On the Nature and Importance of Archiving in the Digital Age

Advances in Computers

Volumn 57, Issue C, 2003, Pages 1-67

  Tibbo, Helen R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 21144457643     PISSN: 00652458     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2458(03)57001-2     Document Type: Review

References (251)

1. 10 10 All URLs accessible as of September 10, 2002.
2. Ellis M. Constructing a glossary for The Electronic Beowulf. Revue: Informatique et Statistique dans les Sciences Humaines 33 (1997) 113-123. http://www.uky.edu/~kiernan/eBeowulf/rissh-me.htm Available at
3. Kiernan K.S. The Conybeare-Madden collation of Thorkelin's Beowulf. In: Pulsiano P., and Treharne E. (Eds). Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts and Their Heritage (1997), Ashgate, Aldershot, Hants, England and Brookfield, Vermont 117-136. http://www.uky.edu/~kiernan/eBeowulf/con-mad/cony-mad.htm Available at
4. Kiernan K.S. Digital image processing and the Beowulf manuscript. Literary and Linguistic Computing 6 (1991) 20-27. http://www.uky.edu/~kiernan/eBeowulf/ksk-llc.htm Available at
5. Solopova E. Encoding a transcript of the Beowulf manuscript in SGML. Association for Computers and the Humanities/Association for Literary and Linguistic Computing Conference, University of Virginia (1999). http://www.uky.edu/~kiernan/eBeowulf/allc-es.htm Available at
6. Electronic Beowulf. Available at http://www.uky.edu/~kiernan/eBeowulf/guide.htm
7. Berghel H., and Bank D. The World Wide Web. In: Zelkowitz M. (Ed). Advances in Computers 4 (1999), Academic Press, San Diego 180-219
8. DLM-Forum. Proceedings of the DLM-Forum on Electronic Records: European Citizens and Electronic Information: The Memory of the Information Society, Brussels, October 18-19, 1999 (2000), European Communities, Luxembourg. http://europa.eu.int/ISPO/dlm Available at
9. Bergerson B. Dark Ages II: When the Digital Data Die (2002), Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River, NJ
10. Lyman P., and Kahle B. Archiving digital cultural artifacts. D-Lib Magazine (1998). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july98/07lyman.html Available at
11. Hedstrom M. Electronic archives: Integrity and access in the network environment. In: Kenna S., and Ross S. (Eds). Networking in the Humanities: Proceedings of the Second Conference on Scholarship and Technology in the Humanities, Elvetham Hall, Hampshire, UK, 13-16 April, 1994 (1994), Bowker-Saur, London
12. McKemmish S. Evidence of me .... Archives and Manuscripts 24 1 (1996) 28-45
13. Upward F., and McKemmish S. Somewhere beyond custody. Archives and Manuscripts 22 1 (1994) 136-149
14. Arms W.Y. Digital Libraries (2000), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
15. Friedlander A. The national digital information infrastructure preservation program: Expectations, realities, choices and progress to date. D-Lib Magazine 8 4 (2002). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april02/friedlander/04friedlander.html Available at
16. National Association of Government Archives and Records Administrators. Archival Administration in the Electronic Age: An Advanced Institute for Government Archivists (1989), NAGARA, Pittsburgh, PA Co-sponsored by the School of Library and Information Science University of Pittsburgh and funded by the Council on Library Resources
17. Gilliland-Swetland A.J. Enduring Paradigm, New Opportunities: The Value of the Archival Perspective in the Digital Environment (2000), Council on Library and Information Resources, Washington, D.C. http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub89abst.html Available at
18. Lesk M. Practical Digital Libraries: Books, Bytes and Bucks (1997), Morgan Kaufman, San Francisco ixx
19. Ross S. Historians, machine-readable information, and the past's future. In: Ross S., and Higgs E. (Eds). Electronic Information Resources and Historians: European Perspectives. The British Academy, London, 25 June 1926 (1993), Max-Planck-Institut für Geschichte in Kommission bei Scripta Mercaturae Verlag, St. Katharinen 1-20
20. Ross S. Consensus, communication, and collaboration: Fostering multidisciplinary cooperation in electronic records. INSAR (Supplement II), Proceedings of the DLM-Forum on Electronic Records (1997) 330-336. http://europa.eu.int/ISPO/dlm/dlm96/proceed-en4.pdf Available at
21. Besser H., and Trant J. Introduction to Imaging: Issues in Constructing an Image Database (1995), Getty Information Institute, Santa Monica, CA. http://www.getty.edu/research/institute/standards/introimages/ Available at
22. Jones M., and Beagrie N. Preservation Management of Digital Materials: A Handbook (2001), The British Library, London. http://www.dpconline.org/graphics/handbook/index.html Available at
23. In: Kenney A.R., and Rieger O.Y. (Eds). Moving Theory into Practice: Digital Imaging for Libraries and Archives (2000), Research Libraries Group, Mountain View, CA
24. Lee S.D. Digital Imaging: A Practical Handbook (2000), Neal-Schuman, New York
25. Northeast Document Conservation Center. Handbook for Digital Projects: A Management Tool for Preservation and Access (2000), Northeast Document Conservation Center, Andover, MA. http://www.nedcc.org/digital/ Available at
26. In: Feeney M. (Ed). Digital Culture: Maximising the Nation's Investment: A Synthesis of JISC/NPO Studies on the Preservation of Electronic Material (1999), British Library Board, London. http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/services/elib/papers/other/jisc-npo-dig/intro.html Available at
27. Bennett J.C. A framework of data types and formats, and issues affecting the long term preservation of digital material. JISC/NPO Studies on the Preservation of Electronic Materials (1997), British Library Research and Innovation Centre, London. http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/services/elib/papers/supporting/pdf/rept011.pdf Available at
