Addressing the global cardiovascular risk of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance in the Southeastern United States

American Journal of the Medical Sciences

Volumn 329, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 276-291

  Houston, Mark C ^a   Basile, Jan ^b   Bestermann, William H ^c   Egan, Brent ^d   Lackland, Daniel ^d   Hawkins, Ralph G ^a   Moore, Michael A ^e   Reed, James ^f   Rogers, Philip ^g   Wise, Daniel ^h   Ferrario, Carlos M ^e,i  

^a VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b RALPH H JOHNSON VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c Low Country Medical Group   (United States)

^d MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^e WAKE FOREST BAPTIST HEALTH   (United States)

^f MOREHOUSE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^g Hattiesburg Clinic   (United States)

^h Presbyterian Center for Preventive Cardiology   (United States)

ⁱ WAKE FOREST SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Health; Heart disease; Hypertension; Metabolic syndrome; Stroke; Vascular inflammation

Indexed keywords

INSULIN;

AGE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CONFERENCE PAPER; DYSLIPIDEMIA; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; MEDICAL SOCIETY; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; OBESITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; SEX DIFFERENCE; UNITED STATES;

EID: 20544463700     PISSN: 00029629     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00000441-200506000-00008     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (92)

1. Grundy SM, Brewer HB Jr, Cleeman JI, et al. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004;24:e13-8.
2. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2002;287: 356-9.
3. Gotto AM. NCEP ATP III guidelines incorporate global risk assessment. Am J Manag Care 2003;Suppl 1:3.
4. McKenney JM. New guidelines for managing hypercholesterolemia. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash) 2001;41:596-607.
5. Meigs JB, Wilson PW, Nathan DM, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in the San Antonio Heart and Framingham Offspring Studies. Diabetes 2003;52: 2160-7.
6. Pasternak RC. Report of the Adult Treatment Panel III: the 2001 National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines on the detection, evaluation and treatment of elevated cholesterol in adults. Cardiol Clin 2003;21:393-8.
7. Cifkova R, Erdine S, Fagard R, et al. Practice guidelines for primary care physicians: 2003 ESH/ESC hypertension guidelines. J Hypertens 2003;21:1779-86.
8. Whitworth JA, 2003 World Health Organization (WHO)/ International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hypertension. J Hypertens 2003;21:1983-92.
9. Hall WD, Ferrario CM, Moore MA, et al. Hypertension-related morbidity and mortality in the southeastern United States. Am J Med Sci 1997;313:195-209.
10. Jones D, Basile J, Cushman W, et al. Managing hypertension in the southeastern United States: applying the guidelines from the Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI). Am J Med Sci 1999;318:357-64.
11. Lenfant C, Roccella EJ. Trends in hypertension control in the United States. Chest 1984;86:459-62.
12. Lenfant C, Roccella EJ. Preventing strokes: considerations for developing health policy. Health Rep 1994;6:216-23.
13. Ferrario CM, Yunis C, Mendys P, et al. Control of hypertension and blood pressure in the southeast region of the United States: a call for action. Cardiovasc Rev Rep 1999;20: 379-86.
14. Lackland DT, Keil JE. Epidemiology of hypertension in African Americans. Semin Nephrol 1996;16:63-70.
15. Lackland DT, Lin Y, Tilley BC, et al. An assessment of racial differences in clinical practices for hypertension at primary care sites for medically underserved patients. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2004;6:26-31.
16. Lackland DT. Hypertension control among African Americans: an urgent call for action. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2004;6:333-4.
17. Bakris GL. Hypertension and nephropathy. Am J Med 2003; 115:498-548.
18. Covic A, Gusbeth-Tatomir P, Goldsmith DJ. The challenge of cardiovascular risk factors in end-stage renal disease. J Nephrol 2003;16:476-86.
