brain Res. Bull. 35:41-49.
59. Henderson, K. K., H. Wagner, F. Favret, S. L. Britton, L. G. Koch, P. D. Wagner, and N. C. Gonzalez. 2002. Determinants of maximal O(2) uptake in rats selectively bred for endurance running capacity. J. Appl. Physiol. 93:1265-1274.
60. Herdegen, T. and J. D. Leah. 1998. Inducible and constitutive transcription factors in the mammalian nervous system: Control of gene expression by Jun, Fos and Krox, and CREB/ATF proteins. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 28:370-490.
61. Hochstetler, K. J., T. Garland, Jr., J. G. Swallow, P. A. Carter, and A. Bult-Ito. 2004. Number of arginine-vasopressin neurons in the suprachiasmatic nuclei is not related to level or circadian characteristics of wheel-running activity in house mice. Behav. Genet. 34:131-136.
62. Huey, R. B., P. E. Hertz, and B. Sinervo. 2003. Behavioral drive versus behavioral inertia in evolution: A null model approach. Am. Nat. 161:357-366.
63. Huff, J. K. and M. I. Davies. 2002. Microdialysis monitoring of methylphenidate in blood and brain correlated with changes in dopamine and rat activity. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 29:767-777.
64. Iversen, S. and L. Iversen. 1975. Behavioral pharmacology. Oxford University Press, New York.
65. Janowsky, A., C. Mah, R. A. Johnson, C. L. Cunningham, T. J. Phillips, J. C. Crabbe, A. J. Eshleman, and J. K. Belknap. 2001. Mapping genes that regulate density of dopamine transporters and correlated behaviors in recombinant inbred mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 298:634-643.
66. Jarvie, K. R. and M. G. Caron. 1993. Heterogeneity of dopamine receptors. Adv. Neurol. 60:325-333.
67. Jimerson, D. and D. J. Reis. 1973. Effects of intrahypothalamic injection of 6-hydroxydopamine on predatory aggression in rat. Brain Res. 61:141-152.
68. Johnson, R. A., J. S. Rhodes, S. L. Jeffrey, T. Garland, Jr., and G. S. Mitchell. 2003. Hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor but not neurotrophin-3 increases more in mice selected for increased voluntary wheel running. Neuroscience 121:1-7.
69. Joseph, M. H., K. Datla, and A. M. Young. 2003. The interpretation of the measurement of nucleus accumbens dopamine by in vivo dialysis: The kick, the craving or the cognition? Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 27:527-541.
70. Kallmann, F. J. 1994. The genetic theory of schizophrenia. An analysis of 691 schizophrenic twin index families. 1946. Am. J. Psychiatry. 151:188-198.
71. Katz, J. L. and S. T. Higgins. 2003. The validity of the reinstatement model of craving and relapse to drug use. Psychopharmacology 168:21-30.
72. Kehr, J., T. Yoshitake, F. H. Wang, D. Wynick, K. Holmberg, U. Lendahl, T. Bartfai, M. Yamaguchi, T. Hokfelt, and S. O. Ogren. 2001. Microdialysis in freely moving mice: Determination of acetylcholine, serotonin and noradrenaline release in galanin transgenic mice. J. Neurosci. Methods 109:71-80.
73. Kelley, A. E. and K. C. Berridge. 2002. The neuroscience of natural rewards: Relevance to addictive drugs. J. Neurosci. 22:3306-3311.
74. Koteja, P., J. G. Swallow, P. A. Carter, and T. Garland, Jr. 2003. Different effects of intensity and duration of locomotor activity on circadian period. J. Biol. Rhythms 18:491-501.
75. Koteja, P. and T. Garland, Jr. 2001. Forum: Response to R. Eikelboom. Anim. Behav. 61:F25-F26.
76. Koteja, P., T. Garland, Jr., J. K. Sax, J. G. Swallow, and P. A. Carter. 1999. Behaviour of house mice artificially selected for high levels of voluntary wheel running. Anim. Behav. 58:1307-1318.