28. Bearman D. Diplomatics, weberian bureaucracy, and the management of electronic records in Europe and America. American Archivist 55 (1992) 168-181
29. Cox R.J. Re-discovering the archival mission: The recordkeeping functional requirements project at the University of Pittsburgh: A progress report. Archives and Museum Informatics 8 (1992) 279-300
30. Duff W. Harnessing the power of warrant. American Archivist 61 (1998) 88-105
31. Upward F. In search of the continuum: Ian Maclean's 'Australian experience' essays on recordkeeping. The Records Continuum: Ian Maclean and Australian Archives First Fifty Years (1994), Ancora Press in association with Australian Archives, Clayton, Australia. http://rcrg.dstc.edu.au/publications/fuptrc.html Available at
32. Upward F. Structuring the records continuum-Part one: Postcustodial principles and properties. Archives and Manuscripts 24 2 (1996) 268-285. http://rcrg.dstc.edu.au/publications/recordscontinuum/fupp1.html Available at
33. Upward F. Structuring the records continuum-Part two: Structuration theory and recordkeeping. Archives and Manuscripts 25 1 (1997) 10. http://rcrg.dstc.edu.au/publications/recordscontinuum/fupp2.html Available at
34. McKemmish S. Yesterday, today and tomorrow: A continuum of responsibility. Proceedings of the Records Management Association of Australia 14th National Convention, 15-17 Sept 1997 (1997), RMAA, Perth. http://rcrg.dstc.edu.au/publications/recordscontinuum/smckp2.html Available at
35. McKemmish S., Acland G., Ward N., and Reed B. Describing records in context in the continuum: The Australian recordkeeping metadata schema. Archivaria 48 (1999) 3-43
36. Council on Information and Library Resources and Library of Congress. Building a National Strategy for Preservation: Issues in Digital Media Archiving. Commissioned for and sponsored by the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (2002), Council on Library and Information Resources & Library of Congress, Washington, DC. http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub106abst.html Available at
37. National Research Council. The Digital Dilemma: Intellectual Property in the Information Age (2000), National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. http://books.nap.edu/html/digital_dilemma/ Available at
38. NINCH (National Initiative for a Networked Cultural Heritage) Copyright Town Meetings webpage: http://www.ninch.org/copyright/
39. Ross S. Report on 'Creation, preservation and access to electronic information: Economical and functional aspects'-Maintaining the value of intellectual capital. INSAR (Supplement IV), Proceedings of the DLM-Forum on Electronic Records: European Citizens and Electronic Information: The Memory of the Information Society, Brussels, 18-19 October 1999 (1999), European Community, Brussels, Belgium 318-321. http://europa.eu.int/ISPO/dlm Available at
40. Roes H. Digital libraries and education: Trends and opportunities. D-Lib Magazine 7 8 (2001)
41. Zia L.L. The NSF national science, mathematics, engineering, and technology education digital library (NSDL) program: A progress report. D-Lib Magazine 6 10 (2000)
42. Zia L.L. Growing a national learning environments and resources network for science, mathematics, engineering, and technology education: Current issues and opportunities for the NSDL Program. D-Lib Magazine 7 3 (2001)
43. Lawrence G.W., Kehoe W.R., Rieger O.Y., Walters W.H., and Kenney A.R. Risk Management of Digital Information: A File Format Investigation (2000), Council on Library and Information Resources, Washington, D.C. http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub93abst.html Available at
44. Kenney A.R., McGovern N.Y., Botticelli P., Entlich R., Lagoze C., and Payette S. Preservation risk management for web resources: Virtual remote control in Cornell's Project Prism. D-Lib Magazine 8 1 (2002)
45. Cox R.J. What's in a name? Archives as a multi-faceted term in the information professions. Records & Retrieval Report 11 (1995)
46. Hedstrom M. Understanding electronic incunabula: A framework for research on electronic records. American Archivist 54 (1991)
47. Dollar C.M. Authentic Electronic Records: Strategies for Long-Term Access (2000), Cohasset Associates, Chicago
48. Dialog website: www.dialog.com
49. LexisNexis website: http://www.lexisnexis.com
50. United States National Library of Medicine. Available at. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hinfo.html
51. Bearman D. Archival data management to achieve organizational accountability for electronic records. In: Bearman D. (Ed). Electronic Evidence: Strategies for Managing Records in Contemporary Organizations (1994), Archives & Museum Informatics, Pittsburgh, PA Originally published in Archives and Manuscripts 21 (1) (1993) 14-28
52. National Archives and Records Administration. NARA's Vision, Mission, and Values. Available at http://www.archives.gov/about_us/vision_mission_values.html
53. Hodge G.M., Carroll B.C., "Digital electronic archiving: The state of the art and the state of the practice", Report sponsored by the International Council for Scientific and Technical Information, Information Policy Committee and CENDI, April 26, 1999. Available at http://www.icsti.org/99ga/digarch99_TOCP.pdf
54. Consultative Committee for Space Science Data Systems. Reference Model for an Open Archives System (OAIS). Draft Recommendations for Space Data System Standards, CCSDS 650.0-R-2 (2001). http://www.ccsds.org/documents/pdf/CCSDS-650.0-R-2.pdf Available at
