메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 14, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 239-247

Evolutionary, biological origins of morality: Implications for research with human embryonic stem cells

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ALTRUISM; COMMUNITY; EMBRYONIC STEM CELL; EVOLUTION; HUMAN; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MORALITY; PHILOSOPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RELIGION; REVIEW; SOCIETY;

EID: 21244498989     PISSN: 15473287     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/scd.2005.14.239     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (8)

References (139)
  • 1
    • 0034722984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ethics of embryonic stem cells-now and forever, cells without end
    • Juengst E and M Fossel. (2000). The ethics of embryonic stem cells-now and forever, cells without end. J Am Med Assn 284:3180-3184.
    • (2000) J Am Med Assn , vol.284 , pp. 3180-3184
    • Juengst, E.1    Fossel, M.2
  • 2
    • 0000760859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human embryonic stem-cell research: Science and ethics
    • Wright SJ. (1999). Human embryonic stem-cell research: science and ethics. Am Sci 87:352-361.
    • (1999) Am Sci , vol.87 , pp. 352-361
    • Wright, S.J.1
  • 3
    • 0034729999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medical ethics
    • Singer PA. (2000). Medical ethics. Br Med J 321:282-285.
    • (2000) Br Med J , vol.321 , pp. 282-285
    • Singer, P.A.1
  • 4
    • 0035928426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stem-cell research: Drawing the line
    • Editorial. (2001). Stem-cell research: drawing the line. Lancet 358:163.
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.358 , pp. 163
  • 7
    • 85007772424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiomyocytes from human stem cells restore heart rhythm
    • Siegel-Itzkovich J. (2004). Cardiomyocytes from human stem cells restore heart rhythm. Br Med J 329:760.
    • (2004) Br Med J , vol.329 , pp. 760
    • Siegel-Itzkovich, J.1
  • 13
    • 15244348669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stem cells: Science, policy, and ethics
    • Fischbach GD and RL Fischbach. (2004). Stem cells: science, policy, and ethics. J Clin Invest 114:1364-1370.
    • (2004) J Clin Invest , vol.114 , pp. 1364-1370
    • Fischbach, G.D.1    Fischbach, R.L.2
  • 14
    • 1842587894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioethics and the political distortion of biomedical science
    • Blackburn E. (2004). Bioethics and the political distortion of biomedical science. N Engl J Med 350:1379-1380.
    • (2004) N Engl J Med , vol.350 , pp. 1379-1380
    • Blackburn, E.1
  • 15
    • 0038601412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Medical Association approves stem cell research
    • Hopkins Tanne J. (2003). American Medical Association approves stem cell research. Br Med J 326:1417.
    • (2003) Br Med J , vol.326 , pp. 1417
    • Hopkins Tanne, J.1
  • 16
    • 4043118240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Researchers make the case for human embryonic stem cell research
    • Friedrich MJ. (2004). Researchers make the case for human embryonic stem cell research. J Am Med Assn 292: 791-792.
    • (2004) J Am Med Assn , vol.292 , pp. 791-792
    • Friedrich, M.J.1
  • 17
    • 0038362624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Euro MPs threaten UK stem cell research
    • Watson R. (2003). Euro MPs threaten UK stem cell research. Br Med J 326:838.
    • (2003) Br Med J , vol.326 , pp. 838
    • Watson, R.1
  • 18
    • 0041930798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human ES cells in Europe
    • Gruss P. (2003). Human ES cells in Europe. Science 301:1017.
    • (2003) Science , vol.301 , pp. 1017
    • Gruss, P.1
  • 19
    • 3042758637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International policy failures: Cloning and stem-cell research
    • Tauer CA. (2004). International policy failures: cloning and stem-cell research. Lancet 364:209-214.
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.364 , pp. 209-214
    • Tauer, C.A.1
  • 20
    • 6044229252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Embryonic stem-cell research-the case for federal funding
    • Drazen JM. (2004). Embryonic stem-cell research-the case for federal funding. N Engl J Med 351:1789-1790.
    • (2004) N Engl J Med , vol.351 , pp. 1789-1790
    • Drazen, J.M.1
  • 21
    • 3943070433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Missed opportunities in embryonic stem-cell research
    • Daley GQ. (2004). Missed opportunities in embryonic stem-cell research. N Engl J Med 351:627-628.
    • (2004) N Engl J Med , vol.351 , pp. 627-628
    • Daley, G.Q.1
  • 22
    • 3042832977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • It is time for scientists to make the case for stem-cell research
    • Editorial. (2004). It is time for scientists to make the case for stem-cell research. Lancet 364:113-114.
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.364 , pp. 113-114
  • 23
    • 3042794746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paralysis, Roman Reed, and a ban on stem-cell research
    • Reed D. (2004). Paralysis, Roman Reed, and a ban on stem-cell research. Lancet 364:219.
