Menopause and dry eye. A possible relationship

Gynecological Endocrinology

Volumn 20, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 289-298

  Versura, Piera ^a,b   Campos, Emilio C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Dry eye; Hormone replacement therapy; Lachrimal gland; Menopause; Ocular surface; Sex steroids

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ARTIFICIAL TEAR; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN A; CYTOKINE; ESTROGEN; EYE DROPS; GELATINASE B; HLA DR ANTIGEN; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 6; STROMELYSIN; TETRACYCLINE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

AGED; CHRONIC DISEASE; CORNEA EPITHELIUM; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DRY EYE; ESTROGEN DEFICIENCY; ESTROGEN THERAPY; FEMALE; HORMONE ACTION; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; LACRIMAL GLAND; MENOPAUSAL SYNDROME; MENOPAUSE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TEAR FILM;

DRY EYE SYNDROMES; ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY; ESTROGENS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MENOPAUSE; OPHTHALMIC SOLUTIONS;

EID: 21244440229     PISSN: 09513590     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09513590400027257     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. Dohlman CH, Lemp MA, English FP. Dry eye syndromes. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1970;10:215-51.
2. Schaumberg DA, Sullivan DA, Dana MR. Epidemiology of dry eye syndrome. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002;506(Pt B):989-98.
3. Hodges RR, Dartt DA. Regulatory pathways in lacrimal gland epithelium. Int Rev Cytol 2003;231:129-96.
4. Warren DW. Hormonal influences on the lachrimal gland. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1994;34:19-25.
5. Sullivan DA. Hormonal influence on the secretory immune system of the eye. In: Freir S, editor. The neuroendocrine-immune network. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1990. pp 199-237.
6. Dartt DA. Physiology of tear production. In: Lemp MA, Marquardt R, editors. The dry eye: A comprehensive guide. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1992. pp 221-43.
7. Tseng SC, Tsubota K. Important concepts for treating ocular surface and tear disorders. Am J Ophthalmol 1997;124:825-35.
8. Nishida T. Cornea. In: Krachmer J, Mannis M, Holland E, editors. Cornea, volume 1. St Louis, MO: Mosby; 1997. pp 22-40.
9. Nelson J, Cameron J. The conjunctiva. In: Krachmer J, Mannis M, Holland E, editors. Cornea, volume 1. St Louis, MO: Mosby; 1997. pp 41-57.
10. Watanabe H, Fabricant M, Tisdale AS. Human corneal and conjunctival epithelia produce a mucin-like glycoprotein for the apical surface. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995;36:337-44.
11. Doane MG. Blinking and the mechanics of the lachrymal drainage system. Ophthalmology 1981;88:844-51.
12. Tseng SCG. Regulation and clinical implications of corneal epithelial stem cells. Mol Biol Rep 1996;23:47-58.
13. Fini ME. Keratocyte and fibroblast phenotypes in the repairing cornea. Prog Retin Eye Res 1999;18:529-51.
14. Schaumberg DA, Sullivan DA, Buring JE, Dana MR. Prevalence of dry eye syndrome among US women. Am J Ophthalmol 2003;136:318-26.
15. Chia EM, Mitchell P, Rochtchina E, Lee AJ, Maroun R, Wang JJ. Prevalence and associations of dry eye syndrome in an older population: the Blue Mountain Eye Study. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2003;31:229-32.
16. Lin PY, Tsai SY, Cheng CY, Chou P, Hsu WM. Prevalence of dry eye among an elderly Chinese population in Taiwan: the Shihpai Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2003;110:1096-101.
17. Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE. Prevalence and risk factors for dry eye syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 2000;118:1264-8.
18. Schein OD, Munoz B, Tielsch JM, Bandeen-Roche K, West S. Prevalence of dry eye among the elderly. Am J Ophthalmol 1997;124:723-8.
19. Lemp MA. Report of the National Eye Institute/Industry Workshop on Clinical Trials in Dry Eyes. CLAO J 1995;21:221-32.