55. Duranti L. The impact of digital technology on archival science. Archival Science 1 1 (2001). http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/1389-0166/current Available at
56. Berner R.C. Archival Theory and Practice in the United States: A Historical Analysis (1983), University of Seattle Press, Seattle
57. O'Toole J.M. Understanding Archives and Manuscripts (1990), Society of American Archivists, Chicago, IL pp. 27-47
58. Posner E. American State Archives (1964), University of Chicago Press, Chicago
59. Gracy D.B. Archives and Manuscripts: Arrangement and Description (1980), Society of American Archivists, Chicago, IL
60. Bearman D. Archives and manuscript control with bibliographic utilities: Challenges and opportunities. American Archivist 52 1 (1989) 26-39
61. Bearman D. Towards National Information Systems for Archives and Manuscript Repositories: The National Information Systems Task Force (NISTF) Papers, 1981-1984 (1987), Society of American Archivists, Chicago, IL
62. Hensen S.L. The use of standards in the application of the AMC Format. American Archivist 49 1 (1986) 32
63. Lytle R.H. An analysis of the work of the National Information Systems Task Force. American Archivist 47 (1984) 357-365
64. Martell S.H., Use of the MARC AMC Format by archivists for integration of special collections' holdings into bibliographic databases and networks, M.S.L.S. thesis, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1991
65. Pitti D.V. Encoded archival description. An introduction and overview. D-Lib Magazine 5 11 (1999). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november99/11pitti.html Available at
66. Hensen S.L. Archival cataloging and the Internet: The implications and impact of EAD. Journal of Internet Cataloging 4 3/4 (2001) 75-95
67. In: Bellardo L.J., and Bellardo L.L. (Eds). A Glossary for Archivists, Manuscript Curators, and Records Managers (1992), Society of American Archivists, Chicago
68. Thibodeau K. Building the archives of the future: Advances in preserving electronic records at the National Archives and Records Administration. D-Lib Magazine 7 2 (2001). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/february01/thibodeau/02thibodeau.html Available at
69. Cunningham A. Beyond the pale? The 'flinty' relationship between archivists who collect the private records of individuals and the rest of the archival profession. Archives and Manuscripts 24 1 (1996) 20-26
70. InterPARES Project. The InterPARES Glossary. A Controlled Vocabulary of Terms Used in the InterPARES Project, No.2002.1 (2002), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. http://www.interpares.org/documents/InterPARES Available at
71. Bearman D. Electronic Evidence: Strategies for Managing Records in Contemporary Organizations (1994), Archives & Museum Informatics, Pittsburgh, PA
72. Cox R.J. The record: Is it evolving?. The Records and Retrieval Report 10 3 (1994) 1-16
73. Morelli J.D. Defining electronic records: A terminology problem... or something more. In: Ross S., and Higgs E. (Eds). Electronic Information Resources and Historians: European Perspectives. The British Academy, London, 25 June 1926 (1993), Max-Planck-Institut für Geschichte in Kommission bei Scripta Mercaturae Verlag, St. Katharinen 83-91
74. Society of American Archivists, Archival Roles for the New Millennium, 1997. Available at http://www.archivists.org/governance/handbook/app_j3.asp
75. Bearman D. Archival Methods (1989), Archives and Museum Informatics, Pittsburgh, PA 59-67. Technical Report No. 9
76. Ritzenthaler M.L. Preserving Archives and Manuscripts (1993), Society of American Archivists, Chicago
77. Conway P. Overview: Rational for digitization and preservation. Handbook for Digital Projects: A Management Tool for Preservation and Access (2000), Northeast Document Conservation Center, Andover, MA. http://www.nedcc.org/digital/II.htm Available at
78. InterPARES Preservation Task Force, Preservation Taskforce Final Report. October 31, 2001. Available at http://www.interpares.org/documents/ptf_draft_final_report.pdf
79. O'Toole J.M. On the idea of permanence. American Archivist 52 1 (1989) 10-25
80. Puglia S. The costs of digital imaging projects. RLG DigiNews 3 5 (1999). Available at http://www.rlg.org/preserv/diginews/diginews3-5.html#feature
81. Hendley T., "Comparison of methods & costs of digital preservation", British Library Research and Innovation Report 106. BLRIC, British Library, London, 1998. Available at http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/services/elib/papers/supporting/pdf/hendley-report.pdf
82. Tanner S., and Joanne J.L. Digitisation: How much does it really cost?. Digital Resources for the Humanities 1999 Conference (1999). http://heds.herts.ac.uk/resources/papers/drh99.pdf Available at
83. Kingma B. The costs of print, fiche, and digital access: The Early Canadiana Online Project. D-Lib Magazine 6 2 (2000). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/february00/kingma/02kingma.html Available at
84. Ashley K. Digital archive costs: Facts and fallacies. DLM Forum '99 (1999). http://europa.eu.int/ISPO/dlm/fulltext/full_ashl_en.htm Available at
85. RLG worksheet for estimating digital reformatting costs, 1998. Available at http://www.rlg.org/preserv/RLGWorksheet.pdf
86. Price L., and Smith A. Managing Cultural Assets from a Business Perspective (2000), Council on Library and Information Resources, Washington, D.C. http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub90abst.html Available at
87. Rothenberg J., Ensuring the longevity of digital information. Rand Corporation. February 22, 1999, 2. Available at http://www.clir.org/pubs/archives/ensuring.pdf. This paper is an expanded version of the article "Ensuring the longevity of digital documents" that appeared in the January 1995 edition of Scientific American 272 (1) (1999) 42-47
