Empire by denial: The strange case of the United States

International Affairs

Volumn 81, Issue 1, 2005, Pages

  Cox, Michael ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 20844455913     PISSN: 00205850     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2005.00436.x     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Quoted in Christopher Hitchens, 'Imperialism, superpower dominance, malignant and benign', 10 Dec. 20 02, http://slate.msn.com/id=2075261.
2. I discuss this in more detail in my 'Whatever happened to American decline? International relations and the new United States hegemony', New Political Economy 6: 3, 2002, pp. 311-40.
3. See Ronald Steel, Pax americana (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1967).
4. For a good discussion of hegemonic stability theory and the challenges it faced, see Stefano Guzzini, Realism in international relations and international political economy: the continuing story of a death foretold (London: Routledge, 1998).
5. Paul Kennedy, The rise and fall of the great powers: economic change and military conflict from 1500 to 2000 (London: HarpeCollins, 1988).
6. See Susan Strange, 'The future of the American empire', Journal of International Affairs 42: 1, 1988, pp. 1-18.
7. See e.g. G. J. Ikenberry, ed., America unrivaled: the future of the balance of power (Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell University Press, 2002).
8. Bruce Cumings, 'Still the American century', in Michael Cox, Ken Booth and Tim Dunne, eds, The interregnum: controversies in world politics, 1989-1999 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 271-99.
9. For an example of 1990s triumphalism see Alfredo Valladao, The twenty-first century will be American (London: Verso, 1996).
10. John M. Owen, 'Why American hegemony is here to stay', paper presented to symposium on 'Pax americana or international rule of law?', 16 Jan. 2003, unpublished manuscript.
11. For a critique see Chalmers Johnson, Blowback: the costs and consequences of American empire (London: Little, Brown. 2000).
12. See Martin Walker, 'America's virtual empire', World Policy Journal, Summer 2002, pp. 13-20; Robert Dujarric, America's inadvertent empire (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004).
13. See Martin Walker, 'America's virtual empire', World Policy Journal, Summer 2002, pp. 13-20; Robert Dujarric, America's inadvertent empire (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004).
14. Clyde Prestowitz, Rogue nation: American unilateralism and the failure of good intentions (New York: Basic-Books, 2003), pp. 19-50.
15. Michael Ignatieff, 'Empire lite', Prospect, no. 83, Feb. 2003, pp. 36-43.
16. William Appleman Williams, 'The frontier thesis and American foreign policy', Pacific Historical Review 24, 1955, p. 379.
17. Charles S. Maier, 'An American empire', Harvard Magazine 105: 2, Nov.-Dec. 2002, pp. 28-31.
18. Ronald Wright, 'For a wild surmise', Times Literary Supplement, 20 Dec. 2002, p. 3.
19. See Alex Callinicos, 'The grand strategy of the American empire', International Socialism 97, Winter 2002, pp. 3-38.
20. Niall Ferguson, Colossus: the rise and fall of the American empire (London: Allen Lane, 2004).
21. Robert Kaplan, Warrior politics: why leadership demands a pagan ethos (New York: Random House, 2002), pp. 152, 153.
22. George Bush, speeches to cadets at West Point (June 2002) and to veterans at the White House (Nov. 2002).
23. Max Boot, The savage wars of peace: small wars and the rise of American power (New York: Basic Books, 2002).
24. G. John Ikenberry, 'America's imperial ambition', Foreign Affairs 81: 5, Sept.-Oct. 2002, p. 44.
25. See Niall Ferguson, 'The empire that dare not speak its name', The Sunday Times, 13 April 2003.
26. As I was accused of being in the nicest possible way by Benjamin R. Barber in the debate 'The new American empire', Security Dialogue 35: 2, pp. 228-61.
27. See e.g. Martin Shaw, 'Post-imperial and quasi-imperial: state and empire in the global era', Millennium 31: 2, 2002, pp. 327-36.
28. 'Those who by virtue of age and sobriety can remember the 1960s may recall the term "American empire" as a bit of left-wing cant': Wright, 'For a wild surmise', p. 3.
29. For an earlier plea along similar lines see the useful piece by Tarak Barkawi and Mark Laffey, 'Retrieving the imperial: empire and international relations', Millennium 31: 1, 2002, pp. 109-27.
30. See e.g. Emmanuel Todd, Après l'empire: essai sur la décomposition du système américain (Paris: Gallimard, 2002); Charles A. Kupchan, The end of the American era (New York: Vintage, 2002).
31. See e.g. Emmanuel Todd, Après l'empire: essai sur la décomposition du système américain (Paris: Gallimard, 2002); Charles A. Kupchan, The end of the American era (New York: Vintage, 2002).
32. Michael Mann, The incoherent empire (London: Verso, 2004).
33. See Jack Snyder, Myths of empire: domestic politics and international relations (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991); David C. Hendrickson, 'Toward universal empire: the dangerous quest for absolute security', World Policy Journal 19: 3, Fall 2002, pp. 1-10.
34. See Jack Snyder, Myths of empire: domestic politics and international relations (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991); David C. Hendrickson, 'Toward universal empire: the dangerous quest for absolute security', World Policy Journal 19: 3, Fall 2002, pp. 1-10.
35. Andrew J. Bacevich, American empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
36. Ignatieff, 'Empire lite', pp. 36-43.
37. See Thanh Duong, Hegemonic globalisation: US centrality and global strategy in the emerging world order (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003).