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.364 , pp. 219
    • Reed, D.1
  • 24
    • 0038487404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Legislative myopia on stem cells
    • Drazen JM. (2004). Legislative myopia on stem cells. N Engl J Med 349:300.
    • (2004) N Engl J Med , vol.349 , pp. 300
    • Drazen, J.M.1
  • 25
    • 11144317270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Roman Catholic Church and embryonic stem cells
    • Copland PS. (2004). The Roman Catholic Church and embryonic stem cells. J Med Ethics 30:607-608.
    • (2004) J Med Ethics , vol.30 , pp. 607-608
    • Copland, P.S.1
  • 26
    • 0036054598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Democracy, embryonic stem cell research, and the Roman Catholic Church
    • Oakley J. (2002). Democracy, embryonic stem cell research, and the Roman Catholic Church. J Med Ethics 28:228.
    • (2002) J Med Ethics , vol.28 , pp. 228
    • Oakley, J.1
  • 27
    • 34447496863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human cloning requires a moratorium, not a ban
    • Editorial. (1997). Human cloning requires a moratorium, not a ban. Nature 386:1.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.386 , pp. 1
  • 30
    • 0028835335 scopus 로고
    • Crossing the threshold of credibility
    • Editorial. (1995). Crossing the threshold of credibility. Lancet 345:267-268.
    • (1995) Lancet , vol.345 , pp. 267-268
  • 31
    • 0028813104 scopus 로고
    • The Pope and the ontogeny of persons
    • Godfrey J. (1995). The Pope and the ontogeny of persons. Nature 373:100.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.373 , pp. 100
    • Godfrey, J.1
  • 32
    • 0033851444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ethics of cloning and creating embryonic stem cells as a source of tissue for transplantation: Time to change the law in Australia
    • Savulescu J. (2000). The ethics of cloning and creating embryonic stem cells as a source of tissue for transplantation: time to change the law in Australia. Aust NZ J Med 30:492-498.
    • (2000) Aust NZ J Med , vol.30 , pp. 492-498
    • Savulescu, J.1
  • 33
    • 19044379828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Embryo cell research should continue, committee says
    • Dyer O. (2002). Embryo cell research should continue, committee says. Br Med J 324:502.
    • (2002) Br Med J , vol.324 , pp. 502
    • Dyer, O.1
  • 34
    • 0036223548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The environments of stem cells: Biology, ethics and policy
    • Editorial. (2002). The environments of stem cells: biology, ethics and policy. Can Med Assoc J 166:1005.
    • (2002) Can Med Assoc J , vol.166 , pp. 1005
  • 35
    • 0031278784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fetuses cannot feel pain before 26 weeks
    • Wise J. (1997). Fetuses cannot feel pain before 26 weeks. Br Med J 315:1112.
    • (1997) Br Med J , vol.315 , pp. 1112
    • Wise, J.1
  • 36
    • 10344256679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the origin, use and destination of human embryos
    • van Leeuwen E. (2004). On the origin, use and destination of human embryos. Eur J Endocrinol 151 (Suppl. 3): U13-16.
    • (2004) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.151 , Issue.SUPPL. 3
    • Van Leeuwen, E.1
  • 38
    • 3142681111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Embryo ethics - The moral logic of stem-cell research
    • Sandel MJ. (2004). Embryo ethics - The moral logic of stem-cell research. N Engl J Med 351:207-209.
    • (2004) N Engl J Med , vol.351 , pp. 207-209
    • Sandel, M.J.1
  • 39
    • 0037078114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Creationism versus evolution
    • Yeo D. (2002). Creationism versus evolution. Lancet 360:872.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.360 , pp. 872
    • Yeo, D.1
  • 41
    • 0006377389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The biological basis of morality
    • Wilson EO. (1998). The biological basis of morality. The Atlantic Monthly 281:53-70.
    • (1998) The Atlantic Monthly , vol.281 , pp. 53-70
    • Wilson, E.O.1
  • 43
    • 21244452679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The golden rule covered in fur: An animal model for citizenship
    • Chase VM. (1999). The golden rule covered in fur: an animal model for citizenship. Am Sci 87:270-272.
    • (1999) Am Sci , vol.87 , pp. 270-272
    • Chase, V.M.1
  • 44
    • 0030750256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A syllabus for evolutionary medicine
    • Charlton BG. (1997). A syllabus for evolutionary medicine. J R Soc Med 90:397-399.
    • (1997) J R Soc Med , vol.90 , pp. 397-399
    • Charlton, B.G.1
  • 45
    • 0029114183 scopus 로고
    • An evolutionary theory of the family
    • Emlen ST. (1995). An evolutionary theory of the family. Proc Natl Acad Sc USA 92:8092-8099.