88. Lyman P., and Besser H. Defining the problem of our vanishing memory: Background, current status, models for resolution. In: MacLean M., and Davis B.H. (Eds). Time & Bits: Managing Digital Continuity (1998), Getty Conservation Institute & The Long Now Foundation, Los Angeles, CA 11. http://www.longnow.org/10klibrary/TimeBitsDisc/tbpaper.htm Available at
89. Waybackmachine. http://www.waybackmachine.org/
90. Longnow Foundation. http://www.longnow.org/
91. Kahle B. Preserving the Internet: An archive of the Internet may prove to be a vital record for historians, businesses and governments. Scientific American 276 3 (1997) 82-83
92. McClure C.R., Sprehe T.J. Guidelines for electronic records management on state and federal agency websites, 1998. Available at http://istweb.syr.edu/~mcclure/guidelines.html
93. Dollar C., Archival Preservation of Smithsonian Web Resources: Strategies, Principles, and Best Practices, 2001. Available at http://www.si.edu/archives/archives/dollar%20report.html
94. Ross S., and Gow A. Digital Archaeology: Rescuing Neglected and Damaged Data Resources. JISC/NPO Studies on the Preservation of Electronic Materials (1999), British Library Board, London. http://www.hatii.arts.gla.ac.uk/Projects/BrLibrary/rosgowrt.pdf Available at
95. Eisenbeis K.M. Privatizing Government Information: The Effects of Policy on Access to Landsat Satellite Data (1995), Scarecrow Press, Metuchen, NJ
96. National Research Council. Preserving Scientific Data on Our Physical Universe: A New Strategy for Archiving the Nation's Scientific Information Resources (1995), National Academy Press, Washington, D.C
97. Waters D., Garrett J., Preserving Digital Information, Report of the Task Force on Archiving of Digital Information Commissioned by the Commission on Preservation and Access and the Research Libraries Group, May 1, 1996. Available at http://www.rlg.org/ArchTF/
98. Levy D.M. Heroic measures: Reflections on the possibility and purpose of digital preservation. Digital Libraries 98 (1998), ACM, Pittsburgh, PA 152
99. Achenbach J., The too-much-information age. Washington Post, March 12, 1999, A1
100. Inktomi and NEC Research Institute. Web surpasses one billion documents, 2000. Available at http://www.inktomi.com/new/press/2000/billion.html
101. Lyman P., Varian H.R., How much information? Internet-summary, 2001. Available at http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/how-much-info/internet.html
102. Cyveillance. Internet exceeds 2 billion pages, July 10, 2000. Available at http://www.cyveillance.com/web/newsroom/releases/2000/2000-07-10.htm
103. OCLC. Web Characterization Project. Available at http://wcp.oclc.org
104. Pew Internet and American Life Project, Net resources-Internet statistics, 2002. Available at http://www.pewinternet.org/netresources/index.asp
105. Net Caucus. Internet Statistics, 2002. Available at http://www.netcaucus.org/statistics/. Founded in the spring of 1996, the Congressional Internet Caucus is a bi-partisan group of members of the House and Senate working to educate their colleagues about the promise and potential of the Internet
106. Complete Planet. "Deep Web" website: http://www.completeplanet.com/help/help_deepwebFAQs.asp
107. "Invisible Web Gateways" web search at http://websearch.about.com/internet/websearch/cs/invisibleweb1/
108. SearchEngineWatch, Invisible web, 1999. Available at http://www.searchenginewatch.com/sereport/99/07-invisible.html
109. Lyman P., Varian H.R., How much information? Executive summary, 2001. Available at http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/how-much-info/summary.html
110. Lyman P., Varian H.R., How much information? Charts, 2001. Available at http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/how-much-info/charts/charts.html
111. Seamus R. Preservation and networking in the aid of research. In: Coppock T. (Ed). Information Technology and Scholarship: Applications in the Humanities and Social Sciences (1999), British Academy, Oxford University Press 318
112. IST Web. "eEurope: creating cooperation for digitisation. LUND PRINCIPLES." Available at http://www.cordis.lu/ist/ka3/digicult/lund_principles.htm
113. Yakel E. Digital preservation. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST) 35 (2001), ARIST, Medford, NJ 337
114. Weber H., and Dörr M. Digitization as a Method of Preservation? Final Report of a Working Group of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (1997), Commission on Preservation and Access and the European Commission on Preservation and Access, Amsterdam, Washington, D.C. http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub69.html p. 3. Available at
115. Smith A. Why Digitize? (1999), Council on Library and Information Resources, Washington, D.C. http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub80.html Available at
116. Lynch C. Digital collections, digital libraries and the digitization of cultural heritage information. First Monday 7 5 (2002). http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue7_5/lynch/index.html Available at
117. Conway P. Preservation in the Digital World (1996), Commission on Preservation and Access, Washington, D.C. http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/conway2/index.html p. 3. Available at
118. Van Bogart J.W.C. Magnetic Tape Storage and Handling: A Guide for Libraries and Archives (1995), Commission on Preservation and Access and National Media Laboratory, St. Paul, MN
119. Porck H.J., and Teygeler R. Preservation Science Survey: An Overview of Recent Developments in Research on the Conservation of Selected Analog Library and Archival Materials (2000), Council on Library and Information Resources, Washington, D.C p. 34