77. Kuczenski, R. and D. S. Segal. 1997. Effects of methylphenidate on extracellular dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine: Comparison with amphetamine. J. Neurochem. 68:2032-2037.
78. Li, M. Y., Q. S. Yan, L. L. Coffey, and M. E. Reith. 1996. Extracellular dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats during intracerebral dialysis with cocaine and other monoamine uptake blockers. J. Neurochem. 66:559-568.
79. Li, G., J. S. Rhodes, I. Girard, S. C. Gammie, and T. Garland, Jr. 2004. Opioid-mediated pain sensitivity in mice bred for high voluntary wheel running. Physiol. Behav. 83:515-524.
80. Matecka, D., R. B. Rothman, L. Radesca, B. R. de Costa, C. M. Dersch, J. S. Partilla, A. Pert, J. R. Glowa, F. H. Wojnicki, and K. C. Rice. 1996. Development of novel, potent, and selective dopamine reuptake inhibitors through alteration of the piperazine ring of 1-[2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl]-and 1-[2-[bis(4-fluo-rophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazines (GBR 12935 and GBR 12909). J. Med. Chem. 39:4704-4716.
81. Morris, R. and J. J. Hagan. 1983. Hippocampal electrical activity and ballistic movement. In W. Seifert (ed.), Neurobiology of the hippocampus, pp. 321-331. Academic Press, London, England.
82. Neeper, S. A., F. Gomez-Pinilla, J. Choi, and C. Cotman. 1995. Exercise and brain neurotrophins. Nature 373:109.
83. Neisewander, J. L., D. A. Baker, R. A. Fuchs, L. T. Tran-Nguyen, A. Palmer, and J. F. Marshall. 2000. Fos protein expression and cocaine-seeking behavior in rats after exposure to a cocaine self-administration environment. J. Neurosci. 20:798-805.
84. Nelson, R. J., G. E. Demas, P. L. Huang, M. C. Fishman, V. L. Dawson, T. M. Dawson, and S. H. Snyder. 1995. Behavioural abnormalities in male mice lacking neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Nature 378:383-386.
85. Nesse, R. M. and K. C. Berridge. 1997. Psychoactive drug use in evolutionary perspective. Science 278:63-66.
86. Nestler, E. J., M. Barrot, and D. W. Self. 2001. Delta FosB: A sustained molecular switch for addiction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98:11042-11046.
87. Nestler, E. J., E. Gould, H. Manji, M. Buncan, R. S. Duman, H. K. Greshenfeld, R. Hen, S. Koester, I. Lederhendler, M. Meaney, T. Robbins, L. Winsky, and S. Zalcman. 2002. Preclinical models: Status of basic research in depression. Biol. Psychiatry 52:503-528.
88. Nestler, E. J., R. Z. Terwilliger, and E. Halm. 1989. Corticosterone increases protein tyrosine kinase activity in the locus coeruleus and other monoaminergic nuclei of rat brain. Mol. Pharmacol. 35:265-270.
89. Oddie, S. D. and B. H. Bland. 1998. Hippocampal formation theta activity and movement selection. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 22:221-231.
90. Oliff, H. S., N. C. Berchtold, P. Isackson, and C. W. Cotman. 1998. Exercise-induced regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) transcripts in the rat hippocampus. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 61:147-153.
91. Paulson, P. E. and T. E. Robinson. 1994. Relationship between circadian changes in spontaneous motor activity and dorsal versus ventral striatal dopamine neurotransmission assessed with online microdialysis. Behav. Neurosci. 108:624-635.
92. Phillips, P. E., G. D. Stuber, M. L. Heien, R. M. Wightman, and R. M. Carelli. 2003. Subsecond dopamine release promotes cocaine seeking. Nature 422:614-618.
93. Ramsden, M., N. C. Berchtold, J. Patrick Kesslak, C. W. Cotman, and C. J. Pike. 2003. Exercise increases the vulnerability of rat hippocampal neurons to kainate lesion. Brain Res. 971:239-244.