    • (1995) Proc Natl Acad Sc USA , vol.92 , pp. 8092-8099
    • Emlen, S.T.1
  • 46
    • 0032560816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leading scientists still reject God
    • Larson EJ and L Witham. (1998). Leading scientists still reject God. Nature 394:313.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.394 , pp. 313
    • Larson, E.J.1    Witham, L.2
  • 47
    • 0033578770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fending off furtive strategies
    • Hanson RB and FE Bloom. (1999). Fending off furtive strategies. Science 285:1847.
    • (1999) Science , vol.285 , pp. 1847
    • Hanson, R.B.1    Bloom, F.E.2
  • 48
    • 0040258477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E. O. Wilson's Consilience: A noble, unifying vision, grandly expressed
    • Gillispie CC. (1998). E. O. Wilson's Consilience: a noble, unifying vision, grandly expressed. Am Sc 86:280-283.
    • (1998) Am Sc , vol.86 , pp. 280-283
    • Gillispie, C.C.1
  • 49
    • 0033515748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complexity, pattern, and evolutionary trade-offs in animal aggregation
    • Parrish JK and L Edelstein-Keshet. (1999). Complexity, pattern, and evolutionary trade-offs in animal aggregation. Science 284:99-101.
    • (1999) Science , vol.284 , pp. 99-101
    • Parrish, J.K.1    Edelstein-Keshet, L.2
  • 50
    • 0242414454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social bonds of female baboons enhance infant survival
    • Silk JB, SC Alberts and J Altmann. (2003). Social bonds of female baboons enhance infant survival. Science 302: 1231-1234.
    • (2003) Science , vol.302 , pp. 1231-1234
    • Silk, J.B.1    Alberts, S.C.2    Altmann, J.3
  • 51
    • 0038282893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • White-faced capuchins cooperate to rescue a groupmate from a boa constrictor
    • Perry S, JH Manson, G Dower and E Wikberg. (2003). White-faced capuchins cooperate to rescue a groupmate from a boa constrictor. Folia Primatol 74:109-111.
    • (2003) Folia Primatol , vol.74 , pp. 109-111
    • Perry, S.1    Manson, J.H.2    Dower, G.3    Wikberg, E.4
  • 52
    • 0030899179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The monkeys' defence alliance
    • Dunbar R. (1997). The monkeys' defence alliance. Nature 386:555-557.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.386 , pp. 555-557
    • Dunbar, R.1
  • 53
    • 0030589853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probing primate morality
    • Marshall E. (1996). Probing primate morality. Science 271:904.
    • (1996) Science , vol.271 , pp. 904
    • Marshall, E.1
  • 54
    • 7544219848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fruit availability and chimpanzee party size at Kahuzi montane forest, Democratic Republic of Congo
    • Basabose AK. (2004). Fruit availability and chimpanzee party size at Kahuzi montane forest, Democratic Republic of Congo. Primates 45:211-219.
    • (2004) Primates , vol.45 , pp. 211-219
    • Basabose, A.K.1
  • 55
    • 0043010897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How fruit abundance affects the chimpanzee party size: A comparison between four study sites
    • Hashimoto C, S Suzuki, Y Takenoshita, J Yamagiwa, AK Basabose and T Furuichi. (2003). How fruit abundance affects the chimpanzee party size: a comparison between four study sites. Primates 44:77-81.
    • (2003) Primates , vol.44 , pp. 77-81
    • Hashimoto, C.1    Suzuki, S.2    Takenoshita, Y.3    Yamagiwa, J.4    Basabose, A.K.5    Furuichi, T.6
  • 56
    • 0028975734 scopus 로고
    • Chimpanzee hunting behavior and human evolution
    • Stanford CB. (1995). Chimpanzee hunting behavior and human evolution. Am Sci 83:256-261.
    • (1995) Am Sci , vol.83 , pp. 256-261
    • Stanford, C.B.1
  • 57
    • 0026502326 scopus 로고
    • Chimps: More diverse than a barrel of monkeys
    • Gibbons A. (1992). Chimps: more diverse than a barrel of monkeys. Science 255:287-288.
    • (1992) Science , vol.255 , pp. 287-288
    • Gibbons, A.1
  • 58
    • 0030897442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conflict resolution and distress alleviation in monkeys and apes
    • de Waal FBM and F Aureli. (1997). Conflict resolution and distress alleviation in monkeys and apes. Ann NY Acad Sci 807:317-328.
    • (1997) Ann NY Acad Sci , vol.807 , pp. 317-328
    • De Waal, F.B.M.1    Aureli, F.2
  • 59
    • 4344704054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconciliation and post-conflict third-party affiliation among wild chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania
    • Kutsukake N and DL Castles. (2004). Reconciliation and post-conflict third-party affiliation among wild chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. Primates 45:157-165.
