Fire and the Miocene expansion of C4 grasslands

Ecology Letters

Volumn 8, Issue 7, 2005, Pages 683-690

  Keeley, Jon E ^a,b   Rundel, Philip W ^b  

^a U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Grasslands; Miocene; Paleosols; Photosynthesis; Savannas; Woodlands

Indexed keywords

C4 PLANT; MIOCENE;

POACEAE;

EID: 20844463486     PISSN: 1461023X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00767.x     Document Type: Review

References (73)

1. Barry, J.C., Morgan, M.E., Flynn, L.J., Pilbeam, D., Behrensmeyer, A.K., Raza, S.M. et al. (2002). Faunal and environmental change in the late Miocene Siwaliks of northern Pakistan. Paleobiol. Mem., 28, 1-55.
2. Belsky, A.J., Amundson, R.G., Duxbury, J.M., Riha, S.J., Ali, A.R. & Mwonga, S.M. (1989). The effects of trees on their physical, chemical, and biological environments in a semi-arid savanna in Kenya. J. Appl. Ecol., 26, 1005-1024.
3. 2 over Phanerozoic time. Am. J. Sci., 301, 182-204.
4. 2- controlled mechanism of woody plant invasion in grasslands and savannas. Glob. Change Biol., 6, 865-869.
5. Bond, W.J., Midgley, G.F. & Woodward, F.J. (2003). What controls South African vegetation, climate or fire? S. Afr. J. Bot., 69, 79-91.
6. 2 and fire in promoting the spread of grasslands and savannas. Glob. Change Biol., 9, 973-982.
7. Bond, W.J., Woodward, F.I. & Midgley, G.F. (2005). The global distribution of ecosystems in a world without fire. New Phytol., 165, 525-538.
8. Borchert, R. (1998). Responses of tropical trees to rainfall seasonality and its long-term changes. Clim. Change, 39, 381-393.
9. Bowman, D.M.J.S. (1992). Monsoon forests in northwestern Australia. II. Forest-savanna transitions. Aust. J. Bot., 40, 89-102.
10. Bowman, D.M.J.S. & Fensham, R.J. (1991). Response of a monsoon forest-savanna boundary to fire protection, Weipa, Northern Australia. Aust. J. Ecol., 16, 111-118.
11. Brookman-Amissah, J., Hall, J.N., Swaine, M.D. & Attakorah, J.Y. (1980). A re-assessment of fire protection experiments in a northeastern Ghana savanna. J. Appl. Ecol., 17, 85-99.
12. Cavelier, J., Aide, T.M., Santos, C., Eusse, A.M. & Dupuy, J.M. (1998). The savannization of moist forests in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. J. Biogeogr., 25, 901-912.
13. 4 Plant Biology (eds. Sage, R.F. & Monson, R.K.). Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 445-469.
14. Cerling, T.E., Wang, Y. & Quade, J. (1993). Expansion of C4 ecosystems as an indicator of global ecological change in the late Miocene. Nature, 361, 344-345.
15. Cerling, T.E., Quade, J., & Wang, Y. (1994) Expansion and emergence of C4 plants. Nature 371, 112.
16. Cerling, T.E., Harris, J.M., MacFadden, B.J., Leakey, M.G., Quade, J., Eisenmann, V. et al. (1997). Global vegetation change through the Miocene/Pliocene boundary. Nature, 389, 153-158.
17. 4 ecosystems, and mammalian evolution. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 353, 159-171.
18. Coutinho, L.M. (1990). Fire ecology of the Brazilian cerrado. In: Fire in the Tropical Biota (ed. Goldammer, J.G.). Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 82-105.
19. D'Antonio, C.M. & Vitousek, P.M. (1992). Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass/fire cycle, and global change. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 23, 63-87.
20. Davies, T.A., Hay, W.W., Southam, J.R. & Worsley, T.R. (1977). Estimates of Cenozoic oceanic sedimentation rates. Science, 197, 53-55.
21. 2 since 60 Ma from records of seawater pH, calcium, and primary carbonate mineralogy. Geology, 31, 793-796.
22. Dugas, M.J. & Retallack, G.J. (1993). Middle Miocene fossil grasses from Fort Ternan, Kenya. J. Paleontol. 67, 113-128.