20. Versura P, Maltarello MC, Caramazza R, Laschi R. Mucus alteration and eye dryness. A possible relationship. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1989;67:455-64.
21. Versura P, Profazio V, Cellini M, Torreggiani A, Caramazza R. Eye discomfort and air pollution. Ophthalmologica 1999;213:103-9.
22. McMonnies CW, Ho A. Patient history in screening for dry eye conditions. J Am Optom Assoc 1987;58:296-301.
23. Schiffman RM, Christianson MD, Jacobsen G, Hirsch JD, Reis BL. Reliability and validity of the Ocular Surface Disease Index. Arch Ophthalmol 2000;118:615-21.
24. Brignole F, Pisella PJ, Goldschild M, De Saint Jean M, Goguel A, Baudouin C. Flow cytometric analysis of inflammatory markers in conjunctival epithelial cells of patients with dry eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000;41:1356-63.
25. Stern ME, Gao J, Schwalb TA, Ngo M, Tieu DD, Chan CC, Reis BL, Whitcup SM, Thompson D, Smith JA. Conjunctival T-cell subpopulations in Sjogren's and non Sjogren's patients with dry eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002;43:2609-14.
26. Dinarello CA. Proinflammatory cytokines. Chest 2000;118: 503-8.
27. Solomon A, Dursun D, Liu Z, Xie Y, Macri A, Pflugfelder SC. Pro- and anti-inflammatory forms of interleukin-1 in the tear fluid and conjunctiva of patients with dry-eye disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001;42:2283-92.
28. Li DQ, Lokeshwar BL, Solomon A, Monroy D, Ji Z, Pflugfelder SC. Regulation of MMP-9 production by human corneal epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2001;73:449-59.
29. Smith VA, Rishmawi H, Hussein H, Easty DL. Tear film MMP accumulation and corneal disease. Br J Ophthalmol 2001;85:147-53.
30. Sternlicht MD, Werb Z. How matrix metalloproteinases regulate cell behaviour. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2001;17:463-516.
31. Gao J, Schwalb TA, Addeo JV, Ghosn CR, Stern ME. The role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of canine keratoconjunctivitis sicca: the effect of topical cyclosporin A therapy. Cornea 1998;17:654-63.
32. Brignole F, De Saint-Jean M, Goldschild M, Becquet F, Goguel A, Baudouin C. Expression of Fas-Fas ligand antigens and apoptotic marker APO2.7 by the human conjunctival epithelium. Positive correlation with class II HLA DR expression in inflammatory ocular disorders. Exp Eye Res 1998;67:687-97.
33. Rosette C, Karin M. Ultraviolet light and osmotic stress: activation of the JNK cascade through multiple growth factor and cytokine receptors. Science 1996;274:1194-7.
34. Prause JU. Clinical ophthalmological tests for the diagnosis of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1989; 7:141-4.
35. Zouboulis CC. Human skin: an independent peripheral endocrine organ. Horm Res 2000;54:230-42.
36. Brincat M, Moniz CJ, Studd JW, Darby A, Magos A, Emburey G, Versi E. Long-term effects of the menopause and sex hormones on skin thickness. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1985;92:256-9.
37. Bolognia JL, Braverman IM, Rousseau ME, Sarrel PM. Skin changes in menopause. Maturitas 1989;11:295-304.
38. Raine-Fenning NJ, Brincat MP, Muscat-Baron Y. Skin aging and menopause: implications for treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol 2003;4:371-8.
39. Zhang XH, Sun HM, Ji J, Zhang H. Sex hormones and their receptors in patients with age-related cataract. J Cataract Refract Surg 2003;29:71-7.
40. Haimovici R, Rumelt S, Melby J. Endocrine abnormalities in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmology 2003;110:698-703.
41. Baldi A, Campos E. Patologie oculari da carenza di estrogeni. In: Gennazzani AR, Zichella L, Petraglia F, editors. Menopausa: il punto. Roma: CIC Edizioni Internazionali; 1997. pp 111-14.
