The Paradox of American Power: Why the World's Only Superpower Can't Go It Alone

The Paradox of American Power: Why the World's Only Superpower Can't Go It Alone

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1-240

  Nye, Joseph S ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Foreign policy; Hard power; Soft power; U.S.A; Unilateralism; War on terror

Indexed keywords

EID: 84922401785     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/0195161106.001.0001     Document Type: Book

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208. "When the Snarling's Over," The Economist, March 13, 1999, 17.
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210. Lester Thurow, The Zero Sum Solution (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985).
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216. A. J. Taylor, The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848-1918 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1954), xxix.
217. Joseph S. Nye Jr., Nuclear Ethics (New York:Free Press, 1986).
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219. John Mueller, Retreat from Doomsday: The Obsolescence of Major War (New York: Basic Books, 1989).
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222. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (London: Penguin, 1972), book I, chapter 1.
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245. Michael Brown et al., The Rise of China (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000).
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247. "American Opinion," Wall Street Journal, September 16, 1999, A9.
248. Arthur Waldron, "How Not to Deal with China," Commentary, March 1997;
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250. "China Lashes Out at U.S. 'Gunboat Diplomacy,' " Financial Times (London), September 4, 1999, 4.
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255. CIA World Fact Book 2000 (http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/)
256. World Bank (http://www.worldbank.org/data/wdi2001/pdfs/ tab1_1.pdf).
257. Dwight Perkins, "Institutional Challenges for the Economic Transition in Asia," paper presented at Australian National University, September 2000, 48.
258. Merle Goldman, Raja Menon, Richard Ellings, "Letters from Readers," Commentary, February 2001, 13, 19.
259. Charles Wolf Jr., Anil Bamezai, K. C. Yeh, and Benjamin Zycher, Asian Economic Trends and Their Security Implications (Santa Monica: RAND, 2000), 19-22.
260. David M. Lampton and Gregory C. May, A Big Power Agenda for East Asia: America, China and Japan (Washington, D.C.: The Nixon Center, 2000), 13.
261. David Shambaugh, "Containment or Engagement in China? Calculating Beijing's Responses," International Security, fall 1996, 21.
262. Paul Dibb, D. D. Hale, and P. Prince, "Asia's Insecurity," Survivor, autumn 1999, 5-20.
263. Robert Kagan, "What China Knows That We Don't," The Weekly Standard, January 20, 1997.
264. Thomas J. Christensen, "Posing Problems Without Catching Up: China's Rise and Challenges for U.S. Security Policy," International Security, spring 2001, 36.
265. "Hour of Power?" Newsweek, February 27, 1989, 15.
266. Jacques Attali, Lignes d'Horizon (Paris: Fayard, 1990);
267. George Friedman and Meredith LeBard, The Coming War with Japan (New York: St. Martin's, 1992).
268. Herman Kahn and B. Bruce-Biggs, Things to Come (New York: Macmillan, 1972), ix.
269. Bill Emmott, The Sun Also Sets (New York:Simon and Schuster, 1989).
270. Paul Bairoch, "International Industrialization Levels from 1750 to 1980," Journal of European Economic History, spring 1982, 14n.
271. Joseph S. Nye Jr., "Asia's First Globalizer," The Washington Quarterly, autumn 2000.
272. Prime Minister's Commission, The Frontier Within (Tokyo: Cabinet Secretariat, 2000).
273. Hisashi Owada, "The Shaping of World Public Order and the Role of Japan," Japan Review of International Affairs, spring 2000, 11.
274. Christopher Layne, "From Preponderance to Offshore Balancing," International Security, summer 1997, 86-124.
275. Lampton and May, A Big Power Agenda for East Asia, 51.
276. Li Jingjie, "Pillars of the Sino-Russian Partnership," Orbis, fall 2000, 530.
277. Mikhail Nosov, Challenges to the Strategic Balance in East Asia on the Eve of the 21st Century: A View from Russia (Alexandria, VA: Center for Naval Analysis, 1997), 32.
278. Gilbert Rozman, "A New Sino-Russian-American Triangle?" Orbis, autumn 2000, 541-55.
279. Mikhail Gorbachev, speech to Soviet writers, quoted in "Gorbachev on the Future: 'We Will Not Give In,' " New York Times, December 22, 1986, A20.