23. Ehleringer, J.R. & Monson, R.K. (1993). Evolutionary and ecological aspects of photosynthetic pathway variation. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 24, 411-439.
24. 2, and climate. Oecologia, 112, 285-299.
25. Fensham, R.J., Fairfax, R.J., Butler, D.W. & Bowman, D.J.J.S. (2003). Effects of fire and drought in a tropical eucalypt savanna colonized by rain forest. J. Biogeogr., 30, 1405-1414.
26. Field, C.B., F.S. Chapin, III., Matson, P.A. & Mooney H.A. (1992). Responses of terrestrial ecosystems to the changing atmosphere: a resource based approach. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 23, 201-235.
27. 4 biomass in the Great Plains, USA. Geology, 31, 809-812.
28. 4-grasslands of the Great Plains, USA. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol., 208, 305-329.
29. 13C of organic carbon in the Bengal Fan: Source evolution and transport of C3 and C4 plant carbon to marine sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58:4809-4814.
30. 4 grassland expansion in the late Miocene. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65:1439-1454.
31. Furley, P.A., Proctor, J. & Ratter, J.A. (eds) (1992). Nature and Dynamics of Forest-Savanna Boundaries. Chapman & Hall, London.
32. Gillon, D. (1983). The fire problem in tropical savannas. In: Tropical Savannas (ed. Bouliére, F.). Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 617-641.
33. Gunnell, G.F., Morgan, M.E., Maas, M.C. & Gingerich, P.D. (1995). Comparative palaeoecology of Paleogene and Neogene mammalian faunas: trophic structure and composition. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol., 115, 265-286.
34. 4 pathway plants threatened by global climatic change? In: Ecophysiology of Photosynthesis (eds. Schulze, E.-D. & Caldwell, M.M.). Springer, New York, pp. 529-549.
35. 2: Natural Variations Archean to Present (eds. Sundquist, E.T. & Broecker, W.S.). American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, pp. 419-442.
36. Hoffman, W.A. (1999). Fire and population dynamics of woody plants in a Neotropical savanna: matrix model projections. Ecology, 80, 1354-1369.
37. Hoffmann, W.A., Orthen, B., & Nascimento, P.K.V.D. (2003). Comparative fire ecology of tropical savanna and forest trees. Funct. Ecol., 17, 720-726.
38. Jacobs, B.F., Kingston, J.D. & Jacobs, L.L. (1999). The origin of grass-dominated ecosystems. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 86, 590-643.
39. Janis, C.M., Damuth, J. & Theodor, J.M. (2000). Miocene ungulates and terrestrial primary productivity: where have all the browsers gone? Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 97, 7899-7904.
40. Janis, C.M., Damuth, J. & Theodor, J.M. (2004). The species richness of Miocene browsers, and implications for habitat type and primary productivity in the North American grassland biome. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol., 207, 371-398.
41. Jeltsch, F., Weber, G.E. & Grimm, V. (2000). Ecological buffering mechanisms in savannas: a unifying theory of long-term tree-grass coexistence. Plant Ecol., 161, 161-171.
42. Keeley, J.E. (2002). Native American impacts on fire regimes in California coastal ranges. J. Biogeogr., 29, 303-320.
43. Keeley, J.E. & Bond, W.J. (2001). On incorporating fire into our thinking about natural ecosystems: a response to Saha and Howe. Am. Nat., 158, 664-670.
44. Keeley, J.E. & Rundel, P.W. (2003). Evolution of CAM and C4 carbon-concentrating mechanisms. Int. J. Plant Sci., 164(3 Suppl.), S55-S77.
45. 4 Plant Biology (eds. Sage, R.F. & Monson, R.K.). Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 411-444.
46. van Langevelde, F., Vijver, C.A.D.M.v.d., Kumar, L., Koppel, J. v.d., Ridder, N.d., Andel, J.v. et al. (2003). Effects of fire and herbivory on the stability of savanna ecosystems. Ecology, 84, 337-350.