120. Armstrong v. Executive Office of the President et al. Brief for appellant. May 17, 1996. Available at http://www.citizen.org/litigation/briefs/FOIAGovtSec/articles.cfm?ID=873
121. Bearman D. The implications of Armstrong v. Executive Office of the President for the archival management of electronic records. American Archivist 56 (1993) 674-689
122. Pasterczyk C.E. Federal e-mail management: A records manager's view of Armstrong v. Executive Office of the President and it's aftermath. Records Management Quarterly 32 2 (1998) 10-22
123. Thibodeau K. Overview of technological approaches to digital preservation and challenges in coming years. The State of Digital Preservation: An International Perspective. Conference Proceedings. Documentation Abstracts, Inc. Institutes for Information Science, April 24-25, 2002, Washington, D.C. (2002), Council on Library and Information Resources, Washington, D.C. http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub107abst.html Available at
124. The Edsac Simulator. Available at http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~edsac/. Cited in [94, p. 28]
125. Ferranti Pegasus Working Parties. Available at http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/pegasus/peghome.htm
126. BBC News, Babbage Printer Finally Runs, April 13, 2000. Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/710950.stm
127. Rothenberg R. Avoiding Technological Quicksand: Finding a Viable Technical Foundation for Digital Preservation (1999), Council on Library and Information Resources, Washington, D.C. http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub77.html Available at
128. Bearman D. Reality and chimera in the preservation of electronic records. D-Lib Magazine 5 4 (1999). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april99/bearman/04bearman.html Available at
129. Heminger A.R., and Robertson S.B. Digital Rosetta Stone: a conceptual model for maintaining long-term access to digital documents. Sixth DELOS Workshop: Preservation of Digital Information. ERCIM-98-W003 (1998), European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics, Le Chesnay 35-43. http://www.ercim.org/publication/ws-proceedings/DELOS6/ Available at
130. Holdsworth D., and Wheatley P. Emulation, preservation, and abstraction. CAMiLEON Project (2001). http://129.11.152.25/CAMiLEON//dh/ep5.html Available at http://129.11.152.25/CAMiLEON//dh/ep5.html. See RLG DigiNews (2001) 5/4 for a shorter version. Available at http://www.rlg.org/preserv/diginews/diginews5-4.html#feature2
131. Moore R., et al. Collection-based persistent digital archives-Part 1. D-Lib Magazine 6 3 (2000). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march00/moore/03moore-pt1.html Available at
132. Moore R., et al. Collection-based persistent digital archives-Part 2. D-Lib Magazine 6 4 (2000). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april00/moore/04moore-pt2.html Available at
133. National Research Council. The Digital Dilemma: Intellectual Property in the Information Age (2000), National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. http://www.nap.edu/html/digital_dilemma/ Available at
134. Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act. S 505, P.L. 105-298, 11 Stat. 2827. Available at http://www.loc.gov/copyright/legislation/s505.pdf
135. U.S. Copyright Office. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998. Summary, December 1998. Available at http://www.loc.gov/copyright/legislation/dmca.pdf
136. The WIPO Copyright Treaty. Available at http://www.wipo.int/treaties/ip/wct/index.html
137. Henriksen B. Legal deposit from the Internet in Denmark: Experiences with the law from 1997 and the need for adjustments. Preserving the Present for the Future: Strategies for the Internet Conference (2001). http://www.deflink.dk/upload/doc_filer/doc_alle/1023_BNH.doc Available at
138. Hakala J. Electronic publications as legal deposit copies. Tietolinja News (1999). http://www.lib.helsinki.fi/tietolinja/0199/legaldep.html Available at
139. Lariviere J., Guidelines for legal deposit legislation, 2000. Available at http://www.ifla.org/VII/s1/gnl/legaldep1.htm
140. The Royal Library. National Library of Sweden. Kulturawr3: About the Project, 2002. Available at http://www.kb.se/ENG/kbstart.htm
141. Nieuwenburg B., Project deposit of Dutch electronic publications (DNEP). Available at http://www.kb.nl/kb/ict/dea/index-en.html
142. Dollar C.M. Computers, the National Archives, and researchers. Prologue 8 1 (1976) 29-34
143. Fishbein M.H. Report on the Committee on Data Archives and Machine Readable Records-Fiscal year 1973. APDA 1 2 (1973) 5-10
144. Fishbein M.H. ADP and archives: Selected publications on automatic data processing. American Archivist 38 (1975) 31-42
145. Hedstrom M., and Kowlowitz A. Meeting the challenge of machine readable records: A state archives perspective. Reference Studies Review 16 1-2 (1988) 31-40
146. Bearman D., Hedstrom M., "Reinventing archives for electronic records: Alternative service delivery options", Electronic Records Management Program Strategies, Archives and Museum Informatics Technical Report, No. 18, 1993, pp. 82-98
147. Committee on the Records of Government, Report sponsored by the American Council of Learned Societies, Social Science Research Council, and the Council on Library Resources, Council on Library Resources, Washington, D.C., 1985
148. Dollar C.M. Archival Theory and Information Technologies: The Impact of Information Technologies on Archival Principles and Methods (1992), University of Macerata Press, Macerata
149. Lesk M. Image Formats for Preservation and Access: A Report of the Technology Assessment Advisory Committee to the Commission on Preservation and Access (1990), Commission on Preservation and Access, Washington, D.C