280. Stephen Sestanovich, "Gorbachev's Foreign Policy: A Diplomacy of Decline," Problems of Communism, January-February 1988, 2-3.
281. World Bank data from http://www.worldbank.org/data/databytopic/databytopic.html.
282. Peter Semler, "The Russian Economy: Progress and Challenge," The Atlantic Council Bulletin, January 2001, 3.
283. Michael Wines, "For All of Russia, Biological Clock Is Running Out," New York Times, December 28, 2000, A1.
284. National Intelligence Council, Global Trends 2015: A Dialogue About the Future with Nongovernment Experts (Langley, VA: Central Intelligence Agency, 2000), 17, 69.
285. Neal M. Rosendorf, "Social and Cultural Globalization: Concepts, History, and America's Role," in Joseph S. Nye Jr. and John D. Donahue, eds., Governance in a Globalizing World (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2000), 122.
286. National Intelligence Council, Global Trends 2015, 66.
287. Wolf et al., Asian Economic Trends, 47.
288. Samuel Huntington, "The U.S.-Decline or Renewal?" Foreign Affairs, winter 1988-89, 93.
289. David Pryce-Jones, "Bananas Are the Beginning: The Looming War Between America and Europe," National Review, April 5, 1999.
290. Martin Feldstein, "EMU and International Conflict," Foreign Affairs, November-December 1997.
291. Cherise M. Valles, "Setting the Course on Data Privacy," International Herald Tribune, May 28, 2001, 13.
292. Pippa Norris, "Global Governance and Cosmopolitan Citizens," in Nye and Donahue, eds., Governance in a Globalizing World, 157.
293. John Vinocur, "Jospin Envisions an Alternative EU," International Herald Tribune, May 29, 2001, 1.
294. Andrew Moravscik, "Despotism in Brussels?" Foreign Affairs, May-June 2001, 121.
295. Roger Cohen, "A European Identity: Nation-State Losing Ground," New York Times, January 14, 2000, A3.
296. Roger Cohen, "Tiffs over Bananas and Child Custody," New York Times, May 28, 2000, News of the Week section, 1.
297. Joseph S. Nye Jr., "The US and Europe: Continental Drift?" International Affairs, January 2000.
298. Stephen M. Walt, "The Ties That Fray," The National Interest, winter 1998-99.
299. Gianna Riotta, "The Coming Identity War," Foreign Policy, September-October 2000, 87.
300. John J. Mearsheimer, "Back to the Future: Instability in Europe After the Cold War," International Security, summer 1990.
301. "Weathering the Storm," The Economist, September 9, 2000, 23.
302. National Intelligence Council, Global Trends 2015, 75.
303. Roger Cohen, "Tiffs over Bananas." (110.) Robert D. Blackwill, The Future of Transatlantic Relations (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1999).
304. Pascal Boniface, "The Specter of Unilateralism," The Washington Quarterly, summer 2001,158.
305. Samuel Huntington, "The Lonely Superpower," Foreign Affairs, March-April 1999, 48.
306. International Institute for Strategic Studies (IIIS), Strategic Survey 2000-2001 (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2000), entries on noted states.
307. "The Global Giants," Wall Street Journal, September 25, 2000, R24;
308. Robert Preston, "Rising and Midnight Suns Shine Brightly," "Financial Times Survey,"FT500 Annual Review 2000, May 4, 2000, 3.
309. James Cox, "US Success Draws Envy, Protests," USA Today, August 3, 2000, 1B.
310. Rosendorf, "Social and Cultural Globalization." (117.) "Snapshot of Report on Study-Abroad Programs," Chronicle of Higher Education, November 17, 2000 (http://chronicle.com/weekly/v47/i12/12a07402.htm).
311. Richard Adams, "U.S. the Dominant Economic Model," Financial Times Annual Survey:Markets 2000, January 11, 2000, 24.
312. Figures drawn from CIA World Factbook 2000 (http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/)
313. World Bank (http://www.worldbank.org/data/wdi2001/pdfs/tab1_1.pdf);
314. United Nations Human Development Report 2000 (http://www.undp.org/hdr2000/english/HDR2000.html);
315. IISS Strategic Survey 2000-2001.
316. Herbert Block, The Planetary Product in 1980: A Creative Pause? (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, 1981), 18;
317. Simon Kuznets, Economic Growth and Structure (New York: W. W. Norton, 1965);
318. Council on Competitiveness, Competitiveness Index (Washington, D.C.: Council on Competitiveness, 1988), appendix II.