42. Jordan A, Baum J. Basic tear flow. Does it exist? Ophthalmology 1980;87:920-30.
43. Kelleher RS, Hann LE. Hormonal influence on the secretory immune system of the eye: endocrine impact on the lachrymal gland accumulation and secretion of IgA and IgG. J Steroid Biochem; 34:253-59.
44. Kelleher RS, Hann LE, Edwards JA, Sullivan DA. Endocrine, neural and immune control of secretory component output by lachrimal gland acinar cells. J Immunol 1991;146:3405-11.
45. Carr BR. Disorders of the ovaries and female reproductive tract. In: Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co.; 1998. pp 776-7.
46. Labrie F, Belanger A, Cusan L, Gomez JL, Candas B. Marked decline in serum concentrations of adrenal C19 sex steroid precursors and conjugated androgen metabolites during aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:2396-402.
47. Smith JA, Vitale S, Reed GF, Grieshaber SA, Goodman LA, Vanderhoof VH, Calis KA, Nelson LM. Dry eye signs and symptoms in women with premature ovarian failure. Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122:151-6.
48. Schechter JE, Pidgeon M, Chang D, Fong YC, Trousdale MD, Chang N. Potential role of disrupted lachrimal acinar cells in dry eye during pregnancy. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002;506(Pt A):153-7.
49. Fuchsjager-Mayrl G, Nepp J, Schneeberger C, Sator M, Dietrich W, Wedrich A, Huber J, Tschugguel W. Identification of estrogen and progesterone receptor mRNA expression in the conjunctiva of premenopausal women. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002;43:2841-4.
50. Vecsei PV, Kircher K, Kaminski S, Nagel G, Breitenecker G, Kohlberger PD. Immunohistochemical detection of estrogen and progesterone receptor in human cornea. Maturitas 2000;36:169-72.
51. Esmaeli B, Harvey JT, Hewlett B. Immunohistochemical evidence for estrogen receptors in meibomian glands. Ophthalmology 2000;107:180-4.
52. Auw-Haedrich C, Feltgen N. Estrogen receptor expression in meibomian glands and its correlation with age and dry-eye parameters. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2003;241:705-9.
53. Gans LA, Lee SF, Lemp MA, Pepose JS. Estrogen and progesterone receptors and human conjunctiva. Am J Ophthalmol 1990;15:474-7.
54. Wied GL, Bibbo M. Hormonal cytology. In: Bibbo M, editor. Comprehensive cytopathology. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co.; 1991. pp 85-114.
55. Kramer P, Lubkin V, Potter W, Jacobs M, Labay G, Silverman P. Cyclic changes in conjunctival smears from menstruating females. Ophthalmology 1990;97:303-7.
56. Tatlipinar S, Gedik S, Irkec M, Orhan M, Erdener U. Ocular ferning during the menstrual cycle in healthy women. Eur J Ophthalmol 2001;11:15-18.
57. Feldman F, Bain J, Matuk AR. Daily assessment of ocular and hormonal variables throughout the menstrual cycle. Arch Ophthalmol 1978;96:1835-8.
58. Sullivan DA, Block L, Pena DJ. Influence of androgens and pituitary profile and secretory activity of the lachrymal gland. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1996;74:421-5.
59. Suzuki T, Schaumberg DA, Sullivan BD, Liu M, Richards SM, Sullivan RM, Dana MR, Sullivan DA. Do estrogen and progesterone play a role in the dry eye of Sjogren's syndrome? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002;966:223-5.
60. Sullivan DA, Belanger A, Cermak JM, Berube R, Papas AS, Sullivan RM, Yamagami H, Dana MR, Labrie F. Are women with Sjögren's syndrome androgen-deficient? J Rheumatol 2003;30:2413-19.
61. Azzarolo AM, Wood RL, Mircheff AK, Richters A, Olsen E, Berkowitz M, Bachmann M, Huang ZM, Zolfagari R, Warren DW. Androgen influence on lachrimal gland apoptosis, necrosis and lymphocytic infiltration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999;40:592-602.
