메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 110, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 864-893

Computational models of social forms: Advancing generative process theory

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 21344440510     PISSN: 00029602     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/426412     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (117)

References (119)
  • 1
    • 84936628239 scopus 로고
    • Transcending general linear reality
    • Abbott, Andrew. 1988. "Transcending General Linear Reality." Sociological Theory 6: 169-86.
    • (1988) Sociological Theory , vol.6 , pp. 169-186
    • Abbott, A.1
  • 2
    • 84930362646 scopus 로고
    • Things of boundaries
    • _. 1995. "Things of Boundaries." Social Research 62:857-82.
    • (1995) Social Research , vol.62 , pp. 857-882
  • 3
    • 34250196383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manuscript. University of Chicago
    • _. 1996. "Mechanisms and Relations." Manuscript. University of Chicago.
    • (1996) Mechanisms and Relations
  • 4
    • 0031427504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Of time and space: The contemporary relevance of the chicago school
    • _. 1997. "Of Time and Space: The Contemporary Relevance of the Chicago School." Social Forces 75:1149-82.
    • (1997) Social Forces , vol.75 , pp. 1149-1182
  • 5
    • 0036013593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical mechanics of complex networks
    • Albert, Réka, and Albert-László Barabási. 2002. "Statistical Mechanics of Complex Networks." Reviews of Modern Physics 74:47-97.
    • (2002) Reviews of Modern Physics , vol.74 , pp. 47-97
    • Albert, R.1    Barabási, A.-L.2
  • 9
    • 21344467550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On six advances in cooperation theory
    • _. 2000. "On Six Advances in Cooperation Theory." Analyse und Kritik 22: 130-51.
    • (2000) Analyse und Kritik , vol.22 , pp. 130-151
  • 11
    • 34248619115 scopus 로고
    • The further evolution of cooperation
    • Axelrod, Robert, and Douglas Dion. 1988. "The Further Evolution of Cooperation." Science 242:1385-90.
    • (1988) Science , vol.242 , pp. 1385-1390
    • Axelrod, R.1    Dion, D.2
  • 12
    • 0003782219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The emergence of firms in a population of agents: Local increasing returns, unstable nash equilibria, and power law size distributions
    • Brookings Institution CSED
    • Axtell, Robert. 1999. "The Emergence of Firms in a Population of Agents: Local Increasing Returns, Unstable Nash Equilibria, and Power Law Size Distributions." Working Paper no. 3. Brookings Institution CSED. http://www.brook.edu/es/ dynamics/papers/firms/firms.pdf.
    • (1999) Working Paper No. 3 , vol.3
    • Axtell, R.1
  • 14
    • 0038483826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of scaling in random networks
    • Barabási, Albert-Lászĺ, and Réka Albert. 1999. "Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks." Science 286:509-12.
    • (1999) Science , vol.286 , pp. 509-512
    • Barabási, A.-L.1    Albert, R.2
  • 17
    • 0012902735 scopus 로고
    • Machiavelli in machina: Or politics among hexagons
    • edited by Karl W. Deutsch. Boston: Ballinger
    • Bremer, Stuart A., and Michael Mihalka. 1977. "Machiavelli in Machina: Or Politics among Hexagons." In Problems of World Modeling, edited by Karl W. Deutsch. Boston: Ballinger.
    • (1977) Problems of World Modeling
    • Bremer, S.A.1    Mihalka, M.2
  • 19
    • 84936823642 scopus 로고
    • A theory of group stability
    • Carley, Kathleen M. 1991. "A Theory of Group Stability." American Sociological Review 56:331-54.
    • (1991) American Sociological Review , vol.56 , pp. 331-354
    • Carley, K.M.1
  • 20
    • 0037076310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computational organization science: A new frontier
    • _. 2002. "Computational Organization Science: A New Frontier."Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99 Suppl. no. 3: 7257-62.
    • (2002) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , vol.99 , Issue.3 SUPPL. , pp. 7257-7262
  • 21
    • 0030487827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling organizational adaptation as a simulated annealing process
    • Carley, Kathleen M., and David M. Svoboda. 1996. "Modeling Organizational Adaptation as a Simulated Annealing Process." Sociological Methods and Research 25:138-68.
    • (1996) Sociological Methods and Research , vol.25 , pp. 138-168
    • Carley, K.M.1    Svoboda, D.M.2
  • 24
    • 0035593002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling the democratic peace as a kantian selection process
    • _. 2001. "Modeling the Democratic Peace as a Kantian Selection Process." Journal of Conflict Resolution 45:470-502.