94. Rhodes, J. S. 2002. The neural basis of hyperactive wheel running in mice. Ph.D. Diss., University of Wisconsin, Madison.
95. Rhodes, J. S. and J. C. Crabbe. 2003. Progress towards finding genes for alcoholism in mice. Clinical Neurosci. Res. 3:315-323.
96. Rhodes, J. S. and T. Garland, Jr. 2003. Differential sensitivity to acute administration of Ritalin, apormorphine, SCH 23390, but not raclopride in mice selectively bred for hyperactive wheel-running behavior. Psychopharmacology 167:242-250.
97. Rhodes, J. S., T. Garland, Jr., and S. C. Gammie. 2003a. Patterns of brain activity associated with variation in voluntary wheel-running behavior. Behav. Neurosci. 117:1243-1256.
98. Rhodes, J. S., G. R. Hosack, I. Girard, A. E. Kelley, G. S. Mitchell, and T. Garland, Jr. 2001. Differential sensitivity to acute administration of cocaine, GBR 12909, and fluoxetine in mice selectively bred for hyperactive wheel-running behavior. Psychopharmacology 158:120-131.
99. Rhodes, J. S., H. van Praag, S. Jeffrey, I. Girard, G. S. Mitchell, T. Garland, Jr., and F. H. Gage. 2003b. Exercise increases hippocampal neurogenesis to high levels but does not improve spatial learning in mice bred for increased voluntary wheel running. Behav. Neurosci. 117:1006-1016.
100. Ross, R. A., A. B. Judd, V. M. Pickel, T. H. Joh, and D. J. Reis. 1976. Strain-dependent variations in number of midbrain dopaminergic neurones. Nature 264:654-656.
101. Ryabinin, A. E. 2000. ITF mapping after drugs of abuse: Pharmacological versus perceptional effects. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. (Wars) 60:547-555.
102. Salamone, J. D. 1996. The behavioral neurochemistry of motivation: Methodological and conceptual issues in studies of the dynamic activity of nucleus accumbens dopamine. J. Neurosci. Methods 64:137-149.
103. Sapolsky, R. M. 1996. Why stress is bad for your brain. Science 273:749-750.
104. Sapolsky, R. M. 2000. Why zebras don't get ulcers. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York.
105. Schauwecker, P. E. 2003. Genetic basis of kainate-induced excitotoxicity in mice: Phenotypic modulation of seizure-induced cell death. Epilepsy Res. 55:201-210.
106. Schmidt, W. J. 1979. Effects of d-amphetamine, maprotiline, L-dopa, and haloperidol on the components of the predatory behavior of the ferret, Putorius furo L. Psychopharmacology 64:355-359.
107. Schmidt, W. J. 1983. Involvement of dopaminergic neurotransmission in the control of goal-directed movements. Psychopharmacology 80:360-364.
108. Schroeder, B. E., J. M. Binzak, and A. E. Kelley. 2001. A common profile of prefrontal cortical activation following exposure to nicotine- or chocolate-associated contextual cues. Neuroscience 105:535-545.
109. Schroeder, B. E., M. R. Holahan, C. F. Landry, and A. E. Kelley. 2000. Morphine-associated environmental cues elicit conditioned gene expression. Synapse 37:146-158.
110. Scott, A. W., S. A. Griffin, and R. R. Luedtke. 1995. Genetic polymorphisms at the rat and murine loci coding for dopamine D2-like receptors. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 29:347-357.
111. Scully, D., J. Kremer, M. M. Meade, R. Graham, and K. Dudgeon. 1998. Physical exercise and psychological well being: A critical review. Br. J. Sports. Med. 32:111-120.
112. Sherwin, C. M. 1998. Voluntary wheel running: A review and novel interpretation. Animal Behaviour 56:11-27.
113. Shirley, R. L., N. A. Walter, M. T. Reilly, C. Fehr, and K. J. Buck. 2004. Mpdz is a quantitative trait gene for drug withdrawal seizures. Nat. Neurosci. 7:699-700.
