The National Digital Information Infrastructure Preservation Program: Expectations, realities, choices and progress to date

D-Lib Magazine

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2002, Pages

  Friedlander, Amy ^a  

^a Cncl on Lib and Info Resources ^*

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EID: 0344891871     PISSN: 10829873     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1045/april2002-friedlander     Document Type: Article

References (22)

1. This article has been developed with the assistance of many people inside and outside of the Library of Congress. I am indebted to Martha Anderson, Marjory Blumenthal, Lawrence Brandt, Samuel Brylawski, Laura Campbell, Robert Dizard, Elizabeth Dulabahn, Peter Gordon, Stephen Griffin, Marin Hagen, Margaret Hedstrom, Molly Ho Hughes Johnson, Kevin Kiernan, Guy Lamolinara, Clifford Lynch, Deanna Marcum, Reagan Moore, and Donald Waters. I am responsible for any remaining errors. The views and opinions expressed herein are those of the Author and do not necessarily reflect those of the Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR), the Library of Congress (LC), or the Government. Images that appear as Figures 1 and 2 in this article are provided courtesy of the Library of Congress and are used with permission.
2. For example, information on early motion pictures exists because a paper version of the films was created for purposes of Copyright deposit. The Copyright law initially did not acknowledge motion pictures as copyrightable. To get around this, producers printed the films on paper (like contact sheets) and deposited them as sets of photographs (which could be given copyright protection). Beginning in the 1950s, LC re-photographed the "paper prints," thus converting them back to motion pictures. Some producers only printed excerpts from films (such as one frame per scene). These deposits could not be made back into movies, of course, but they do provide us with documentation of the film's content. I am indebted to Samuel Brylawski for this information.
3. As of this writing in mid-March 2002, the program's Web site is under construction; launch is expected later this spring.
4. U.S., House of Representatives, Report 106-1033: Making Omnibus Consolidated And Emergency Supplemental Appropriations For Fiscal Year 2001, Conference Report to accompany H.R. 457, December 15, 2000. 〈ftp://ftp.loc.gov/pub/thomas/cp106/hr1033.txt〉.
5. See National Research Council Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, LC21: A Digital Strategy for the Library of Congress (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2000).
6. Samuel Brylawski, Preservation of Digitally Recorded Sound; Dale Flecker, Preserving Digital Periodicals; Peter Lyman, Archiving the World Wide Web; Mary Ide, Dave MacCarn, Thom Shephard, and Leah Weisse, Understanding the Preservation Challenge of Digital Television; Frank Romano, E-Books and the Challenge of Preservation; Howard D. Wactlar and Michael G. Christel, Digital Video Archives: Managing through Metadata. It is expected that the scans will be posted to the program's Web site.
7. Samuel Brylawski, Preservation of Digitally Recorded Sound; Dale Flecker, Preserving Digital Periodicals; Peter Lyman, Archiving the World Wide Web; Mary Ide, Dave MacCarn, Thom Shephard, and Leah Weisse, Understanding the Preservation Challenge of Digital Television; Frank Romano, E-Books and the Challenge of Preservation; Howard D. Wactlar and Michael G. Christel, Digital Video Archives: Managing through Metadata. It is expected that the scans will be posted to the program's Web site.
8. Samuel Brylawski, Preservation of Digitally Recorded Sound; Dale Flecker, Preserving Digital Periodicals; Peter Lyman, Archiving the World Wide Web; Mary Ide, Dave MacCarn, Thom Shephard, and Leah Weisse, Understanding the Preservation Challenge of Digital Television; Frank Romano, E-Books and the Challenge of Preservation; Howard D. Wactlar and Michael G. Christel, Digital Video Archives: Managing through Metadata. It is expected that the scans will be posted to the program's Web site.
9. Samuel Brylawski, Preservation of Digitally Recorded Sound; Dale Flecker, Preserving Digital Periodicals; Peter Lyman, Archiving the World Wide Web; Mary Ide, Dave MacCarn, Thom Shephard, and Leah Weisse, Understanding the Preservation Challenge of Digital Television; Frank Romano, E-Books and the Challenge of Preservation; Howard D. Wactlar and Michael G. Christel, Digital Video Archives: Managing through Metadata. It is expected that the scans will be posted to the program's Web site.
10. Samuel Brylawski, Preservation of Digitally Recorded Sound; Dale Flecker, Preserving Digital Periodicals; Peter Lyman, Archiving the World Wide Web; Mary Ide, Dave MacCarn, Thom Shephard, and Leah Weisse, Understanding the Preservation Challenge of Digital Television; Frank Romano, E-Books and the Challenge of Preservation; Howard D. Wactlar and Michael G. Christel, Digital Video Archives: Managing through Metadata. It is expected that the scans will be posted to the program's Web site.