    • (2001) Journal of Conflict Resolution , vol.45 , pp. 470-502
  • 25
    • 0037076429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endogenizing geopolitical boundaries with agent-based modeling
    • _. 2002. "Endogenizing Geopolitical Boundaries with Agent-Based Modeling." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99 Suppl. no. 3:7796-7303.
    • (2002) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , vol.99 , Issue.3 SUPPL. , pp. 7796-17303
  • 26
    • 0037310716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling the size of wars: From billiard balls to sandpiles
    • _. 2003. "Modeling the Size of Wars: From Billiard Balls to Sandpiles." American Political Science Review 97:135-50.
    • (2003) American Political Science Review , vol.97 , pp. 135-150
  • 27
    • 0038469951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endogenizing corporate identities: The next step in constructivist IR theory
    • Cederman, Lars-Erik, and Christopher Daase. 2003. "Endogenizing Corporate Identities: The Next Step in Constructivist IR Theory." European Journal of International Relations 9:5-35.
    • (2003) European Journal of International Relations , vol.9 , pp. 5-35
    • Cederman, L.-E.1    Daase, C.2
  • 28
    • 0035530718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of social structure in the maintenance of cooperative regimes
    • Cohen, Michael D., Rick L. Riolo, and Robert Axelrod. 2001. "The Role of Social Structure in the Maintenance of Cooperative Regimes." Rationality and Society 13: 5-32
    • (2001) Rationality and Society , vol.13 , pp. 5-32
    • Cohen, M.D.1    Riolo, R.L.2    Axelrod, R.3
  • 32
    • 0001664276 scopus 로고
    • Is anything ever new? Considering emergence
    • Santa Fe Institute
    • Crutchfield, James P. 1994. "Is Anything Ever New? Considering Emergence." Working Paper no. 94-03-011, Santa Fe Institute.
    • (1994) Working Paper No. 94-03-011
    • Crutchfield, J.P.1
  • 36
    • 21344440366 scopus 로고
    • Sociology and its scientific field
    • edited by K. H. Wolff. New York: Harper & Row
    • Durkheim, Émile. 1960. "Sociology and Its Scientific Field." In Essays on Sociology and Philosophy, edited by K. H. Wolff. New York: Harper & Row.
    • (1960) Essays on Sociology and Philosophy
    • Durkheim, É.1
  • 40
    • 0031477671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manifesto for a relational sociology
    • Emirbayer, Mustafa. 1997. "Manifesto for a Relational Sociology." American Journal of Sociology 103:281-317.
    • (1997) American Journal of Sociology , vol.103 , pp. 281-317
    • Emirbayer, M.1
  • 41
    • 70849133696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agent-based computational models and generative social science
    • Epstein, Joshua. 1999. "Agent-Based Computational Models and Generative Social Science." Complexity 4:41-60.
    • (1999) Complexity , vol.4 , pp. 41-60
    • Epstein, J.1
  • 43
    • 0031773904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconciling classical and individual-based approaches in theoretical population ecology: A protocol for extracting populating parameters from individual-based models
    • Fahse, Lorenz, Christian Wissel, and Volker Grimm. 1998. "Reconciling Classical and Individual-Based Approaches in Theoretical Population Ecology: A Protocol for Extracting Populating Parameters from Individual-Based Models." American Naturalist 152:838-52.
    • (1998) American Naturalist , vol.152 , pp. 838-852
    • Fahse, L.1    Wissel, C.2    Grimm, V.3
  • 49
    • 0003920505 scopus 로고
    • Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press
    • Giddens, Anthony. 1979. Critical Problems in Social Theory. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
    • (1979) Critical Problems in Social Theory
    • Giddens, A.1
  • 50
    • 18444391894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling sociality: The view from Europe
    • edited by Timonthy A. Kohler and George J. Gumerman. New York: Oxford University Press
    • Gilbert, Nigel. 2000. "Modeling Sociality: The View from Europe." In Dynamics in Human and Primate Societies, edited by Timonthy A. Kohler and George J. Gumerman. New York: Oxford University Press.
    • (2000) Dynamics in Human and Primate Societies
    • Gilbert, N.1
  • 51
    • 21344473977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hunting the Unicorn: An exploration of the simulation of small group leadership
    • edited by Nicole J. Saam and Bernd Schmidt. Dordrecht: Kluwer
    • Gilbert, Nigel, and Edmund Chattoe. 2001. "Hunting the Unicorn: An Exploration of the Simulation of Small Group Leadership." In Cooperative Agents: Applications in the Social Sciences, edited by Nicole J. Saam and Bernd Schmidt. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
    • (2001) Cooperative Agents: Applications in the Social Sciences
    • Gilbert, N.1    Chattoe, E.2
  • 53
    • 0001852169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current issues in comparative macrosociology
    • Goldthorpe, John H. 1997. "Current Issues in Comparative Macrosociology." Comparative Social Research 16:1-26.