38. For a balanced critique of the Bush foreign policy see Chris Reus Smit, America and world order (Cambridge: Polity, 2003); Barry Buzan, The United States and the great powers (Cambridge: Polity, 2004).
39. For a balanced critique of the Bush foreign policy see Chris Reus Smit, America and world order (Cambridge: Polity, 2003); Barry Buzan, The United States and the great powers (Cambridge: Polity, 2004).
40. This section is a shortened version of my 'The empire's back in town: or America's imperial temptation - again', Millennium 32: 1, 2003, pp. 1-28.
41. 'The US does not and indeed no nation-state can today form the center of an imperialist project': cited in John Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), pp. xiii-xiv.
42. I discuss this in my 'America and the world' in Robert Singh, ed., Governing America: the polities of a divided democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 13-31.
43. The presidential champion of self-determination, Woodrow Wilson, sanctioned the use of military force to the 'south' on nearly ten occasions during his period in the White House.
44. Dominic Lieven, 'The concept of empire', Fathom: the source for online learning. See http://www.fathom.com/feauture/122086.
45. See John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson, The imperialism of free trade', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 6: 1, 1953, pp. 1-25.
46. This point is outlined in terms of IR theory by Robert Gilpin, Global political economy: understanding the international economic order (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), pp. 07-102.
47. On the uses of self-determination as a means of advancing US influence, see Michael Cox, G. John Ikenberry and Takashi Inoguchi, eds, American democracy promotion: impulses, strategies, impacts (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
48. On British suspicion of Wilson and Roosevelt, see Niall Ferguson, Empire: how Britain made the world (London: Allen Lane, 2003).
49. See John Wacher, ed., The Roman world, 2 vols (London: Routledge, 1990), p. 139.
50. A term coined by Chalmers Johnson in Blowback: the costs and consequences of American empire.
51. 'Empire is the rule exercised by one nation over others both to regulate their external behavior and to ensure minimally acceptable forms of internal behavior within the subordinate states': quoted in Stephen Peter Rosen, 'An empire, if you can keep it', National Interest, no. 71, Spring 2003, p. 51.
52. Hardt and Negri, Empire.
53. Joseph Nye, Jr, The paradox of American power: why the world's only superpower can't go it alone (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).
54. Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and its discontents (London: Penguin, 2002), p. 24.
55. Robert Wade, The invisible hand of the American empire', unpublished MS, 15 Feb. 2003.
56. See Philip Zelikow, The transformation of national security: five redefinitions', National Interest, no. 71, Spring 2003, p. 18.
57. I discuss this at greater length in 'Empire, imperialism and the Bush doctrine', Review of International Studies 30: 4, 2004, pp. 585-608.
58. 'America's world', The Economist, 23 Oct. 1999, p. 15.
59. Charles A. Kupchan, 'The end of the West', The Atlantic Online, 18 April 2003, http://www..the atlantic.com.
60. Fareed Zakaria, 'Arrogant empire', Newsweek, March 2003.
61. On forms of anti-Americanism, see Richard Crockatt, America embattled: 9/11, anti-Americanism and the global order (London: Routledge, 2002), esp. pp. 39-71.
62. Charles Grant, comment at the Centre for European Economic Reform, May 2003.
63. See my 'Europe and the new Atlantic challenge after September 11: crisis-what crisis?', Journal of Transatlantic Studies 1: 1, 2003, pp. 37-55, and 'After the transatlantic security community? US-European relations in an age of terror', European Journal of International Relations, forthcoming 2005.
64. See my 'Europe and the new Atlantic challenge after September 11: crisis-what crisis?', Journal of Transatlantic Studies 1: 1, 2003, pp. 37-55, and 'After the transatlantic security community? US-European relations in an age of terror', European Journal of International Relations, forthcoming 2005.
65. On German and French anti-Americanism, assessed even before 9/11, see D. Diner, America in the eyes of Germans: an essay on anti-Americanism (Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener, 1996); Philippe Roger, L'Ennemi américain:généalogie de l'antiaméricanisme français (Paris: Seuil, 2002).
66. On German and French anti-Americanism, assessed even before 9/11, see D. Diner, America in the eyes of Germans: an essay on anti-Americanism (Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener, 1996); Philippe Roger, L'Ennemi américain:généalogie de l'antiaméricanisme français (Paris: Seuil, 2002).
67. See Dimitri K. Simes, 'America's imperial dilemma', Foreign Affairs 82: 6, Nov.-Dec. 2002, pp. 91-102.
68. On this, see Craig Kennedy and Marshall M. Boulton, 'The real transatlantic gap', http://www.cianet.org/olj/fp/fp_novdeco2_keco1.html.
69. As does Robert Brenner, 'The crisis in the US economy', London Review of Books 25: 3, 6 Feb. 2003, pp. 18-23.
70. For the most radical scenario concerning the European challenge - written by an American - see Charles A. Kupchan, The rise of Europe: America's changing internationalism, and the end of US primacy', Political Science Quarterly 118: 2, 2003, pp. 205-25.
71. On some of the economic problems facing the pax americana see John Gray, Al Qaeda and it what it means to be modern (London: Faber, 2004), pp. 85-101.