150. Lesk M. Preservation of New Technology: A Report of the Technology Assessment Advisory Committee to the Commission on Preservation and Access (1992), Commission on Preservation and Access, Washington, D.C
151. Lynch L. Accessibility and Integrity of Networked Information Collections (1993), Office of Technology Assessment, Congress of the United States, Washington, D.C
152. Mallinson J.C. Preserving machine-readable archival records for the millennia. Archivaria 22 (1986) 147-152
153. In: Mohlhenrich J. (Ed). Preservation of Electronic Formats: Electronic Formats for Preservation (1993), Highsmith, Fort Atkinson, WS
154. National Academy of Public Administration. The Effects of Electronic Recordkeeping on the Historical Record of the U.S. Government: A Report for the National Archives and Records Administration (1989), National Academy of Public Administration, Washington, D.C
155. Neavill G.B. Electronic publishing, libraries, and the survival of information. Library Resources & Technical Services 28 (1984) 76-89
156. http://www.archives.gov/nhprc_and_other_grants/electronic_records/research_issues_contents.html
157. Pittsburgh Project website. Formerly at http://www.lis.pitt.edu/~nhprc/. Due to a site crash, available only through Brewster Kahle's Waybackmachine: www.waybackmachine.org ([89] above)
158. Bantin P. Strategies for managing electronic records: Lessons learned from the Indiana University electronic records project. ECURE 2000 Conference: Preservation and Access for Electronic College and University Records, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ (2000). http://www.asu.edu/it/events/ecure/bak/ecure2000/bantin-presentation/index.htm Available at
159. University Archives. Electronic Recordkeeping at Indiana University. NHPRC Funded Electronic Records Project, Phase II, 2000-2002. Available at http://www.indiana.edu/~libarch/ER/
160. U.S. InterPARES Project website: http://is.gseis.ucla.edu/us-interpares/index.html
161. San Diego Supercomputer Center. Methodologies for Preservation and Access of Software-dependent Electronic Records website: http://www.sdsc.edu/NHPRC/
162. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. School of Information and Library Science. "Managing the Digital University Desktop" website: http://ils.unc.edu/digitaldesktop/index.html
163. RLG. Trusted digital repositories: Attributes and responsibilities (2002), Research Libraries Group, Mountain View, CA. http://www.rlg.org/longterm/repositories.pdf Available at
164. Casson L. Libraries of the Ancient World (2001), Yale University Press, New Haven, CT
165. Harris M.H. History of Libraries in the Western World (1984), Scarecrow Press, Metuchen, N.J 12-13
166. Posner E. Archives in the Ancient World (1972), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
167. Reichmann F. The Sources of Western Literacy: The Middle Eastern Civilizations (1980), Greenwood, Westport, CT
168. InterPARES Appraisal Taskforce, Appraisal Taskforce Final Report, October 31, 2001. Available at http://www.interpares.org/documents/aptf_draft_final_report.pdf
169. Ham F.G. Selecting and Appraising Archives and Manuscripts (1993), Society of American Archivists, Chicago, IL p. 1
170. Society of American Archivists. Committee on Goals and Priorities. Planning for the Archival Profession (1986), Society of American Archivists, Chicago, IL
171. Cox R.J., and Samuels H.W. The archivist's first responsibility: A research agenda to improve the identification and retention of records of enduring value. The American Archivist 51 (1988) 28-51
172. Duranti L., and MacNeil H. The protection of the integrity of electronic records: An overview of the UBC-MAS research project. Archivaria 42 (1996) 46-67. http://www.interpares.org/UBCProject/index.htm The UBC Project website is at
173. Eastwood T., Appraisal of Electronic Records: A Review of the Literature in English, May 30, 2000. Available at http://www.interpares.org/documents/interpares_ERAppraisalLiteratureReview.pdf
174. MacNeil H. Trusting Records: Legal, Historical and Diplomatic Perspectives (2000), Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
175. Hirtle P.B. Archival authenticity in a digital age. Authenticity in a Digital Environment (2000), Council on Library and Information Resources, Washington, D.C. http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub92/pub92.pdf Available at
176. Acland G. Managing the record rather than the relic. Archives and Manuscripts 20 1 (1992) 57-63
177. InterPARES Authenticity Task Force, Authenticity Task Force Final Report, October 28, 2001. Available at http://www.interpares.org/documents/atf_draft_final_report.pdf
178. Gränström C. The Janus Syndrome. The Principle of Provenance: Report from the First Stockholm Conference on Archival theory and the Principle of Provenance, 2-3 September 1993 (1994), Swedish National Archives, Stockholm, Sweden 13
179. Erlandsson A. The principle of provenance and the concept of records creator and record. The Principle of Provenance: Report from the First Stockholm Conference on Archival theory and the Principle of Provenance, 2-3 September 1993 (1994), Swedish National Archives, Stockholm, Sweden 33
180. Duranti L. Diplomatics: New Uses for an Old Science (1998), Scarecrow Press, Lanham, Md
181. Wendy D. Ensuring the preservation of reliable evidence: A research project funded by the NHPRC. Archivaria 42 (1996) 28-45
182. Bantin P. Developing a strategy for managing electronic records: The findings of the Indiana University electronic records project. American Archivist 61 2 (1998) 328-364
183. Bantin P. Strategies for managing electronic records: A new archival paradigm? An affirmation of our archival traditions?. Archival Issues 23 1 (1998) 17-34