62. Stern ME, Beuerman RW, Fox RI, Gao J, Mircheff AK, Pflugfelder SC. The pathology of dry eye: the interaction between the ocular surface and lachrimal glands. Cornea 1998;17:584-9.
63. Krenzer KL, Dana MR, Ullman MD, Cermak JM, Tolls DB, Evans JE, Sullivan DA. Effect of androgen deficiency on the human meibomian gland and ocular surface. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:4874-82.
64. Sullivan DA, Sullivan BD, Evans JE, Schirra F, Yamagami H, Liu M, Richards SM, Suzuki T, Schaumberg DA, Sullivan RM, et al. Androgen deficiency, Meibomian gland dysfunction, and evaporative dry eye. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002;966:211-22.
65. Cermak JM, Krenzer KL, Sullivan RM, Dana MR, Sullivan DA. Is incomplete androgen insensitivity syndrome associated with alterations in the meibomian gland and ocular surface? Cornea 2003;22:516-21.
66. Baudouin C. The pathology of dry eye. Surv Ophthalmol 2001;45(Suppl 2):S211-20.
67. Sullivan DA, Wickham LA, Rocha EM, Kelleher RS, da Silveira LA, Toda I. Influence of gender, sex steroid hormones and the hypothalamic-pituitary axis on the structure and function of the lacrimal gland. Adv Exp Med Biol 1998;438:11-42.
68. Rocha EM, Wickham LA, da Silveira LA, Krenzer KL, Yu FS, Toda I, Sullivan BD, Sullivan DA. Identification of androgen receptor protein and 5α-reductase mRNA in human ocular tissues. Br J Ophthalmol 2000;84:76-84.
69. Sullivan DA, Allansmith MR. Hormonal modulation of tear volume in the rat. Exp Eye Res 1986;42:131-9.
70. Sullivan DA, Edwards J. Androgen stimulation of lachrymal gland function in mouse models of Sjogren's syndrome. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1997;60:237-45.
71. Worda C, Nepp J, Huber JC, Sator MO. Treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca with topical androgen. Maturitas 2001;37:209-12.
72. Barabino S, Rolando M, Camicione P, Ravera G, Zanardi S, Giuflrida S, Calabria G. Systemic linoleic and γ-linolenic acid therapy in dry eye syndrome with an inflammatory component. Cornea 2003;22:97-101.
73. Tsifetaki N, Kitsos G, Paschides CA, Alamanos Y, Eftaxias V, Voulgari PV, Psilas K, Drosos AA. Oral pilocarpine for the treatment of ocular symptoms in patients with Sjögren's syndrome: a randomised 12 week controlled study. Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62:1204-7.
74. Gobbels M, Selbach J, Spitznas M. Effect of eledoisin on tear volume and tear flow in humans as assessed by fluorophotometry. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1991;229:549-52.
75. Versura P, Cellini M, Torreggiani A, Profazio V, Bernabini B, Caramazza R. Dryness symptoms, diagnostic protocol and therapeutic management: a report on 1,200 patients. Ophthalmic Res 2001;33:221-7.
76. Murube J, Paterson A, Murube E. Classification of artificial tears. I: Composition and properties. Adv Exp Med Biol 1998;438:693-704.
77. Murube J, Murube A, Zhuo C. Classification of artificial tears. II: Additives and commercial formulas. Adv Exp Med Biol 1998;438:705-15.
78. Brignole F, Pisella PJ, De Saint Jean M, Goldschild M, Goguel A, Baudouin C. Flow cytometric analysis of inflammatory markers in KCS: 6-month treatment with topical cyclosporin A. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001;42:90-5.
79. Flugfelder SC. Anti-inflammatory therapy of dry eye. Am J Ophthalmol 2004;137:337-42.
80. Keating NL, Cleary PD, Rossi AS, Zaslavsky AM, Ayanian JZ. Use of hormone replacement therapy by postmenopausal women in the United States. Ann Intern Med 1999;130:545-53.