    • (2004) Primates , vol.45 , pp. 157-165
    • Kutsukake, N.1    Castles, D.L.2
  • 60
    • 0343448996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning from the chimpanzees: A message humans can understand
    • Goodall J. ( 1998). Learning from the chimpanzees: a message humans can understand. Science 282:2184-2185.
    • (1998) Science , vol.282 , pp. 2184-2185
    • Goodall, J.1
  • 61
    • 21244479310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testimony to niceness
    • Whiten A. (1996). Testimony to niceness. Nature 380: 301-302.
    • (1996) Nature , vol.380 , pp. 301-302
    • Whiten, A.1
  • 62
    • 84968054140 scopus 로고
    • Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution
    • Dobzhansky T. (1973). Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. Am Biol Teach 35:125-129.
    • (1973) Am Biol Teach , vol.35 , pp. 125-129
    • Dobzhansky, T.1
  • 63
    • 0037795310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implications of natural selection in shaping 99.4% nonsynonymous DNA identity between humans and chimpanzees: Enlarging genus Homo
    • Wildman DE, M Uddin, G Liu, LI Grossman and M Goodman. (2003). Implications of natural selection in shaping 99.4% nonsynonymous DNA identity between humans and chimpanzees: enlarging genus Homo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:7181-7188.
    • (2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.100 , pp. 7181-7188
    • Wildman, D.E.1    Uddin, M.2    Liu, G.3    Grossman, L.I.4    Goodman, M.5
  • 64
    • 10444229512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic influences on female infidelity and number of sexual partners in humans: A linkage and association study of the role of the vasopressin receptor gene (AVPR1A)
    • Cherkas LF, EC Oelsner, YT Mak, A Valdes and TD Spector. (2004). Genetic influences on female infidelity and number of sexual partners in humans: a linkage and association study of the role of the vasopressin receptor gene (AVPR1A). Twin Res 7:649-658.
    • (2004) Twin Res , vol.7 , pp. 649-658
    • Cherkas, L.F.1    Oelsner, E.C.2    Mak, Y.T.3    Valdes, A.4    Spector, T.D.5
  • 65
    • 4444282156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The genetic basis for sex differences in human behaviour: Role of the sex chromosomes
    • Craig IW, E Harper and CS Loat. (2004). The genetic basis for sex differences in human behaviour: role of the sex chromosomes. Ann Hum Genet 68:269-284.
    • (2004) Ann Hum Genet , vol.68 , pp. 269-284
    • Craig, I.W.1    Harper, E.2    Loat, C.S.3
  • 66
    • 3142723614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The genetic relationship between social cognition and conduct problems
    • Scourfield J, N Martin, TC Eley and P McGuffin. (2004). The genetic relationship between social cognition and conduct problems. Behav Genet 34:377-383.
    • (2004) Behav Genet , vol.34 , pp. 377-383
    • Scourfield, J.1    Martin, N.2    Eley, T.C.3    McGuffin, P.4
  • 67
    • 0033519933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behaviour and genes
    • McGuffin P and N Martin. (1999). Behaviour and genes. Br Med J 319:37-40.
    • (1999) Br Med J , vol.319 , pp. 37-40
    • McGuffin, P.1    Martin, N.2
  • 68
    • 0031446335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hormones, genes, and behavior
    • Pfaff DW. (1997). Hormones, genes, and behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:14213-14216.
    • (1997) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.94 , pp. 14213-14216
    • Pfaff, D.W.1
  • 69
    • 0030764654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic basis of bad behaviour in adolescents
    • McGuffin P and A Thapar. (1997). Genetic basis of bad behaviour in adolescents. Lancet 350:411-412.
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.350 , pp. 411-412
    • McGuffin, P.1    Thapar, A.2
  • 71
    • 0029744732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does nature drive nurture?
    • Cohen J. (1996). Does nature drive nurture? Science 273:577-578.
    • (1996) Science , vol.273 , pp. 577-578
    • Cohen, J.1
  • 72
    • 0028841042 scopus 로고
    • Genes and behaviour
    • Plomin R. (1995). Genes and behaviour. Ann Med 27: 503-505.
    • (1995) Ann Med , vol.27 , pp. 503-505
    • Plomin, R.1
  • 73
    • 0025257401 scopus 로고
    • The role of inheritance in behavior
    • Plomin R. (1990). The role of inheritance in behavior. Science 248:183-188.
    • (1990) Science , vol.248 , pp. 183-188
    • Plomin, R.1
  • 74
    • 0242268535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nature of human altruism
    • Fehr E and U Fischbacher. (2003). The nature of human altruism. Nature 425:785-791.