    • (1997) Comparative Social Research , vol.16 , pp. 1-26
    • Goldthorpe, J.H.1
  • 55
    • 84937290162 scopus 로고
    • Discovering theory dynamics by computer simulation: Experiments on state legitimacy and imperialist capitalism
    • Hanneman, Robert A., Randall Collins, and Gabriele Mordt. 1995. "Discovering Theory Dynamics by Computer Simulation: Experiments on State Legitimacy and Imperialist Capitalism." Sociological Methodology 25:1-46.
    • (1995) Sociological Methodology , vol.25 , pp. 1-46
    • Hanneman, R.A.1    Collins, R.2    Mordt, G.3
  • 61
    • 0009348477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Twenty years on: The evolution of cooperation revisited
    • Hoffmann, Robert. 2000. "Twenty Years On: The Evolution of Cooperation Revisited." Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 3: http://www.soc.surrey.ac.uk/ JASSS/3/2/forum/l.html.
    • (2000) Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation , vol.3
    • Hoffmann, R.1
  • 63
    • 0004264917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley
    • _. 1998. Emergence: From Chaos to Order. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
    • (1998) Emergence: From Chaos to Order
  • 64
    • 0035475794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The structure of growing social networks
    • Jin, Emily M., Michelle Girvan, and M. E. J. Newman. 2001. "The Structure of Growing Social Networks." Physical Review E 64:046132.
    • (2001) Physical Review E , vol.64 , pp. 046132
    • Jin, E.M.1    Girvan, M.2    Newman, M.E.J.3
  • 67
    • 84860963288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamisierte Theoriebildung: Das Forschungsprogramm von Georg Simmel
    • Krähnke, Uwe. 1999. "Dynamisierte Theoriebildung: Das Forschungsprogramm von Georg Simmel." Beliner Journal für Soziologie 9:85-104.
    • (1999) Beliner Journal für Soziologie , vol.9 , pp. 85-104
    • Krähnke, U.1
  • 68
    • 0035649075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The co-evolution of individual and network
    • Lazer, David. 2001. "The Co-Evolution of Individual and Network." Journal of Mathematical Sociology 25:69-108.
    • (2001) Journal of Mathematical Sociology , vol.25 , pp. 69-108
    • Lazer, D.1
  • 70
    • 84928834397 scopus 로고
    • Simmel and parsons reconsidered
    • _. 1991. "Simmel and Parsons Reconsidered." American Journal of Sociology 96: 1097-1116.
    • (1991) American Journal of Sociology , vol.96 , pp. 1097-1116
  • 72
    • 0001135281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nucleus and shield: The evolution of social structure in the iterated prisoner's dilemma
    • Lomborg, Bjørn. 1996. "Nucleus and Shield: The Evolution of Social Structure in the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma." American Sociological Review 61:278-307.
    • (1996) American Sociological Review , vol.61 , pp. 278-307
    • Lomborg, B.1
  • 75
    • 33645068765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polarization in dynamic networks: A hopfield model of emergent structure
    • edited by Ronald Breiger, Kathleen Carley, and Philippa Pattison. Washington, D.C.: National Academic Press
    • Macy, Michael W., James A. Kitts, Andreas Flache, and Steve Benard. 2002. "Polarization in Dynamic Networks: A Hopfield Model of Emergent Structure." In Dynamic Social Network Modeling and Analysis, edited by Ronald Breiger, Kathleen Carley, and Philippa Pattison. Washington, D.C.: National Academic Press.
    • (2002) Dynamic Social Network Modeling and Analysis
    • Macy, M.W.1    Kitts, J.A.2    Flache, A.3    Benard, S.4
  • 76
    • 0036025778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From factors to actors: Computational sociology and agent-based modeling
    • Macy, Michael W., and Robb Willer. 2002. "From Factors to Actors: Computational Sociology and Agent-Based Modeling." Annual Review of Sociology 28:143-66.
    • (2002) Annual Review of Sociology , vol.28 , pp. 143-166
    • Macy, M.W.1    Willer, R.2
  • 77
    • 2942541453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agent mobility and the evolution of cooperative communitites
    • Majeski, Stephen. 1999. "Agent Mobility and the Evolution of Cooperative Communitites." Complexity 5:16-24.
