Subclinical hypothyroidism;Hipotiroidismo subclínico

Endocrinologia y Nutricion

Volumn 52, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 251-259

  Diez J J ^a  

^a HOSPITAL RAMÓN Y CAJAL   (Spain)

Author keywords

Levothyroxineaustenite; Subclinical hypothyroidism; Thyroid function

Indexed keywords

HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; THYROID HORMONE; THYROTROPIN; THYROXINE;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BONE MASS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DISEASE COURSE; FETUS DEVELOPMENT; HASHIMOTO DISEASE; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART FUNCTION; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; HYPOTHYROIDISM; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; MENTAL DISEASE; MORTALITY; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; THYROID FUNCTION; THYROTOXICOSIS; THYROTROPIN BLOOD LEVEL;

EID: 20544454111     PISSN: 15750922     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s1575-0922(05)71023-8     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. Bastenie PA, Bonnyns M, Neve P, Vanhaelst L, Chailly M. Clinical and pathological significance of asymptomatic atrophic thyroiditis: a condition of latent hypothyroidism. Lancet. 1967;1:915-8.
2. Evered DC, Ormston BJ, Smith PA, Hall R, Bird T. Grades of hypothyroidism. Br Med J. 1973;1:657-62.
3. Ross DS. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone measurement for assessment of thyroid function and disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2001;30:245-64.
4. Cooper DS. Subclinical hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345:260-5.
5. McDermott MT, Ridgway EC. Subclinical hypothyroidism is mild thyroid failure and should be treated. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:4585-90.
6. Chu JW, Crapo LM. The treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism is seldom necessary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86: 4591-9.
7. Surks MI, Ortiz E, Daniels GH, Sawin CT, Col NF, Cobin RH, et al. Subclinical thyroid disease: scientific review and guidelines for diagnosis and management. JAMA. 2004;291:228-38.
8. Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Flanders WD, Hannon WH, Gunter EW, Spencer CA, et al. Serum TSH, T4, and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:489-99.
9. Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines. Report of the National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry. Thyroid. 2003;13:33-7.
10. Stephens PA. Current issues in thyroid disease management: leading experts discuss new JAMA and JCE&M reports during endocrine society audioconference. Endocrine News. 2004;29:17-20. Disponible en: http://www.endo-society.org /news/endocrine_news/2004/thyroid-april2004.cfm
11. Fatourechi V, Klee GG, Grebe SK, Bahn RS, Brennan MD, Hay ID, et al. Effects of reducing the upper limit to normal TSH value. JAMA. 2003;290:3195-6.
12. Tunbridge WMG, Evered DC, Hall R, Appleton D, Brewis M, Clark F, et al. The spectrum of thyroid disease in the community: The Whickham Survey. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1977;7: 481-93.
13. Canaris GJ, Manowitz NR, Mayor GM, Ridgway EC. The Colorado thyroid disease prevalence study. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:526-34.
14. Rivolta G, Cerutti R, Colombo R, Miano G, Dionisio P, Grossi E. Prevalence of Subclinical hypothyroidism in a population living in the Milan metropolitan area. J Endocrinol Invest. 1999; 22:693-7.
15. Sawin CT, Chopra D, Azizi F, Mannix JE, Bacharach P. The aging thyroid: increased prevalence of elevated serum thyrotropin levels in the elderly. JAMA. 1979;242:247-50.
16. Rosenthal MJ, Hunt WC, Carry PJ, Goodwin JS. Thyroid failure in the elderly. Microsomal antibodies as discriminant for therapy. JAMA. 1987;258:209-13.
17. Bagchi N, Brown TR, Parish RF. Thyroid dysfunction in adults over age 55 years. A study in an urban US community. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150:785-7.
18. Parle JV, Franklyn JA, Cross KW, Jones SC, Sheppard MC. Prevalence and follow-up of abnormal thyrotrophin (TSH) concentrations in the elderly in the United Kingdom. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1991;34:77-83.