    • (2003) Nature , vol.425 , pp. 785-791
    • Fehr, E.1    Fischbacher, U.2
  • 75
  • 76
    • 0032508031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Help and you shall be helped
    • Ferrière R. (1998). Help and you shall be helped. Nature 393:517-519.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.393 , pp. 517-519
    • Ferrière, R.1
  • 77
    • 0032500015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Familiarity breeds cooperation
    • Keller L and HK Reeve. (1998). Familiarity breeds cooperation. Nature 394:121-122.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.394 , pp. 121-122
    • Keller, L.1    Reeve, H.K.2
  • 78
    • 0039882073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why can't people be more like bats?
    • Excoffier L. (1999). Why can't people be more like bats? Nature 399:322.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.399 , pp. 322
    • Excoffier, L.1
  • 79
    • 17044365031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic and environmental contributions to pro-social attitudes: A twin study of social responsibility
    • Rushton JP. (2004). Genetic and environmental contributions to pro-social attitudes: a twin study of social responsibility. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 271:2583-2585.
    • (2004) Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci , vol.271 , pp. 2583-2585
    • Rushton, J.P.1
  • 80
    • 0022483783 scopus 로고
    • Gene-culture coevolution of complex social behavior: Human altruism and mate choice
    • Rushton JP, CH Littlefield and CJ Lumsden. (1986). Gene-culture coevolution of complex social behavior: human altruism and mate choice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:7340-7343.
    • (1986) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.83 , pp. 7340-7343
    • Rushton, J.P.1    Littlefield, C.H.2    Lumsden, C.J.3
  • 81
    • 0030858670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human groups as units of selection
    • Wilson DS. (1997). Human groups as units of selection. Science 276:1816-1817.
    • (1997) Science , vol.276 , pp. 1816-1817
    • Wilson, D.S.1
  • 82
    • 0009139846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are we selfish, are we nice, or are we nice because we are selfish?
    • Nunney L. (1998). Are we selfish, are we nice, or are we nice because we are selfish? Science 281:1619-1621.
    • (1998) Science , vol.281 , pp. 1619-1621
    • Nunney, L.1
  • 83
    • 0037211078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of group selection on the evolution of altruistic behavior
    • Ono S, K Misawa and K Tsuji. (2003). Effect of group selection on the evolution of altruistic behavior. J Theor Biol 220:55-66.
    • (2003) J Theor Biol , vol.220 , pp. 55-66
    • Ono, S.1    Misawa, K.2    Tsuji, K.3
  • 84
    • 0037210970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of group-beneficial traits in the absence of between-group selection
    • Dugatkin LA, M Perlin and R Atlas. (2003). The evolution of group-beneficial traits in the absence of between-group selection. J Theor Biol 220:67-74.
    • (2003) J Theor Biol , vol.220 , pp. 67-74
    • Dugatkin, L.A.1    Perlin, M.2    Atlas, R.3
  • 85
    • 0029745728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genes vs. teams: Weighing group tactics in evolution
    • Morell V. (1996). Genes vs. teams: weighing group tactics in evolution. Science 273:739-740.
    • (1996) Science , vol.273 , pp. 739-740
    • Morell, V.1
  • 86
    • 0030910375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The objects of selection
    • Mayr E. (1997). The objects of selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:2091-2094.
    • (1997) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.94 , pp. 2091-2094
    • Mayr, E.1
  • 87
    • 0037014846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethical analysis in public health
    • Baschetti R. (2002). Ethical analysis in public health. Lancet 360:416.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.360 , pp. 416
    • Baschetti, R.1
  • 88
    • 3142738626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of a traditional lifestyle on the cardiovascular risk profile: The Amondava population of the Brazilian Amazon. Comparison with matched African, Italian and Polish populations
    • Pavan L. E Casiglia, LM Carvalho Braga, M Winnicki, M Puato, P Pauletto and AC Pessina. (1999). Effects of a traditional lifestyle on the cardiovascular risk profile: the Amondava population of the Brazilian Amazon. Comparison with matched African, Italian and Polish populations. J Hypertens 17:749-756.
    • (1999) J Hypertens , vol.17 , pp. 749-756
    • Casiglia, P.L.E.1    Carvalho Braga, L.M.2    Winnicki, M.3    Puato, M.4    Pauletto, P.5    Pessina, A.C.6
  • 89
    • 0030066480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A survey of blood pressure distribution in Pygmy and Bantu populations in Cameroon
    • Kesteloot H, N Ndam, S Sasaki, M Kowo and V Seghers. (1996). A survey of blood pressure distribution in Pygmy and Bantu populations in Cameroon. Hypertension 27: 108-113.
    • (1996) Hypertension , vol.27 , pp. 108-113
    • Kesteloot, H.1    Ndam, N.2    Sasaki, S.3    Kowo, M.4    Seghers, V.5
  • 90
    • 0030611052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary psychiatry
    • Baschetti R. (1997). Evolutionary psychiatry. J R Soc Med 90:358-359.