319. Harry Rowen, "The Prospects Before Us: A World Rich, Democratic, and (Perhaps) Peaceful," unpublished manuscript, June 1993, 29.
320. Kim Nossal, "Lonely Superpower or Unapologetic Hyperpower? Analyzing American Power in the Post-Cold War Era," paper for the South African Political Studies Association, July 1999, 12.
321. Samuel Huntington, "The U.S.-Decline or Renewal?" (127.) Josef Joffe, "America the Inescapable," New York Times [Sunday] Magazine, June 8, 1997, 38.
322. R. W. Apple Jr., "As the American Century Extends Its Run," New York Times, January 1, 2000, 3.
323. Sebastian Mallaby, "A Mockery in the Eyes of the World," Washington Post, January 31, 1999, B5.
324. Ramsay MacMullen, Corruption and the Decline of Rome (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988).
325. Cecil V. Crabb Jr. and Pat M. Holt, Invitation to Struggle: Congress, the President and Foreign Policy (Washington, D.C.:Congressional Quarterly Press, 1980).
326. Dexter Perkins, "What Is Distinctly American About the Foreign Policy of the United States?" in Glyndon Van Dusen and Richard Wade, eds., Foreign Policy and the American Spirit (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1957), 3-15.
327. James Schlesinger, America at Century's End (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989), 87.
328. "One Nation, Fairly Divisible, Under God," The Economist, January 20, 2001, 21-24.
329. Gertrude Himmelfarb, One Nation, Two Cultures (New York, Knopf, 1999), 20.
330. Robert H. Bork, Slouching Toward Gomorrah: Modern Liberalism and American Decline (New York: Reagan Books, 1996);
331. Richard Neuhaus, "The End of Democracy? The Judicial Usurpation of Politics," First Things, November 1996, 18.
332. Alan Wolfe, One Nation, After All: What Americans Really Think About God, Country, Family, Racism, Welfare, Immigration, Homosexuality, Work, the Right, the Left and Each Other (New York: Viking, 1998), 15, 176, 165.
333. Derek Bok, The State of the Nation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), 359.
334. Gregg Easterbrook, "America the O.K.," The New Republic, January 4, 1999, 19-25.
335. Theodore Caplow, Louis Hicks, and Ben Wattenberg, The First Measured Century:An Illustrated Guide to Trends in America, 1900-2000 (Washington, D.C.: AEI Press, 2001), 106.
336. David Whitman, The Optimism Gap: The I'm OK-They're Not Syndrome and the Myth of American Decline (New York: Walker, 1998).
337. Charles Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1844), quoted in Whitman, The Optimism Gap, 85.
338. Robert Samuelson, The Good Life and Its Discontents (New York: Times Books, 1995).
339. Himmelfarb, One Nation, Two Cultures, 141.
340. Bok, The State of the Nation, 7, 388, 395.
341. Tamar Lewin, "Family Decay Global, Study Says," New York Times, May 30, 1995, 5.
342. Bok, The State of the Nation, 376.
343. Himmelfarb, One Nation, Two Cultures, 139.
344. George Borjas, Heaven's Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), 3.
345. Peter Brimelow, Alien Nation: Common Sense About America's Immigration Disaster (New York: Random House, 1995)
346. Chilton Williamson Jr., The Immigration Mystique: America's False Conscience (New York: Basic Books, 1996).
347. Wolfe, One Nation, After All, 138;
348. Kenneth Scheve and Matthew Slaughter, Globalization and the Perceptions of American Workers (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 2001), 35.
349. Arthur Schlesinger, The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multi-cultural Society, rev. ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1998).
350. Caplow, Hicks, and Wattenberg, The First Measured Century, 14-19.
351. Eric Schmitt, "New Census Shows Hispanics Are Even with Blacks in US," New York Times, March 8, 2001, 1.
352. Steven Holmes, "Census Sees a Profound Ethnic Shift in U.S.," New York Times, March 14, 1996, 16.
353. James Smith and Barry Edmonston, eds., The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1997), 13.
354. "The New Americans," The Economist, March 11, 2000, survey 13-14.