184. Department of Defense (DOD) Standard 5015.2 for records management systems. Available at http://www.archives.gov/records_management/initiatives/dod_standard_5015_2.html
185. Model Requirements for the Management of Electronic Records. MoReq Specification, March 2001. Prepared for he IDA Programme of the European Commission by Cornwell Affiliates. Available at http://www.cornwell.co.uk/moreq.pdf
186. Pitti D.V. Encoded archival description: The development of an encoding standard for archival finding aids. American Archivist 60 3 (1997) 268-283
187. Ruth J.E. The development and structure of the encoded archival description (EAD) document type definition. Journal of Internet Cataloging 4 3/4 (2001) 27-59
188. Network Development and MARC Standards Office. Library of Congress. Encoded Archival Description Official Website. Available at http://lcweb.loc.gov/ead/eadback.html
189. OCLC is a nonprofit membership organization serving 41,000 libraries in 82 countries and territories around the world. It is headquartered in Dublin, Ohio. Available at www.oclc.org
190. Research Libraries Information Network website: www.rlin.org
191. Hensen S.L. NISTF 2 and EAD: The evolution of archival description. American Archivist 60 3 (1997) 284-296
192. Kiesling K. EAD as an archival descriptive standard. American Archivist 60 3 (1997) 344-354
193. Fox M.J. Stargazing: Locating EAD in the descriptive firmament. Journal of Internet Cataloging 4 3/4 (2001) 61-74
194. Society of American Archivists and the Library of Congress, EAD Tag Library for Version 1.0, 1998. Available at http://lcweb.loc.gov/ead/tglib/tlhome.html
195. Society of American Archivists and the Library of Congress, EAD Guidelines for Version 1.0, 1999. Available at http://lcweb.loc.gov/ead/ag/aghome.html
196. Encoded Archival Context (EAC) website. Available at http://www.library.yale.edu/eac/goalsandworkplandraft.htm
197. Dublin Core Metadata Initiative Website. Available at http://dublincore.org/index.shtml
198. Dekkers M., and Weibel S.L. Dublin Core Metadata Initiative progress report and workplan for 2002. D-Lib Magazine 8 2 (2002). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/february02/weibel/02weibel.html Available at
199. Library of Congress. Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS) Official Website, METS: An Overview and Tutorial, 2001. Available at http://www.loc.gov/standards/mets/METSOverview.html
200. Chen S.-S. Preserving digital records and the life cycle of information. In: Zelkowitz M. (Ed). Advances in Computers 57 (2003), Elsevier, San Diego 69-107
201. The OCLC/RLG Working Group on Preservation Metadata, Preservation Metadata and the OAIS Information Model: A Metadata Framework to Support the Preservation of Digital Objects, 2002. Available at http://www.oclc.org/research/pmwg/pm_framework.pdf
202. Cedars Project. The Cedars Project Report. Executive Summary, 2001. Available at http://www.leeds.ac.uk/cedars/pubconf/papers/projectReports/cedarsrepmar01exec.html
203. Cedars Project. Metadata for Digital Preservation: The Cedars Project Outline Specification Draft for Public Consultation, 2002. Available at http://www.leeds.ac.uk/cedars/documents/Metadata/cedars.html
204. Networked European Deposit Library (NEDLIB). Available at www.konbib.nl/nedlib
205. Van der Werf-Davelaar T. Long-term preservation of electronic publications: The NEDLIB project. D-Lib Magazine 5 9 (1999). http://www.dlib.org/dlib Available at
206. National Library of Australia and Partners. PANDORA Archive. Available at http://pandora.nla.gov.au/index.html
207. Digital Library Federation website: www.diglib.org
208. Making of America 2 website: http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/MOA2/
209. Library of Congress. AV Prototype Project Working Documents, 2002. Extension Schemas for the Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard web page. Available at http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/mopic/avprot/metsmenu2.html
210. CAMILEON website: http://www.si.umich.edu/CAMILEON/
211. Bikson T.K., and Law S.A. Electronic mail use at the World Bank: Messages from users. The Information Society 9 2 (1993) 89-124
212. Wallace D.A. Recordkeeping and electronic mail policy: The state of thought and the state of the practice. SAA 1998 Annual Meeting (1998). http://www.mybestdocs.com/ found under "guest authors"
213. Conway P. Facts and frameworks: An approach to studying the users of archives. American Archivist 49 (1986) 393-407
214. Conway P. Partners in Research: Improving Access to the Nation's Archive: User Studies at the National Archives and Records Administration (1994), Archives and Museum Informatics, Pittsburgh, PA
215. Dearstyne B.W. What is the use of archives: A challenge for the profession. American Archivist 50 (1987) 76-87
216. Maher W.J. The use of user studies. The Midwestern Archivist 11 (1986) 15-25
217. Turnbaugh R.C. Archival mission and user studies. The Midwestern Archivist 11 (1986) 27-33
218. Yakel E., "Listening to users", Archival Issues, forthcoming
219. Tibbo H., "Learning to love our users: A challenge to the profession and a model for practice", Archival Issues, forthcoming
220. Duff W.M., Johnson C.A., "Accidentally found on purpose: Information seeking behavior of historians in archives", Library Quarterly, forthcoming
221. Tibbo H.R., and Meho L.I. Finding finding aids on the World Wide Web. American Archivist 64 1 (2001) 61-77
222. Southwell C., "How researchers learn of manuscript resources at the Western History Collections", Archival Issues, forthcoming
223. Tibbo H.R. Primarily history: Historians and the search for primary source materials. JCDL'02, July 13-17, 2002, Portland, OR (2002), ACM, New York 1-10