19. Lindeman RD, Schade DS, LaRue A, Romero LJ, Liang HC, Baumgartner RN, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism in a biethnic, urban community. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999;47:703-9.
20. Hak AE, Pols HAP, Visser TJ, Drexhage HA, Hofman A, Witteman JCM. Subclinical hypothyroidism is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction in elderly women: the Rotterdam Study. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132:270-8.
21. Vanderpump MPJ, Tunbridge WMG, French JM, Appleton D, Bates D, Clark F, et al. The incidence of thyroid disorders in the community: a twenty-year follow-up of the Whickham Survey. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1995;43:55-68.
22. Huber H, Staub JJ, Meier C, Mitrache C, Guglielmetti M, Huber P, et al. Prospective study of the spontaneous course of subclinical hypothyroidism: prognostic value of thyrotropin, thyroid reserve, and thyroid antibodies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:3221-6.
23. Díez JJ, Iglesias P. Spontaneous Subclinical hypothyroidism in patients older than 55 years: an analysis of natural course and risk factor for the development of overt thyroid failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:4890-7.
24. Meier C, Staub JJ, Roth CB, Guglielmetti M, Kunz M, Miserez AR, et al. TSH-controlled L-thyroxine therapy reduces cholesterol levels and clinical symptoms in subclinical hypothyroidism: a double blind, placebo-controlled trial (Basel Thyroid Study). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:4860-6.
25. Caraccio N, Ferrannini E, Monzani F. Lipoprotein profile in subclinical hypothyroidism: response to levothyroxine replacement, a randomized placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:1533-8.
26. Monzani F, Caraccio N, Kozàkowà M, Dardano A, Vittone F, Virdis A, et al. Effect of levothyroxine replacement on lipid profile and intima-media thickness in subclinical hypothyroidism: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:2099-106.
27. Bakker SJL, Ter Matten JC, Popp-Snijders C, Slaets JPJ, Heine RJ, Gans ROB. The relationship between thyrotropin and low density lipoprotein cholesterol is modified by insulin sensitivity in healthy euthyroid subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:1206-11.
28. Bindels AJ, Westendorp RG, Frolich M, Seidell JC, Blokstra A, Smelt AH. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism at different total plasma cholesterol levels in middle aged men and women: a need for case-finding? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999;50:217-20.
29. Hueston WJ, Pearson WS. Subclinical hypothyroidism and the risk of hypercholesterolemia. Ann Fam Med. 2004;2:351-5.
30. Vanderpump MP, Tunbridge WM, French JM, Appleton D, Bates Clark F, Grimley Evans J, et al. The development of ischemic heart disease in relation to autoimmune thyroid disease in a 20-year follow-up study of an English community. Thyroid. 1996;6:155-60.
31. Imaizumi M, Akahoshi M, Ichimaru S, Nakashima E, Hida A, Soda M, et al. Risk for ischemic heart disease and all-cause mortality in subclinical hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:3365-70.
32. Biondi B, Palmieri EA, Lombardi G, Fazio S. Effects of subclinical thyroid dysfunction on the heart. Ann Intern Med. 2002; 137:904-14.
33. Kahaly GJ. Cardiovascular and atherogenic aspects of subclinical hypothyroidism. Thyroid. 2000;10:665-79.
34. Monzani F, Caraccio N, Siciliano G, Manca L, Murri L, Ferrannini E. Clinical and biochemical features of muscle dysfunction in subclinical hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:3315-8.
35. Monzani F, Caraccio N, Del Guerra P, Casolaro A, Ferrannini E. Neuromuscular symptoms and dysfunction in subclinical hypothyroid patients: beneficial effects of L-T4 replacement therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999;51:237-42.
36. Misiunas A, Ravera HN, Faraj G, Faure E. Peripheral neuropathy in subclinical hypothyroidism. Thyroid. 1995;5:283-6.