    • (1997) J R Soc Med , vol.90 , pp. 358-359
    • Baschetti, R.1
  • 91
    • 0034691563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fair game
    • Mace R. (2000). Fair game. Nature 406:248-249.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.406 , pp. 248-249
    • Mace, R.1
  • 92
    • 0029926369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new science of health: Salutology and the evolutionary perspective
    • Charlton BG. (1996). A new science of health: salutology and the evolutionary perspective. Q J Med 89:233-236.
    • (1996) Q J Med , vol.89 , pp. 233-236
    • Charlton, B.G.1
  • 93
    • 21244497614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consilience: The unity of knowledge
    • Fisher GR. (1998). Consilience: the unity of knowledge. J Am Med Assn 280:1455.
    • (1998) J Am Med Assn , vol.280 , pp. 1455
    • Fisher, G.R.1
  • 94
    • 85081149202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary ethic and embryonic stem-cell research
    • Baschetti R. (2004). Evolutionary ethic and embryonic stem-cell research. Intern Med J 34:371.
    • (2004) Intern Med J , vol.34 , pp. 371
    • Baschetti, R.1
  • 95
    • 0005452797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Science, philosophy, religion, and use of embryonic stem cells
    • Baschetti R. (2002). Science, philosophy, religion, and use of embryonic stem cells. Lancet 359:2037.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.359 , pp. 2037
    • Baschetti, R.1
  • 96
    • 0035894646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of stem cells in creation of embryos
    • Baschetti R. (2001). Use of stem cells in creation of embryos. Lancet 358:2078.
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.358 , pp. 2078
    • Baschetti, R.1
  • 97
    • 0030034119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is the ultimate cause of socioeconomic inequalities in health? An explanation in terms of evolutionary psychology
    • Charlton BG. (1996). What is the ultimate cause of socioeconomic inequalities in health? An explanation in terms of evolutionary psychology. J R Soc Med 89:3-8.
    • (1996) J R Soc Med , vol.89 , pp. 3-8
    • Charlton, B.G.1
  • 99
    • 21244473575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I chat, thereby I groom
    • Bickerton D. (1996). I chat, thereby I groom. Nature 380:303.
    • (1996) Nature , vol.380 , pp. 303
    • Bickerton, D.1
  • 100
    • 0033532982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health consequences of religious and philosophical exemptions from immunization laws: Individual and societal risk of measles
    • Salmon DA, M Haber, EJ Gangarosa, L Phillips, NJ Smith and RT Chen. (1999). Health consequences of religious and philosophical exemptions from immunization laws: individual and societal risk of measles. J Am Med Assn 282:47-53.
    • (1999) J Am Med Assn , vol.282 , pp. 47-53
    • Salmon, D.A.1    Haber, M.2    Gangarosa, E.J.3    Phillips, L.4    Smith, N.J.5    Chen, R.T.6
  • 101
    • 0031918525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Child fatalities from religion-motivated medical neglect
    • Asser SM and R Swan. (1998). Child fatalities from religion-motivated medical neglect. Pediatrics 101:625-629.
    • (1998) Pediatrics , vol.101 , pp. 625-629
    • Asser, S.M.1    Swan, R.2
  • 102
    • 0033608640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Boy refuses cancer treatment in favour of prayer
    • Kondro W. (1999). Boy refuses cancer treatment in favour of prayer. Lancet 353:1078.
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.353 , pp. 1078
    • Kondro, W.1
  • 103
    • 21244477449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Faith and cancer
    • Anonymous. (1999). Faith and cancer. Lancet 354:230.
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.354 , pp. 230
  • 104
    • 0034723026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State mandates and childhood immunization
    • Edwards KM. (2000). State mandates and childhood immunization. J Am Med Assn 284:3171-3173.
    • (2000) J Am Med Assn , vol.284 , pp. 3171-3173
    • Edwards, K.M.1
  • 105
    • 0028286531 scopus 로고
    • Managing patients who refuse blood transfusions: An ethical dilemma. Major trauma in two patients refusing blood transfusion
    • Finfer S, S Howell, J Miller, K Willett and J Wilson-MacDonald. (1994). Managing patients who refuse blood transfusions: an ethical dilemma. Major trauma in two patients refusing blood transfusion. Br Med J 308:1423-1424.
    • (1994) Br Med J , vol.308 , pp. 1423-1424
    • Finfer, S.1    Howell, S.2    Miller, J.3    Willett, K.4    Wilson-MacDonald, J.5
  • 106
    • 0033608728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Costs incurred by one severely ill Jehovah's Witness could run one unit in Africa for one year
    • Wooding N. (1999). Costs incurred by one severely ill Jehovah's Witness could run one unit in Africa for one year. Br Med J 318:873.