19. Foley RN, Herzog CA, Collins AJ. Blood pressure and long-term mortality in United States hemodialysis patients: USRDS Waves 3 and 4 Study. Kidney Int 2002;62:1784-90.
20. Puttinger H, Soleiman A, Oberbauer R. Regression of hypertensive nephropathy during three years of optimal blood pressure control. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2003;115:429-31.
21. Tozawa M, Iseki K, Iseki C, et al. Blood pressure predicts risk of developing end-stage renal disease in men and women. Hypertension 2003;41:1341-5.
22. Lackland DT, Bendall HE, Osmond C, et al. Low birth weights contribute to high rates of early-onset chronic renal failure in the Southeastern United States. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:1472-6.
23. Lackland DT, Egan BM, Fan ZJ, et al. Low birth weight contributes to the excess prevalence of end-stage renal disease in African Americans. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2001;3:29-31.
24. Lackland DT, Keil JE, Gazes PC, et al. Outcomes of black and white hypertensive individuals after 30 years of follow-up. Clin Exp Hypertens 1995;17:1091-105.
25. Carneiro G, Faria AN, Ribeiro Filho FF, [Influence of body fat distribution on the prevalence of arterial hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors in obese patients]. Rev Assoc Med Bras 2003;49:306-11.
26. Davy KP, Hall JE. Obesity and hypertension: two epidemics or one? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004;286: R803-13.
27. Hall JE, Jones DW, Kuo JJ, et al. Impact of the obesity epidemic on hypertension and renal disease. Curr Hypertens Rep 2003;5:386-92.
28. Najman DM, Kapoor P, Serrano A, et al. Hypertension and obesity. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:1114-5.
29. Sowers JR, Frohlich ED. Insulin and insulin resistance: impact on blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. Med Clin North Am 2004;88:63-82.
30. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, et al. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2000. JAMA 2002; 288:1723-7.
31. Hsueh WA, Quinones MJ. Role of endothelial dysfunction in insulin resistance. Am J Cardiol 2003;92:10J-17J.
32. Xu H, Barnes GT, Yang Q, et al. Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 2003;112:1821-30.
33. Olatunbosun ST, Bella AF. Relationship between height, glucose intolerance, and hypertension in an urban African black adult population: a case for the "thrifty phenotype" hypothesis? J Natl Med Assoc 2000;92:265-8.
34. Szmitko PE, Wang CH, Weisel RD, et al. Biomarkers of vascular disease linking inflammation to endothelial activation: Part II. Circulation 2003;108:2041-8.
35. Szmitko PE, Wang CH, Weisel RD, et al. New markers of inflammation and endothelial cell activation: Part I. Circulation 2003;108:1917-23.
36. Verma S, Kuliszewski MA, Li SH, et al. C-reactive protein attenuates endothelial progenitor cell survival, differentiation, and function: further evidence of a mechanistic link between C-reactive protein and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2004;109:2058-67.
37. Unger RH. Lipotoxic diseases. Annu Rev Med 2002;53:319-36.
38. Unger RH. Lipid overload and overflow: metabolic trauma and the metabolic syndrome. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2003; 14:398-403.
39. Unger RH. Minireview: weapons of lean body mass destruction: the role of ectopic lipids in the metabolic syndrome. Endocrinology 2003;144:5159-65.
40. Unger RH. The physiology of cellular liporegulation. Annu Rev Physiol 2003;65:333-47.
41. Ridker PM. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and cardiovascular risk: rationale for screening and primary prevention. Am J Cardiol 2003;92:17K-22K.
42. Ridker PM. Connecting the role of C-reactive protein and statins in cardiovascular disease. Clin Cardiol 2003;26:III39-III44.
43. Ridker PM, Wilson PW, Grundy SM. Should C-reactive protein be added to metabolic syndrome and to assessment of global cardiovascular risk? Circulation 2004;109:2818-25.
44. Ridker PM. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk: from concept to clinical practice to clinical benefit. Am Heart J 2004;148:S19-26.