224. Sanders T. Into the Future: On the Preservation of Knowledge in the Digital Age (1998), Commission on Preservation & Access and the Council of Learned Societies, Washington, D.C. Available at http://www.clir.org/pubs/film/film.html#future
225. O'Brien D. The digital black hole?. Sunday Times (London) 17 (2002)
226. McKie R., and Thorpe V. Digital Domesday Book lasts 15 years, not 1,000. The Observer (2002) Observer News Pages, p. 7
227. Millar S. Urgent need to save digital heritage, say campaigners. New Media Age (2002) 26
228. Keeping hold of the intangible. The Guardian (London) (2002) 11 Guardian Home Pages
229. Hafner K. Saving the nation's digital legacy. New York Times (2000) G.1 Late Edition (East Coast)
230. UNESCO, Resolution on Digital Preservation. Available at http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001239/123975e.pdf
231. Hensen S., Endorsement of the UNESCO Resolution on Digital Preservation. Available at http://www.archivists.org/statements/UNESCO-resolution.asp
232. Erpanet (Electronic Resource Preservation and Access Network) website: http://www.erpanet.org/about/main.htm
233. European Commission, Directorate-General for the Information Society, 2002. The DigiCULT Report: Technological Landscapes for Tomorrow's Cultural Economy: Unlocking the Value of Cultural Heritage, European Commission, Luxembourg, 51. Available at http://www.salzburgresearch.at/fbi/digicult/
234. National Library of Australia, PADI: Preserving Access to Digital Information. Available at http://www.nla.gov.au/padi/
235. Council on Library and Information Resources. The State of Digital Preservation: An International Perspective. Conference Proceedings. Documentation Abstracts, Inc. Institutes for Information Science, April 24-25, 2002, Washington, D.C. (2002), Council on Library and Information Resources, Washington, D.C. http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub107abst.html Available at
236. DLM-Forum, "DLM-Forum 2002. @ccess and Preservation of Electronic Information: Best Practices and Solutions", May 7-8, 2002. Available at http://europa.eu.int/historical_archives/dlm_forum/index_en.htm
237. Hedstrom H. The role of national initiatives in digital preservation. RLG DigiNews 2/5 (1998). Available at http://www.rlg.org/preserv/diginews/diginews2-5.html#feature2
238. JISC/British Library. "Long term preservation of electronic materials." A report of a workshop organised by JISC/British Library, held at the University of Warwick on 27/28 November 1995. British Library R&D Report 6238. The British Library, London. Available at http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/services/papers/bl/rdr6238/paper.html
239. Beagrie N., Greenstein D., "A strategic policy framework for creating and preserving digital collections", British Library Research and Innovation Report 107, The British Library, London. Available at http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/services/elib/papers/supporting/pdf/framework.pdf
240. Joint Information Systems Committee homepage: http://www.jisc.ac.uk/ JISC eLib. The Electronic Libraries Programme homepage: http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/services/elib/
241. Ross S., and Economou M. Information and communications technology in the cultural sector: The need for national strategies. D-Lib Magazine (1998). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june98/06ross.html Available at
242. Digital Preservation Coalition website: http://www.dpconline.org/graphics/index.html
243. Library of Congress. Digital Preservation. NDIIPP website: http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/ndiipp/
244. Hedstrom M., National Science Foundation "Workshop on Research Challenges in Digital Archiving: Toward a National Infrastructure for Long-Term Preservation of Digital Information", Warrenton, VA, April 12-13, 2002. Available at http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/ndiipp/repor/repor_pres.html
245. Hedstrom M., and Ross S. EU(DELOS)-NSF Working Group on Digital Archiving and Preservation. D-Lib Magazine 8 9 (2002). http://www.dli2.nsf.gov/internationalprojects/eu_future.html See also NSF project site: http://www.dli2.nsf.gov/internationalprojects/eu_future.html. See also for more information: http://www.si.umich.edu/digarch
246. NSF Digital Library Initiative Phase 2. Available at http://www.dli2.nsf.gov/intl.html. NSF-JISC: International Digital Libraries Collaborative Research and Applications Testbeds. Available at http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2002/nsf02085/nsf02085.pdf. NSF-DFG: International Digital Libraries Research-a Joint Funding Program from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) and the National Science Foundation (NSF). Available at http://www.dfg.de/foerder/biblio/neues/dfg_nsf.pdf
247. Tibbo H.R. Interviewing techniques for remote reference: Electronic versus traditional environments. American Archivist 58 (1995) 294-310
248. LeFurgy W.G. Levels of service for digital repositories. D-Lib Magazine 8/5 (2002). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/may02/lefurgy/05lefurgy.html Available at
249. Katte J., "Reaching out to researchers: A model for web-based user education for archives and manuscript collections", Master's thesis, 2002, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
250. DPC website: Future R&D for Digital Asset Preservation. DPC Forum with Industry, June 5, 2002. Beagrie N., Trends and future opportunities, 2002. Available at http://www.dpconline.org/graphics/events/presentations/pdf/industryforum02_NB.pdf
251. The National Archives. Public Records Office, EROS Programmme. Guidelines on the Management and Appraisal of Electronic Records, 1998. Available at http://www.pro.gov.uk/recordsmanagement/eros/guidelinesfinal.pdf