    • (1999) Br Med J , vol.318 , pp. 873
    • Wooding, N.1
  • 107
    • 0033305741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term consequences of castration in men: Lessons from the Skoptzy and the eunuchs of the Chinese and Ottoman courts
    • Wilson JD and C Roehrborn. (1999). Long-term consequences of castration in men: lessons from the Skoptzy and the eunuchs of the Chinese and Ottoman courts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:4324-4331.
    • (1999) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.84 , pp. 4324-4331
    • Wilson, J.D.1    Roehrborn, C.2
  • 108
    • 0040873088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AIDS challenges religious leaders. Opposition to condoms is criticized
    • DeYoung K. (2001). AIDS challenges religious leaders. Opposition to condoms is criticized. The Washington Post, August 13:1.
    • (2001) The Washington Post , vol.AUGUST 13 , pp. 1
    • Deyoung, K.1
  • 109
    • 0037176494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mass orphanhood in the era of HIV/AIDS
    • Matshalaga NR and G Powell. (2002). Mass orphanhood in the era of HIV/AIDS. Br Med J 324:185-186.
    • (2002) Br Med J , vol.324 , pp. 185-186
    • Matshalaga, N.R.1    Powell, G.2
  • 110
    • 21244438654 scopus 로고
    • Does God want orphans?
    • Logie D. (1994). Does God want orphans? Br Med J 309:614.
    • (1994) Br Med J , vol.309 , pp. 614
    • Logie, D.1
  • 111
    • 0027924209 scopus 로고
    • Evolution and religion
    • Good RH. (1993). Evolution and religion. Nature 366: 296.
    • (1993) Nature , vol.366 , pp. 296
    • Good, R.H.1
  • 112
    • 0031762904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two worlds apart: Religion and ethics
    • Savulescu J. (1998). Two worlds apart: religion and ethics. J Med Ethics 24:382-384.
    • (1998) J Med Ethics , vol.24 , pp. 382-384
    • Savulescu, J.1
  • 113
    • 0030604160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioethics and morality
    • Humber JM. (1996). Bioethics and morality. J Am Med Assn 276:1685-1686.
    • (1996) J Am Med Assn , vol.276 , pp. 1685-1686
    • Humber, J.M.1
  • 114
    • 1942452474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pre-social benefits of extended parental care
    • Field J and S Brace. (2004). Pre-social benefits of extended parental care. Nature 428:650-652.
    • (2004) Nature , vol.428 , pp. 650-652
    • Field, J.1    Brace, S.2
  • 115
    • 0242410918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Costs and potential benefits of parental care in the nocturnal fat-tailed dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus medius)
    • Fietz J and KH Dausmann. (2003). Costs and potential benefits of parental care in the nocturnal fat-tailed dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus medius). Folia Primatol 74:246-258.
    • (2003) Folia Primatol , vol.74 , pp. 246-258
    • Fietz, J.1    Dausmann, K.H.2
  • 116
    • 0034332287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parental care in the buffy-tufted-ear marmoset (Callithrix aurita) in wild and captive groups
    • Santos CV and MM Martins. (2000). Parental care in the buffy-tufted-ear marmoset (Callithrix aurita) in wild and captive groups. Braz J Biol 60:667-672.
    • (2000) Braz J Biol , vol.60 , pp. 667-672
    • Santos, C.V.1    Martins, M.M.2
  • 117
    • 7544236529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food transfer between chimpanzee mothers and their infants
    • Ueno A and T Matsuzawa. (2004). Food transfer between chimpanzee mothers and their infants. Primates 45:231-239.
    • (2004) Primates , vol.45 , pp. 231-239
    • Ueno, A.1    Matsuzawa, T.2
  • 118
    • 8444235515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Olfactory regulation of maternal behavior in mammals
    • Levy F, M Keller and P Poindron. (2004). Olfactory regulation of maternal behavior in mammals. Horm Behav 46:284-302.
    • (2004) Horm Behav , vol.46 , pp. 284-302
    • Levy, F.1    Keller, M.2    Poindron, P.3
  • 119
    • 0029890244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why do mothers cradle babies on their left?
    • Sieratzki JS and B Woll. (1996). Why do mothers cradle babies on their left? Lancet 347:1746-1748.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.347 , pp. 1746-1748
    • Sieratzki, J.S.1    Woll, B.2
  • 120
    • 0023879582 scopus 로고
    • Psychoendocrine aspects of mother-infant relationships in nonhuman primates
    • Levine S and SG Wiener. (1988). Psychoendocrine aspects of mother-infant relationships in nonhuman primates. Psychoneuroendocrinology 13:143-154.
    • (1988) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.13 , pp. 143-154
    • Levine, S.1    Wiener, S.G.2
  • 121
    • 0018556106 scopus 로고
    • Signal functions of infant facial expression and gaze direction during mother-infant face-to-face play
    • DeBoer MM and AM Boxer. (1979). Signal functions of infant facial expression and gaze direction during mother-infant face-to-face play. Child Dev 50:1215-1218.