45. Ridker PM, Cook N. Clinical usefulness of very high and very low levels of C-reactive protein across the full range of Framingham Risk Scores. Circulation 2004;109:1955-9.
46. Nestel P. Metabolic syndrome: multiple candidate genes, multiple environmental factors-multiple syndromes? Int J Clin Pract Suppl 2003;3-9.
47. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, et al. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002;360:1903-13.
48. Vasan RS, Beiser A, Seshadri S, et al. Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men: the Framingham Heart Study. JAMA 2002;287:1003-10.
49. Hajjar I, Kotchen TA. Trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the United States, 1988-2000. JAMA 2003;290:199-206.
50. Kim C, Beckles GL. Cardiovascular disease risk reduction in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Am J Prev Med 2004;27:1-7.
51. Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, et al. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. JAMA 2003;289:76-9.
52. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003;289:2560-72.
53. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2003;42:1206-52.
54. Himmelmann A, Kjeldsen SE, Hedner T. Recent hypertension guidelines: JNC-7 and 2003 ESH/ESC. Blood Press 2003;12:196-7.
55. Neutel JM, Smith DH, Weber MA. Is high blood pressure a late manifestation of the hypertension syndrome? Am J Hypertens 1999;12:215S-23S.
56. Sorof JM, Lai D, Turner J, et al. Overweight, ethnicity, and the prevalence of hypertension in school-aged children. Pediatrics 2004;113:475-82.
57. Hanevold C, Waller J, Daniels S, et al. The effects of obesity, gender, and ethnic group on left ventricular hypertrophy and geometry in hypertensive children: a collaborative study of the International Pediatric Hypertension Association. Pediatrics 2004;113:328-33.
58. Gibbons RJ, Smith SC Jr., Antman, E. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association clinical practice guidelines: Part II: evolutionary changes in a continuous quality improvement project. Circulation 2003;107:3101-7.
59. Smith SC Jr., Amsterdam, E, Balady GJ, et al. Prevention Conference V: Beyond secondary prevention: identifying the high-risk patient for primary prevetion: tests for silent and inducible ischemia. Writing Group II. Circulation 2000; 101:E12-E16.
60. Smith SC Jr., Greenland, P, Grundy SM. AHA Conference Proceedings. Prevention conference V: Beyond secondary prevention: identifying the high-risk patient for primary prevention: executive summary. Circulation 2000;101:111-6.
61. Pocock SJ, McCormack V, Gueyffier F, et al. A score for predicting risk of death from cardiovascular disease in adults with raised blood pressure, based on individual patient data from randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2001;323:75-81.
62. Gueyffier F, Boutitie F, Boissel JP, et al. INDANA: a meta-analysis on individual patient data in hypertension. Protocol and preliminary results. Therapie 1995;50:353-62.
63. Gueyffier F, Boissel JP, Boutitie F, et al. Effect of anti-hypertensive treatment in patients having already suffered from stroke. Gathering the evidence. The INDANA (INdividual Data ANalysis of Antihypertensive intervention trials) Project Collaborators. Stroke 1997;28:2557-62.
64. Gueyffier F, Boutitie F, Boissel JP, et al. Effect of anti-hypertensive drug treatment on cardiovascular outcomes in women and men. A meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomized, controlled trials. The INDANA Investigators. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:761-7.
65. Assmann G, Cullen P, Schulte H. Simple scoring scheme for calculating the risk of acute coronary events based on the 10-year follow-up of the prospective cardiovascular Munster (PROCAM) study. Circulation 2002;105:310-5.
66. Boushey CJ, Beresford SA, Omenn GS, et al. A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease: probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakes. JAMA 1995;274:1049-57.
67. Coutinho M, Gerstein HC, Wang Y, et al. The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events: a metaregression analysis of published data from 20 studies of 95,783 individuals followed for 12.4 years. Diabetes Care 1999;22: 233-40.