81. Belchetz PE. Hormonal treatment of postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1062-71.
82. The Writing Group for the PEPI trial. Effects of hormone therapy on bone mineral density: results from the postmenopausal estrogen/progestin interventions (PEPI) trial. J Am Med Assoc 1996;276:1389-96.
83. The Writing Group for the PEPI trial. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women: the PEPI trial. J Am Med Assoc 1995;273:199-208.
84. Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Manson JE, Joffe M, Rosner B, Fuchs C, Hankinson SE, Hunter DJ, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and mortality. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1769-75.
85. Tavani A, La Vecchia C. The adverse effects of hormone replacement therapy. Drugs Aging 1999;14:347-57.
86. Mathers WD, Stovall D, Lane JA, Zimmerman MB, Johnson S. Menopause and tear function: the influence of prolactin and sex hormones on human tear function. Cornea 1998;17:353-8.
87. Jensen AA, Higginbotham EJ, Guzinski GM, Davis IL, Ellish NJ. A survey of ocular complaints in postmenopausal women J Assoc Acad Minor Phys 2000;11:44-9.
88. Mathers WD, Dolney AM, Kraemer D. The effect of hormone replacement therapy on the symptoms and physiologic parameters of dry eye. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002;506(Pt B):1017-22.
89. Lang Y, Lang N, Ben-Ami M, Garzozi H. The effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on the human eye. Harefuah 2002;141:287-91.
90. Guaschino S, Grimaldi E, Sartore A, Mugittu R, Mangino F, Bortoli P, Pensiero S, Vinciguerra A, Perissutti P. Visual function in menopause: the role of hormone replacement therapy. Menopause 2003;10:53-7.
91. Affinito P, Di Spiezio Sardo A, Di Carlo C, Sammartino A, Tommaselli GA, Bifulco G, Loffredo A, Loffredo M, Nappi C. Effects of hormone replacement therapy on ocular function in postmenopause. Menopause 2003;10:482-7.
92. Altintas O, Caglar Y, Yuksel N, Demirci A, Karabas L. The effects of menopause and hormone replacement therapy on quality and quantity of tear, intraocular pressure and ocular blood flow. Ophthalmologica 2004;218:120-9.
93. Pelit A, Bagis T, Kayaselcuk F, Dursun D, Akova Y, Aydin P. Tear function tests and conjunctival impression cytology before and after hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Eur J Ophthalmol 2003;13:337-42.
94. Okon A, Jurowski P, Gos R. The influence of the hormonal replacement therapy on the amount and stability of the tear film among peri- and postmenopausal women. Klin Oczna 2001;103:177-81.
95. Vavilis D, Agorastos T, Vakiani M, Jafetas J, Panidis D, Konstantinidis T, Bontis J. The effect of transdermal estradiol on the conjunctiva in postmenopausal women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1997;72:93-6.
96. Sator MO, Joura EA, Golaszewski T, Gruber D, Frigo P, Metka M, Hommer A, Huber JC. Treatment of menopausal keratoconjunctivitis sicca with topical oestradiol. Br J Obstetr Gynaecol 1998;105:100-2.
97. Nathanson JA, McKee M. Identification of an extensive system of nitric oxide-producing cells in the ciliary muscle and outflow pathway of the human eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995;36:1765-72.
98. Herrington DM, Klein KP. Cardiovascular trials of estrogen replacement therapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001;949:153-62.
99. Tjonneland A, Christensen J, Thomsen BL, Olsen A, Overvad K, Ewertz M, Mellemkjaer L. Hormone replacement therapy in relation to breast carcinoma incidence rate ratios: a prospective Danish cohort study. Cancer 2004;100:2328-37.
100. Schaumberg DA, Buring JE, Sullivan DA, Dana MR. Hormone replacement therapy and dry eye syndrome. J Am Med Assoc 2001;286:2114-19.
101. Peterson CM, Lesher JL Jr, Davis LS. Dry eye syndrome in postmenopausal women. J Am Med Assoc 2002;287:585-6.
102. Barney NP. Can hormone replacement therapy cause dry eye? Arch Ophthalmol 2002;120:641-2.