355. Wolfe, One Nation, After All, 163.
356. Nicholas Eberstadt, "The Population Implosion," Foreign Policy, March-April 2001, 43, 49.
357. Barbara Crossette, "Against a Trend, U.S. Population Will Bloom, UN Says," New York Times, February 28, 2001, A6.
358. Nicholas Eberstadt, "World Population Prospects: The Shape of Things to Come," American Enterprise Institute, On the Issue, April 2001, 2.
359. "Silicon Valley's Skilled Immigrants: Generating Jobs and Wealth for California," Research Brief Issue 21, Public Policy Institute of California, June 1999, 2.
360. Daniel Katz et al., Bureaucratic Encounters: A Pilot Study in the Evaluation of Government Services (Ann Arbor: Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, 1975) 178.
361. Thomas E. Patterson, Out of Order (New York: Vintage, 1994).
362. Gary Orren, "Fall from Grace: The Public's Loss of Faith in Government," in Joseph S. Nye Jr., Philip D. Zelikow, and David C. King, eds., Why People Don't Trust Government (Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 1997).
363. S. Robert Lichter, Linda S. Lichter, and Daniel Amundson, Images of Government in TV Entertainment (Washington, D.C.: Council for Excellence in Government, 2001), 7, 17, 62 and passim.
364. Whitman, The Optimism Gap, 92.
365. Suzanne Garment, Scandal: The Culture of Mistrust in American Politics (New York: Doubleday, 1991).
366. Steven Holmes, "Defying Forecasts, Census Response Ends Declining Trend," New York Times, September 20, 2000, 23.
367. Richard Berke, "Nonvoters Are No More Alienated than Voters, a Survey Shows," New York Times, May 30, 1996, A21.
368. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed. J. Mayer, trans. George Lawrence (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1969), 513.
369. Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000), section 4.
370. Alan Wolfe, "American Society Unglued?" Harvard Magazine, July-August 2000, 28-29.
371. Putnam, Bowling Alone, 48.
372. T.R. Reid, "Empty Naves Echo an Age's Loss of Faith," International Herald Tribune, May 7, 2001, 1.
373. Robert W. Fogel, The Fourth Great Awakening and the Future of Egalitarianism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 7.
374. "Can America Compete?" Business Week, April 20, 1987, 45.
375. Michael Porter and Jeffrey Sachs, The Global Competitiveness Report 2000 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 11.
376. International Monetary Fund, "United States of America: Selected Issues," IMF Staff Country Report no. 00/112, August 2000, 4.
377. IMF Economic Forum, "The Information Economy: New Paradigm or Old Fashion," December 12, 2000 (http://www.imf.org/external/np/tr/2000).
378. Economic Report of the President (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2001), 25.
379. "A Spanner in the Productivity Miracle," The Economist, August 11, 2001, 55.
380. Richard Stevenson, "Fed Chief Calls Recent Rate of Growth Unsustainable," New York Times, October 29, 1999, C6.
381. Dale Jorgenson and Kevin Stiroh, "Raising the Speed Limit: US Economic Growth in the Information Age," manuscript, May 2000.
382. Sylvia Nasar, "Economists Simply Shrug as Savings Rate Declines," New York Times, December 21, 1998, A14.
383. Franco Modigliani and Robert Solow, "America Is Borrowing Trouble," New York Times, April 9, 2001, A17.
384. Ethan Bronner, "Long a Leader, US Now Lags in High School Graduation Rates," New York Times, November 24, 1998, A1.
385. Martin Wolf, "Mediocrity Flourishes When an Inspector Calls," Financial Times (London), April 16, 2001, 17.
386. Caplow, Hicks, and Wattenberg, The First Measured Century, 53, 65;
387. Peter Applebome, "Student Test Scores Show Slow but Steady Gains at Nation's Schools," New York Times, September 3, 1997, B8;
388. Richard Rothstein, "Goals 2000 Scoreboard: Failure Pitches a Shutout," New York Times, December 22, 1999, B15.
389. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Educational Statistics, The Condition of Education 2000 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000).