47. 4 grasses and global change in the late Miocene: stable isotope evidence from the Americas. Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 146, 83-96.
48. Moreira, A.G. (2000). Effects of fire protection on savanna structure in Central Brazil. J. Biogeogr., 27, 1021-1029.
49. Morgan, M.E., Kingston, J.D. & Marino, B.D. (1994). Carbon isotopic evidence for the emergence of C4 plants in the Neogene from Pakistan and Kenya. Nature, 367, 162-165.
50. Osmond, C.B. (1987). Photosynthesis and carbon economy of plants. New Phytol., 106, 161-175.
51. Pagani, M., Freeman, K.H. & Arthur, M.A. (1999a). Miocene evolution: of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Paleoceanography, 14, 273-292.
52. 2 Concentrations and the expansion of C4 grasses. Science, 285, 876-879.
53. Pearson, P.N. & Palmer, M.R. (2000). Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the past 60 million years. Nature, 406, 695-699.
54. Pole, M. (2003). New Zealand climate in the Neogene and implications for global atmospheric circulation. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol., 193, 269-284.
55. Quade, J., Cerling, T.E. & Bowman, J.R. (1989). Development of Asian monsoon revealed by marked ecological shift during the latest Miocene in northern Pakistan. Nature, 342, 163-166.
56. Quade, J., Cater, J.M.L., Ojha, T.P., Adam, J. & Harrison, T.M. (1995). Late Miocene environmental change in Nepal and the northern Indian subcontinent: stable isotopic evidence from paleosols. GSA Bull., 107, 1381-1397.
57. Retallack, G.J. (1991). Miocene Paleosols and Ape Habitats of Pakistan and Kenya. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
58. Retallack, G.J. (2001). Cenozoic expansion of grasslands and climatic cooling. J. Geol., 109, 407-426.
59. Ripley, E.A. (1988). Weather and fire in the savanna biome. Biol. Soc. Venezuela Ciene. Natur., 42, 33-60.
60. Rossiter, N.A., Setterfield, S.A., Douglas, M.M., & Hutley, L.B. (2003). Testing the grass-fire cycle: alien grass invasion in the tropical savannas of northern Australia. Div. Distr., 9, 169-176.
61. 2 during part of the Tertiary. Science, 292, 2310-2313.
62. 3 grasses in the Hawaiian Islands. Oecologia, 45, 354-359.
63. 4 Plant Biology (eds. Sage, R.F. & Monson, R.K.). Academic Press, San Diego, CA. pp. 3-16.
64. 4 photosynthetic syndrome. Plant Biol. 3, 202-213.
65. 4 photosynthesis. New Phytol., 161, 341-370.
66. San José, J.J. & Fariñas, M.R. (1991). Changes in tree density and species composition in a protected Trachypogon savanna protected for 25 years. Acta Oecol., 12, 237-247.
67. Sankaran, M., Ratnam, J., & Hanan, N.P. (2004). Tree-grass coexistence in savannas revisited - insights from an examination of assumptions and mechanisms invoked in existing modesl. Ecol. Lett., 7, 480-490.
68. Sarmiento, G. (1984). The Ecology of Neotropical Savannas. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
69. Soares, R.V. (1990). Fire in some tropical and subtropical South American vegetation types: an overview. In: Fire in the Tropical Biota (ed. Goldammer, J.G.). Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 63-81.
70. Stern, L.A., Johnson, G.D. & Chamberlain, C.P. (1994). Carbon isotope signature of environmental change found in fossil ratite eggshells from a South Asian Neogene sequence. Geology, 22, 419-422.
71. 4 grasses and carbon isotope discrimination along an altitudinal and moisture gradient in Kenya. Oecologia, 37, 337-350.
72. Utescher, T., Mosbrugger, V. & Ashraf, A.R. (2000). Terrestrial climate evolution in northwest Germany over the last 25 million years. Palaios, 15, 430-449.
73. Zachos, J., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E. & Billups, K. (2001). Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. Science, 292, 686-693.