    • (1979) Child Dev , vol.50 , pp. 1215-1218
    • Deboer, M.M.1    Boxer, A.M.2
  • 123
    • 0034767578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parental investment and child health in a Yanomamö village suffering short-term food stress
    • Hagen EH, RB Hames, NM Craig, MT Lauer and ME Price. (2001). Parental investment and child health in a Yanomamö village suffering short-term food stress. J Biosoc Sci 33:503-528.
    • (2001) J Biosoc Sci , vol.33 , pp. 503-528
    • Hagen, E.H.1    Hames, R.B.2    Craig, N.M.3    Lauer, M.T.4    Price, M.E.5
  • 124
    • 0037378876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Erratum
    • Erratum in: J Biosoc Sci 35:315, 2003.
    • (2003) J Biosoc Sci , vol.35 , pp. 315
  • 125
    • 0025243696 scopus 로고
    • Some evolutionary properties of parental investment per offspring in a heterogeneous environment
    • Garcia-Dorado A. (1990). Some evolutionary properties of parental investment per offspring in a heterogeneous environment. J Theor Biol 147:101-114.
    • (1990) J Theor Biol , vol.147 , pp. 101-114
    • Garcia-Dorado, A.1
  • 126
    • 1842318005 scopus 로고
    • Parental investment, mate choice, and mate quality
    • Burley N. (1977). Parental investment, mate choice, and mate quality. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74:3476-3479.
    • (1977) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.74 , pp. 3476-3479
    • Burley, N.1
  • 127
    • 2942633535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New law forces Italian couple with genetic disease to implant all their IVF embryos
    • Turone F. (2004). New law forces Italian couple with genetic disease to implant all their IVF embryos. Br Med J 328:1334.
    • (2004) Br Med J , vol.328 , pp. 1334
    • Turone, F.1
  • 128
    • 0030866795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloning and bioethical thinking
    • Harris J. (1997). Cloning and bioethical thinking. Nature 389:433.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.389 , pp. 433
    • Harris, J.1
  • 129
    • 3042832974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scientific freedom and research cloning: Can a ban be justified?
    • Caulfield T. (2004). Scientific freedom and research cloning: can a ban be justified? Lancet 364:124-126.
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.364 , pp. 124-126
    • Caulfield, T.1
  • 130
    • 10744222831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New infectious diseases will continue to emerge
    • Singh D. (2004). New infectious diseases will continue to emerge. Br Med J 328:186.
    • (2004) Br Med J , vol.328 , pp. 186
    • Singh, D.1
  • 131
    • 0347915581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
    • Collins SJ, VA Lawson and CL Masters. (2004). Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Lancet 363:51-61.
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.363 , pp. 51-61
    • Collins, S.J.1    Lawson, V.A.2    Masters, C.L.3
  • 132
    • 21244454387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Science, morality and religion: An essay
    • Postgate J. (1996). Science, morality and religion: an essay. Sci Eng Ethics 2:9-16.
    • (1996) Sci Eng Ethics , vol.2 , pp. 9-16
    • Postgate, J.1
  • 133
    • 21244471411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acting fallible
    • Rorty R. (2000). Acting fallible. The New York Times, June 11:10.
    • (2000) The New York Times , vol.JUNE 11 , pp. 10
    • Rorty, R.1
  • 134
    • 85045824079 scopus 로고
    • Eppur si non muove
    • Editorial. (1992). Eppur si non muove. Nature 360:2.
    • (1992) Nature , vol.360 , pp. 2
  • 136
    • 0029846469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Papal confession: Darwin was right about evolution
    • Abbott A. (1996). Papal confession: Darwin was right about evolution. Nature 383:753.
    • (1996) Nature , vol.383 , pp. 753
    • Abbott, A.1
  • 137
    • 4243315012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pope asks forgiveness for errors of the Church over 2,000 years
    • Stanley A. (2000). Pope asks forgiveness for errors of the Church over 2,000 years. The New York Times, March 13:1.
    • (2000) The New York Times , vol.MARCH 13 , pp. 1
    • Stanley, A.1
  • 138
    • 0642340624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Report predicts 20 million AIDS orphans in Africa by 2010
    • Fleck F. (2003). Report predicts 20 million AIDS orphans in Africa by 2010. Br Med J 327:1245.
    • (2003) Br Med J , vol.327 , pp. 1245
    • Fleck, F.1
  • 139
    • 85101728735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV/AIDS: A time to act
    • Baschetti R. (2003). HIV/AIDS: a time to act. Lancet 361:1300-1301.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.361 , pp. 1300-1301
    • Baschetti, R.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.