390. Diane Ravitch, "Student Performance Today," Brookings Policy Brief no. 23, September 1997, 2.
391. Bok, The State of the Nation, 63.
392. National Center for Education Statistics, The Condition of Education 2000, 103.
393. Bronner, "Long a Leader, US Now Lags," 18.
394. Bok, The State of the Nation, 65.
395. Diana Schemo, "Students in U.S. Do Not Keep Up in Global Tests," New York Times, December 6, 2000, A1.
396. Economic Report of the President, 20-22.
397. United States Census Bureau, "The Changing Shape of the Nation's Income Distribution," Current Population Reports, June 2000, 1, 10.
398. Henry Kissinger, Does America Need a Foreign Policy? Toward a Diplomacy for the 21st Century (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001), 18.
399. Steven Kull, "What the Public Knows That Washington Doesn't," Foreign Policy, winter 1995-96, 114.
400. John E. Reilly, ed., American Public Opinion and U.S. Foreign Policy 1999, Chicago Council on Foreign Relations (http://www.ccfr.org/publications/opinion/AmPuOp99.pdf), 4-8.
401. James M. Lindsay, "The New Apathy," Foreign Affairs, September-October 2000.
402. Wolfe, One Nation, After All, 170.
403. Charles A. Beard, The Idea of the National Interest (New York: Macmillan, 1934).
404. Peter Trubowitz, Defining the National Interest: Conflict and Change in American Foreign Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 12.
405. Henry Kissinger, "America at the Apex," The National Interest, summer 2001, 15.
406. Josef Joffe, "Who's Afraid of Mr. Big?" The National Interest, summer 2001, 52.
407. Fred Bergsten, "Preface," in Scheve and Slaughter, Globalization and the Perceptions of American Workers, x.
408. Franz Nuscheler, "Multilateralism vs. Unilateralism," Development and Peace Foundation, Policy Paper 16, Bonn, 2001, 8.
409. Richard Sobel, The Impact of Public Opinion on U.S. Foreign Policy Since Vietnam (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 10.
410. Robert Darnton, "An Early Information Society" (presidential address), American Historical Review, February 2000, 1.
411. Douglas McGray, "The Silicon Archipelago," Daedalus, spring 1999, 147-76.
412. Jeremy Greenwood, The Third Industrial Revolution: Technology, Productivity, and Income Inequality (Washington, D.C.: AEI Press, 1997), 20-23;
413. "Electronic Commerce Helps to Fuel US Growth," Financial Times (London), April 16, 1998, 5;
414. Richard Adams, "U.S. the Dominant Economic Model," Financial Times Annual Survey: Markets 2000, January 11, 2000, 26.
415. Pippa Norris, The Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 8.
416. Hal Varian, "How Much Information Is There?" (http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/howmuch- info/summary.html).
417. Peter Drucker, "The Next Information Revolution," Forbes, August 24, 1998, 46-58;
418. Alvin Toffler and Heidi Toffler, The Politics of the Third Wave (Kansas City, MO: Andrews and McMeel, 1995);
419. Don Tapscott, The Digital Economy: Promise and Peril in the Age of Networked Intelligence (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996);
420. Richard Rosecrance, The Rise of the Virtual State (New York: Basic Books, 1999).
421. David S. Landes, The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969), chapters 2-3;
422. David Thomson, England in the Nineteenth Century, 1815-1914 (New York: Viking Penguin, 1978 [1950]), 63-68;
423. Alfred Chandler Jr., The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, MA:Belknap, 1977), 90-91.
424. Zane L. Miller, The Urbanization of Modern America: A Brief History, 2nd ed. (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch, 1987), passim.
425. Stuart W. Bruchey, Growth of the Modern American Economy (New York: Dodd Mead, 1975);
426. Thomas McCraw, Prophets of Regulation: Charles Francis Adams, Louis D. Brandeis, James M. Landis, Alfred E. Kahn (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 1984), chapters 1-5.
427. Daniel Bell, The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting (New York: Basic Books, 1999 [1973]), 5.
428. Nathan Rosenberg, Exploring the Black Box: Technology, Economics, and History (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), chapter 4.
429. Bell, The Coming of Post-Industrial Society, 94, 97.
430. William Fielding Ogburn, "The Influence of Inventions on American Social Institutions in the Future," The American Journal of Sociology, November 1937, 370.
431. Charles Kindleberger, Centralization Versus Pluralism (Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School Press, 1996), 13.
432. Gary Marks and Liesbet Hooghe, "Optimality and Authority: A Critique of Neo-Classical Theory," Journal of Common Market Studies, December 2000, 795-816.