11. Samuel Brylawski, Preservation of Digitally Recorded Sound; Dale Flecker, Preserving Digital Periodicals; Peter Lyman, Archiving the World Wide Web; Mary Ide, Dave MacCarn, Thom Shephard, and Leah Weisse, Understanding the Preservation Challenge of Digital Television; Frank Romano, E-Books and the Challenge of Preservation; Howard D. Wactlar and Michael G. Christel, Digital Video Archives: Managing through Metadata. It is expected that the scans will be posted to the program's Web site.
12. Flecker, Preserving Digital Periodicals.
13. Reagan Moore, Chaitan Baru, Arcot Rajasekar, Bertram Ludaescher, Richard Marciano, Michael Wan, Wayne Schroeder, and Amarnath Gupta, Collection-Based Persistent Digital Archives - Part 1, D-Lib Magazine 6 (March 2000), 〈http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march00/moore/03moore-pt1.html〉; Collection-Based Persistent Digital Archives - Part 2, D-Lib Magazine 6 (April 2000), 〈http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april00/moore/04moore-pt2.html〉.
14. Reagan Moore, Chaitan Baru, Arcot Rajasekar, Bertram Ludaescher, Richard Marciano, Michael Wan, Wayne Schroeder, and Amarnath Gupta, Collection-Based Persistent Digital Archives - Part 1, D-Lib Magazine 6 (March 2000), 〈http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march00/moore/03moore-pt1.html〉; Collection-Based Persistent Digital Archives - Part 2, D-Lib Magazine 6 (April 2000), 〈http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april00/moore/04moore-pt2.html〉.
15. See Electronic Beowulf, 〈http://www.uky.edu/∼kiernan/eBeowulf/guide.htm〉 and the Digital Atheneum Project, 〈http://www.digitalatheneum.org〉
16. See Electronic Beowulf, 〈http://www.uky.edu/∼kiernan/eBeowulf/guide.htm〉 and the Digital Atheneum Project, 〈http://www.digitalatheneum.org〉
17. PWC has identified six categories of technical issues: selection; digital rights management (DRM); technical architecture; standards; access and security; and evolving technology. See Planning for the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program, Conceptual Framework and Critical Technical Issues (January 2002) [draft report], p. 36. These are not inconsistent with the issues raised at the November sessions, although the way in which the issues are grouped is somewhat different.
18. "Trust" in the digital environment has been extensively discussed in preservation, information technology and information policy circles. See, for example, Authenticity in a Digital Environment (Washington, DC: Council on Library and Information Resources, 2000); Jeffrey R. Cooper and Amy Friedlander, Trust, a Baseline for Future Governance, pp. 428-38, in Select Committee on the European Union, E-Commerce: Policy Development and Coordination in the EU (London: The Stationery Office, 25 July 2000). On the notion of trusted systems, see Mark Stefik, The Internet Edge: Social, Legal, and Technological Challenges for a Networked World (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999).
19. "Trust" in the digital environment has been extensively discussed in preservation, information technology and information policy circles. See, for example, Authenticity in a Digital Environment (Washington, DC: Council on Library and Information Resources, 2000); Jeffrey R. Cooper and Amy Friedlander, Trust, a Baseline for Future Governance, pp. 428-38, in Select Committee on the European Union, E-Commerce: Policy Development and Coordination in the EU (London: The Stationery Office, 25 July 2000). On the notion of trusted systems, see Mark Stefik, The Internet Edge: Social, Legal, and Technological Challenges for a Networked World (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999).
20. "Trust" in the digital environment has been extensively discussed in preservation, information technology and information policy circles. See, for example, Authenticity in a Digital Environment (Washington, DC: Council on Library and Information Resources, 2000); Jeffrey R. Cooper and Amy Friedlander, Trust, a Baseline for Future Governance, pp. 428-38, in Select Committee on the European Union, E-Commerce: Policy Development and Coordination in the EU (London: The Stationery Office, 25 July 2000). On the notion of trusted systems, see Mark Stefik, The Internet Edge: Social, Legal, and Technological Challenges for a Networked World (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999).
21. National Research Council Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, LC21: A Digital Strategy for the Library of Congress, 2.
22. Anne Cattagni and Elizabeth Farris. Statistics in Brief: Internet Access in U.S. Public Schools and Classrooms, 1994-2000. May 2001. National Center for Education Statistics. 〈http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2001/2001071.pdf〉, p. 3.