    • (1999) Complexity , vol.5 , pp. 16-24
    • Majeski, S.1
  • 78
    • 0000249444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond individual differences: Social differentiation from first principles
    • Mark, Noah. 1998. "Beyond Individual Differences: Social Differentiation from First Principles." American Sociological Review 63:309-30.
    • (1998) American Sociological Review , vol.63 , pp. 309-330
    • Mark, N.1
  • 79
    • 0027842213 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of age-structured and spatially structured predator-prey interactions: Individual-based models and population-level formulations
    • McCauley, Edward, William G. Wilson, and Andre M. de Roos. 1993. "Dynamics of Age-Structured and Spatially Structured Predator-Prey Interactions: Individual-Based Models and Population-Level Formulations." American Naturalist 142: 412-42.
    • (1993) American Naturalist , vol.142 , pp. 412-442
    • McCauley, E.1    Wilson, W.G.2    De Roos, A.M.3
  • 80
    • 0002288877 scopus 로고
    • Two ideals of explanation in natural science
    • edited by Peter A. French, Theodore E. Uehling Jr., and Howard K. Wettstein. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press
    • McMullin, Ernan. 1964. "Two Ideals of Explanation in Natural Science." In Midwest Studies in Philosophy, edited by Peter A. French, Theodore E. Uehling Jr., and Howard K. Wettstein. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
    • (1964) Midwest Studies in Philosophy
    • McMullin, E.1
  • 84
    • 0038752085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mixing pattern in networks
    • Newman, M. E. J. 2003. "Mixing Pattern in Networks." Physical Review E 67:026126.
    • (2003) Physical Review E , vol.67 , pp. 026126
    • Newman, M.E.J.1
  • 85
    • 0242663598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why social networks are different from other types of networks
    • Newman, M. E. J., and Juyong Park. 2003. "Why Social Networks Are Different from Other Types of Networks." Physical Review E 68:036122.
    • (2003) Physical Review E , vol.68 , pp. 036122
    • Newman, M.E.J.1    Park, J.2
  • 86
    • 0038600568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The emergence of simple ecologies of skill: A hypercycle approach to economic organization
    • edited by W. Brian Arthur, Steven N. Durlauf, and David A. Lane. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley
    • Padgett, John F. 1997. "The Emergence of Simple Ecologies of Skill: A Hypercycle Approach to Economic Organization." In The Economy as an Evolving Complex System II, edited by W. Brian Arthur, Steven N. Durlauf, and David A. Lane. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
    • (1997) The Economy as an Evolving Complex System II
    • Padgett, J.F.1
  • 88
    • 84930064585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hierarchical organization in complex networks
    • Ravasz, Erzsébet, and Albert-László Barabási. 2003. "Hierarchical Organization in Complex Networks." Physical Review E 67:026112.
    • (2003) Physical Review E , vol.67 , pp. 026112
    • Ravasz, E.1    Barabási, A.-L.2
  • 91
    • 0001178567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the complexities of complex economic dynamics
    • Rosser, J. Barkley Jr. 1999. "On the Complexities of Complex Economic Dynamics." Journal of Economic Perspectives 13:169-92.
    • (1999) Journal of Economic Perspectives , vol.13 , pp. 169-192
    • Barkley Jr., R.J.1
  • 93
    • 0034346212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Classical social processes: Attractor and computational models
    • Sallach, David L. 2000. "Classical Social Processes: Attractor and Computational Models." Journal of Mathematical Sociology 24:245-72.
    • (2000) Journal of Mathematical Sociology , vol.24 , pp. 245-272
    • Sallach, D.L.1
  • 94
    • 0038183002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulating emergence and downward causation in small groups
    • edited by Scott Moss and Paul Davidson. Berlin: Springer Verlag
    • Sawyer, R. Keith. 1998. "Simulating Emergence and Downward Causation in Small Groups." In Multi-Agent-Based Simulation, edited by Scott Moss and Paul Davidson. Berlin: Springer Verlag.
    • (1998) Multi-agent-based Simulation
    • Keith, S.R.1
  • 95
    • 0035511375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence in sociology: Contemporary philosophy of mind and some implications for sociological theory
    • _. 2002a. "Emergence in Sociology: Contemporary Philosophy of Mind and Some Implications for Sociological Theory." American Journal of Sociology 107:551-85.