433. Bell, The Coming of Post-Industrial Society, 94.
434. Lester Salamon, "The Rise of the Nonprofit Sector: A Global Associational Revolution," Foreign Affairs, July 1994, 109-22;
435. Jessica T. Matthews, "Power Shift," Foreign Affairs, January 1997, 50-66;
436. Ann Florini, ed., The Third Force (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment, 2000);
437. Nonprofit Almanac, 1996-97 (San Francisco: Jossey- Bass, 1996), 29.
438. Carl F. Friedrich and Zbigniew Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965).
439. Marshall I. Goldman, Gorbachev's Challenge: Economic Reform in the Age of High Technology (New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), chapter 2.
440. Abel Aganbegyan, "Economic Performance," in Abel Aganbegyan, ed., Perestroika 1989 (New York: Scribner's, 1988), 101.
441. "Life Beyond the Kremlin," New York Times, May 30, 1988, 7-8.
442. "Soviets Launch Computer Literacy Drive," Science, January 10, 1986, 109-10;
443. Sheila McNulty, "Equipping a Nation for the New Economy," Financial Times (London), September 15, 2000, 12.
444. Tony Saich, "Globalization, Governance, and the Authoritarian State: China," in Joseph S. Nye Jr. and John Donahue, eds., Governance in a Globalizing World (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press), 222.
445. Wang Jisi, "The Internet in China: A New Fantasy?" New Perspectives Quarterly, winter 2001, 22;
446. Richard McGregor, "Internet Chatrooms," Financial Times (London), November 13, 2000, viii.
447. Elizabeth Rosenthal, "China Struggles to Ride Herd on Ever More Errant Media," New York Times, March 17, 2001.
448. Susan Lawrence and David Murphy, "How to Start a Cold War," Far Eastern Economic Review, April 12, 2001, 15.
449. Saich, "Globalization, Governance, and the Authoritarian State," 223.
450. John Thornhill, "Asia's Old Order Falls into the Net," Financial Times (London), March 17, 2001, 7.
451. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, "The Presence of Government in National Economies," table 1, "General Government Total Outlays" (www.oecd.org/puma/stats/window/index.htm#).
452. Susan Strange, The Retreat of the State (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 14.
453. Douglass North, Structure and Change in Economic History (New York: W. W. Norton), 163-64.
454. Paul A. David, "Understanding Digital Technology's Evolution and the Path of Measured Productivity Growth: Present and Future in the Mirror of the Past," in Erik Brynjolfsson and Brian Kahin, eds., Understanding the Digital Economy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000), 50-92.
455. "Productivity: Lost in Cyberspace," The Economist, September 13, 1997, 72.
456. U.S. Department of Commerce, "Digital Economy 2000" (http://www.esa.doc.gov/de2000.pdf).
457. Lawrence Lessig, Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace (New York: Basic Books, 2000).
458. Ithiel de Sola Pool, Technologies of Freedom (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 1983).
459. Norris, The Digital Divide, 232.
460. Elaine Kamarck and Joseph S. Nye Jr., eds., Democracy.com? (Hollis, NH: Hollis Publishing, 1999), chapter 1.
461. Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye Jr., Transnational Relations and World Politics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997).
462. Peter Spiro, "The New Sovereigntists," Foreign Affairs, November-December 2000.
463. John G. Ruggie, "Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations," International Organization, winter 1993, 143, 155.
464. Henry H. Perrritt Jr., "The Internet as a Threat to Sovereignty?" Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, spring 1998, 426.
465. Saskia Sassen, "On the Internet and Sovereignty," Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, spring 1998, 551.
466. Joseph Quinlan and Marc Chandler, "The U.S. Trade Deficit: A Dangerous Illusion," Foreign Affairs, May-June 2001, 92, 95.
467. Ruggie, "Territoriality and Beyond," 172.
468. Hendryk Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994).
469. Stephen Krasner, "Sovereignty," Foreign Policy, January-February 2001, 24;
470. Linda Weiss, The Myth of the Powerless State (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998).
471. "Geography and the Net," The Economist, August 11, 2001, 18-20.
472. Stephen E. Flynn, "Beyond Border Control," Foreign Affairs, November-December 2000, 57-68.
473. U.S. Commission on National Security in the Twenty-first Century, Road Map for National Security: Imperative f or Change (http://www.nssg.gov/PhaseIIIFR.pdf), chapter 1.