114. Siegel, A., T. A. Roeling, T. R. Gregg, and M. R. Kruk. 1999. Neuropharmacology of brain-stimulation-evoked aggression. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 23:359-389.
115. Slawinska, U. and S. Kasicki. 1998. The frequency of rat's hippocampal theta rhythm is related to the speed of locomotion. Brain Res. 796:327-331.
116. Sleator, E. K. and R. K. Ullmann. 1981. Can the physician diagnose hyperactivity in the office? Pediatrics 67:13-17.
117. Smagin, G. N., S. C. Heinrichs, and A. J. Dunn. 2001. The role of CRH in behavioral responses to stress. Peptides 22:713-724.
118. Solanto, M. V., A. F. T. Arnsten, and F. X. Castellanos. 2001. Stimulant drugs and ADHD. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England.
119. Stamp, J. and J. Herbert. 2001. Corticosterone modulates autonomic responses and adaptation of central immediate-early gene expression to repeated restraint stress. Neuroscience 107:465-479.
120. Swallow, J. G., P. A. Carter, and T. Garland, Jr. 1998a. Artificial selection for increased wheel-running behavior in house mice. Behav. Genet. 28:227-237.
121. Swallow, J. G., T. Garland, Jr., P. A. Carter, W. Z. Zhan, and G. C. Sieck. 1998b. Effects of voluntary activity and genetic selection on aerobic capacity in house mice (Mus domesticus). J. Appl. Physiol. 84:69-76.
122. Swallow, J. G., P. Koteja, P. A. Carter, and T. Garland, Jr. 2001. Food consumption and body composition in mice selected for high wheel-running activity. J. Comp. Physiol. B 171:651-659.
123. Swallow, J. G., J. S. Rhodes, and T. Garland, Jr. 2005. Phenotypic and evolutionary plasticity of organ masses in response to voluntary exercise in house mice. Integr.Comp. Biol. 45:426-437.
124. Thai, L., I. Creese, and S. H. Snyder. 1978. 3H-Apomorphine interactions with dopamine receptors in calf brain. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 49:295-299.
125. Thoren, P., J. S. Floras, P. Hoffmann, and D. R. Seals. 1990. Endorphins and exercise: Physiological mechanisms and clinical implications. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 22:417-428.
126. Todd, R. D. 2000. Genetics of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Are we ready for molecular genetic studies? Am. J. Med. Genet. 96:241-243.
127. Vallone, D., R. Picetti, and E. Borrelli. 2000. Structure and function of dopamine receptors. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 24:125-132.
128. van Praag, H., G. Kempermann, and F. H. Gage. 1999a. Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus. Nat. Neurosci. 2:266-270.
129. van Praag, H., B. R. Christie, T. J. Sejnowski, and F. H. Gage. 1999b. Running enhances neurogenesis, learning, and long-term potentiation in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96:13427-13431.
130. Van Ree, J. M., R. J. Niesink, L. Van Wolfswinkel, N. F. Ramsey, M. M. Kornet, W. R. Van Furth, L. J. Vanderschuren, M. A. Gerrits, and C. L. Van den Berg. 2000. Endogenous opioids and reward. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 405:89-101.
131. Werme, M., C. Messer, L. Olson, L. Gilden, P. Thoren, E. J. Nestler, and S. Brene. 2002. Delta FosB regulates wheel running. J. Neurosci. 22:8133-8138.
132. Wise, R. A. 2002. Brain reward circuitry: Insights from unsensed incentives. Neuron 36:229-240.
133. Zaborszky, L. and C. Vadasz. 2001. The midbrain dopaminergic system: anatomy and genetic variation in dopamine neuron number of inbred mouse strains. Behav. Genet. 31:47-59.
134. Zangenehpour, S. and A. Chaudhuri. 2002. Differential induction and decay curves of c-fos and zif268 revealed through dual activity maps. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 109:221-225.