    • (2002) American Journal of Sociology , vol.107 , pp. 551-585
  • 96
    • 0036392205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unresolved tensions in sociocultural theory: Analogies with contemporary sociological debates
    • _. 2003. "Unresolved Tensions in Sociocultural Theory: Analogies with Contemporary Sociological Debates." Culture and Psychology 8:283-305.
    • (2003) Culture and Psychology , vol.8 , pp. 283-305
  • 97
    • 0037256462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Artificial societies: Multi agent systems and the micro-macro link in sociological theory
    • _. 2003. "Artificial Societies: Multi Agent Systems and the Micro-Macro Link in Sociological Theory." Sociological Methods and Research 31:325-63.
    • (2003) Sociological Methods and Research , vol.31 , pp. 325-363
  • 100
    • 0002050171 scopus 로고
    • Über Sociale Differenzierung: Sociologische und Psychologische Untersuchungen
    • Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp
    • Simmel, Georg. (1890) 1989. "Über Sociale Differenzierung: Sociologische und Psychologische Untersuchungen." In Aufsätze 1887-1890. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
    • (1890) Aufsätze 1887-1890
    • Simmel, G.1
  • 104
    • 0030529979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Status and participation in task groups: A dynamic network model
    • Skvoretz, John, and Thomas J. Fararo. 1996. "Status and Participation in Task Groups: A Dynamic Network Model." American Journal of Sociology 101:1366-1414.
    • (1996) American Journal of Sociology , vol.101 , pp. 1366-1414
    • Skvoretz, J.1    Fararo, T.J.2
  • 105
    • 0030523985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence, self-organization, and social interaction: Arousal-dependent structure in social systems
    • Smith, Thomas S., and Gregory T. Stevens. 1996. "Emergence, Self-Organization, and Social Interaction: Arousal-Dependent Structure in Social Systems." Sociological Theory 14:131-53.
    • (1996) Sociological Theory , vol.14 , pp. 131-153
    • Smith, T.S.1    Stevens, G.T.2
  • 107
    • 0030445441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond simplicity: Focused realism and computational modeling in international relations
    • Taber, Charles S., and Richard J. Timpone. 1996. "Beyond Simplicity: Focused Realism and Computational Modeling in International Relations." Mershon International Studies Review 40:41-79.
    • (1996) Mershon International Studies Review , vol.40 , pp. 41-79
    • Taber, C.S.1    Timpone, R.J.2
  • 108
    • 84937293689 scopus 로고
    • To explain political processes
    • Tilly, Charles. 1995. "To Explain Political Processes." American Journal of Sociology 100:1594-1610.
    • (1995) American Journal of Sociology , vol.100 , pp. 1594-1610
    • Tilly, C.1
  • 109
    • 0040973136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social science simulation: Origins, prospects, purposes
    • edited by Rosaria Conte, Rainer Hegselmann, and Pietro Terna. Berlin: Springer Verlag
    • Troitzsch, Klaus G. 1997. "Social Science Simulation: Origins, Prospects, Purposes." In Simulating Social Phenomena, edited by Rosaria Conte, Rainer Hegselmann, and Pietro Terna. Berlin: Springer Verlag.
    • (1997) Simulating Social Phenomena
    • Troitzsch, K.G.1
  • 110
    • 84900739966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge: Polity Press
    • Urry, John. 2003. Global Complexity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
    • (2003) Global Complexity
    • Urry, J.1
  • 113
    • 0032482432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks
    • Watts, Duncan J., and Steven H. Strogatz. 1998. "Collective Dynamics of 'Small-World' Networks." Nature 393:440-42.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.393 , pp. 440-442
    • Watts, D.J.1    Strogatz, S.H.2
  • 114
    • 0000542887 scopus 로고
    • Network analysis: Some basic principles
    • Wellman, Barry. 1983. "Network Analysis: Some Basic Principles." Sociological Theory 1:155-200.
    • (1983) Sociological Theory , vol.1 , pp. 155-200
    • Wellman, B.1
  • 115
    • 84974183553 scopus 로고
    • The agent-structure problem in international relations theory
    • Wendt, Alexander E. 1987. "The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory." International Organization 41:335-70.
    • (1987) International Organization , vol.41 , pp. 335-370
    • Wendt, A.E.1
  • 119
    • 0001555021 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of structure: An individual oriented approach
    • Zeggelink, Evelien. 1994. "Dynamics of Structure: An Individual Oriented Approach." Social Networks 16:295-333.
    • (1994) Social Networks , vol.16 , pp. 295-333
    • Zeggelink, E.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.