474. James Adams, "Virtual Defense," Foreign Affairs, May-June 2001, 98-112.
475. Adam Roberts, "The So-called 'Right' of Humanitarian Intervention," Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, summer 2001.
476. Harold Guetzkow, Multiple Loyalties: Theoretical Approach to a Problem in International Organization (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1955).
477. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (New York: Verso, 1991).
478. Norris, The Digital Divide, 191.
479. Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), chapter 2;
480. James N. Rosenau, Turbulence in World Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), 409;
481. "The Non-Governmental Order," The Economist, December 11, 1999.
482. Michael Edwards, NGO Rights and Responsibilities (London: The Foreign Policy Centre, 2000);
483. Jessica T. Matthews, "Power Shift," Foreign Affairs, January 1997.
484. Peter M. Haas, "Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination," International Organization, winter 1992.
485. Robert Litan, "The Internet Economy," Foreign Policy, March-April 2001, 16.
486. Suzanne Daly, "French Prosecutor Investigates US Global Listening System," New York Times, July 5, 2000, A7.
487. Douglas McGray, "The Silicon Archipelago," 167.
488. Clayton Christensen, "The Great Disruption," Foreign Affairs, March-April 2001.
489. "Top-Secret Kodak Moment in Space Shakes Global Security," Christian Science Monitor, March 21, 2000, 2.
490. Newt Gingrich, "Threats of Mass Destruction," Information Security, April 2001 (http://www.infosecuritymag.com/articles/april01/columns_security_persp.shtml).
491. Joseph S. Nye Jr. and William A. Owens, "America's Information Edge," Foreign Affairs, March-April 1996.
492. Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye Jr., "Power and Interdependence in the Information Age," Foreign Affairs, fall 1998.
493. Herbert A. Simon, "Information 101:It's Not What You Know, It's How You Know It," The Journal for Quality and Participation, July-August 1998, 30-33.
494. Richard Pells, Not Like Us (New York: Basic Books, 1997), 31-32.
495. Jerome C. Glenn, "Japan: Cultural Power of the Future," Nikkei Weekly, December 7, 1992, 7.
496. "Multinational Movies: Questions on Politics," New York Times, November 27, 1990, D7.
497. "Japanese News Media Join Export Drive," International Herald Tribune, May 10, 1991;
498. David Sanger, "NHK of Japan Ends Plan for Global News Service," New York Times, December 9, 1991.
499. Calvin Sims, "Japan Beckons and East Asia's Youth Fall in Love," New York Times, December 5, 1999, A3;
500. "Advance of the Amazonesu," The Economist, July 22, 2000, 61.
501. Mark Huband, "Egypt Tries to Tempt Back Broadcasters," Financial Times (London), March 7, 2000, 14.
502. John Kifner, "Tale of Two Uprisings," New York Times, November 18, 2000, A6.
503. Chris Hedges, "Iran Is Unable to Stem the West's Cultural Invasion," New York Times, March 28, 1992, A11.
504. United States Information Agency Office of Research, "European Opinion Alert," March 16, 1994, and May 27, 1994.
505. Josef Joffe, "America the Inescapable," New York Times [Sunday] Magazine, June 8, 1997, 38.
506. Dominique Moisi, "America the Triumphant," Financial Times (London), February 9, 1998, 12;
507. Moisi, "The Right Argument at the Wrong Time," Financial Times (London), November 22, 1999, 13.
508. Neal M. Rosendorf, "Social and Cultural Globalization: Concepts, History, and America's Role," in Nye and Donahue, eds., Governance in a Globalizing World.
509. Todd Gitlin, "Taking the World by (Cultural) Force," The Straits Times (Singapore), January 11, 1999, 2.
510. Elisabeth Rosenthal, "Chinese Test New Weapon From West: Lawsuits," New York Times, June 16, 2001.
511. Walter LaFeber, Michael Jordan and the New Global Capitalism (New York:Norton, 1999), 157.
512. Data drawn from CIA World Factbook 2000(http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/)
513. Hoover's Handbook of World Business 2001 (Austin: Reference Press, 2001).
514. Gordon Smith and Moises Naim, Altered States: Globalization, Sovereignty and Governance (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2000), 10.