68. Smiley T, Oh P, Shane LG. The relationship of insulin resistance measured by reliable indexes to coronary artery disease risk factors and outcomes-a systematic review. Can J Cardiol 2001;17:797-805.
69. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001;285: 2486-97.
70. Klein BE, Klein R, Lee KE. Components of the metabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in Beaver Dam. Diabetes Care 2002;25:1790-4.
71. Sattar N, Gaw A, Scherbakova O, et al. Metabolic syndrome with and without C-reactive protein as a predictor of coronary heart disease and diabetes in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Circulation 2003;108:414-9.
72. Haffner SM, Mykkanen L, Festa A, et al. Insulin-resistant prediabetic subjects have more atherogenic risk factors than insulin-sensitive prediabetic subjects: implications for preventing coronary heart disease during the prediabetic state. Circulation 2000;101:975-80.
73. McLaughlin T, Abbasi F, Cheal K, et al. Use of metabolic markers to identify overweight individuals who are insulin resistant. Ann Intern Med 2003;139:802-9.
74. Taskinen MR. Diabetic dyslipidaemia: from basic research to clinical practice. Diabetologia 2003;46:733-49.
75. Otvos JD, Jeyarajah EJ, Cromwell WC. Measurement issues related to lipoprotein heterogeneity. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:22i-29i.
76. Otvos JD. Measurement of lipoprotein subclass profiles by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Clin Lab 2002;48: 171-80.
77. Schaefer EJ, McNamara JR, Shah PK, et al. Elevated remnant-like particle cholesterol and triglyceride levels in diabetic men and women in the Framingham Offspring Study. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:989-94.
78. McVeigh GE, Bratteli CW, Morgan DJ, et al. Age-related abnormalities in arterial compliance identified by pressure pulse contour analysis: aging and arterial compliance. Hypertension 1999;33:1392-8.
79. Cohn JN, Finkelstein S, McVeigh G, et al. Noninvasive pulse wave analysis for the early detection of vascular disease. Hypertension 1995;26:503-8.
80. Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, et al. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice. A statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation 2003;107:499-511.
81. Ridker PM, Buring JE, Cook NR, et al. C-reactive protein, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular events: an 8-year follow-up of 14 719 initially healthy American women. Circulation 2003;107:391-7.
82. Kullo IJ, Edwards WD, Schwartz RS. Vulnerable plaque: pathobiology and clinical implications. Ann Intern Med 1998; 129:1050-60.
83. Meade TW, Mellows S, Brozovic M, et al. Haemostatic function and ischaemic heart disease: principal results of the Northwick Park Heart Study. Lancet 1986;2:533-7.
84. Vaughan DE. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1: a common denominator in cardiovascular disease. J Investig Med 1998; 46:370-6.
85. Vaughan DE. Fibrinolytic balance, the renin-angiotensin system and atherosclerotic disease. Eur Heart J 1998;19:G9-12.
86. Hoekstra T, Geleijnse JM, Scheuten EG, et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-type 1: its plasma determinants and relation with cardiovascular risk. Thromb Haemost 2004;91: 861-72.
87. Ferrario CM, Smith R, Levy P, et al. The hypertension-lipid connection: insights into the relation between angiotensin II and cholesterol in atherogenesis. Am J Med Sci 2002; 323:17-24.
88. Ferrario CM, Richmond RS, Smith R, et al. Renin-angiotensin system as a therapeutic target in managing atherosclerosis. Am J Ther 2004;11:44-53.
89. Levy PJ, Yunis C, Owen J, et al. Inhibition of platelet aggregability by losartan in essential hypertension. Am J Cardiol 2000;86:1188-92.
90. Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002;359:995-1003.
91. Falk E. Coronary artery narrowing without irreversible myocardial damage or development of collaterals: assessment of "critical" stenosis in a human model. Br Heart J 1982;48: 265-71.
92. Greenland P, LaBree L, Azen SP, et al. Coronary artery calcium score combined with Framingham score for risk prediction in asymptomatic individuals. JAMA 2004;291: 210-15.