37. Beyer IW, Karmali R, DeMesester-Mirkine N, Cogan E, Fuss MJ. Serum creatine kinase levels in overt and subclinical hypothyroidism. Thyroid. 1998;8:1029-31.
38. Monzani F, Del Guerra P, Caraccio N, Pruneti CA, Pucci E, Luisi M, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism: neurobehavioral features and beneficial effect of L-thyroxine treatment. Clin Invest. 1993;71:367-71.
39. Baldini IM, Vita A, Maura MC, Amodei V, Carrisi M, Bravin S, et al. Psychological and cognitive features in subclinical hypothyroidism. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1997;21:925-35.
40. Ganguli M, Burmeister LA, Seaberg EC, Belle S, DeKosky ST. Association between dementia and elevated TSH: a community-based study. Biol Psychiatry. 1996;40:714-25.
41. Gussekloo J, Van Exel E, De Craen AJM, Meinders AE, Frölich M, Westerdorp RGJ. Thyroid status, disability and cognitive function, and survival in old age. JAMA. 2004;292:2591-9.
42. Haddow JE, Palomaki GE, Allan WC, Williams JR, Knight GJ, Gagnon J, et al. Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:549-55.
43. Mitchell ML, Klein RZ. The sequelae of untreated maternal hypothyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004;151 Suppl 3:U45-8.
44. Parle JV, Maissonneuve P, Sheppard MC, Boyle P, Franklyn JA. Prediction of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in elderly people from one low serum thyrotropin result: a 10-year cohort study. Lancet. 2001;358:861-5.
45. Cooper DS, Halpern R, Wood LC, Levin AA, Ridgway EC. L-Thyroxine therapy in subclinical hypothyroidism. A doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1984;101:18-24.
46. Nystrom E, Caidahl K, Fager G, Wikkelso C, Lundberg PA, Lindstedt G. A double-blind cross-over 12-month study of L-thyroxine treatment of women with 'subclinical' hypothyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1988;29:63-75.
47. Jaeschke R, Guyatt G, Gerstein H, Patterson C, Molloy W, Cook D, et al. Does treatment with L-thyroxine influence health status in middle-aged and older adults with subclinical hypothyroidism? J Gen Intern Med. 1996;11:744-9.
48. Kong WM, Sheikh MH, Lumb PJ, Freedman DB, Crook M, Doré CJ, et al. A 6-month randomized trial of thyroxin treatment in women with mild subclinical hypothyroidism. Am J Med. 2002;112:348-54.
49. Tanis BC, Westendorp RGJ, Smelt AHM. Effect of thyroid substitution on hypercholesterolaemia in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: a re-analysis of intervention studies. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1996;44:643-9.
50. Danese MD, Ladenson PW, Meinert CL, Powe NR. Effect of thyroxine therapy on serum lipoproteins in patients with mild thyroid failure: a quantitative review of the literature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:2993-3001.
51. Diekman T, Lansberg PJ, Kastelein JJ, Wiersinga WM. Prevalence and correction of hypothyroidism in a large cohort of patients referred for dyslipidemia. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155: 1490-5.
52. Miura S, Iitaka M, Yoshimura H, Kitahama S, Fukasawa N, Kawakami Y, et al. Disturbed lipid metabolism in patierns with subclinical hypothyroidism: effect of L-thyroxin therapy. Intern Med. 1994;33:413-7.
53. Biondi B, Fazio S, Palmieri EA, Carella C, Panza N, Cittadini A, et al. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999; 84:2064-7.
54. Monzani F, Di Bello V, Caraccio N, Bertini A, Giorgi D, Giusti C, et al Effect of levothyroxine on cardiac function and structure in subclinical hypothyroidism: a double blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:1110-5.
55. Parle JV, Franklyn JA, Cross KW, Jones SR, Sheppard MC. Thyroxine prescription in the community: serum thyroid hormone stimulating level assay as an indicator of undertreatment or overtreatment. Br J Gen Pract. 1993;43:107-9.
56. Watsky JG, Koeniger MA. Prevalence of iatrogenic hyperthyroidism in a community hospital. J Am Board Fam Pract. 1998;11:175-9.
57. Greenspan SL, Greenspan FS. The effect of thyroid hormone on skeletal integrity. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130:750-8.
58. Uzzan B, Campos J, Cucherat M, Nony P, Boissel JP, Perret GY. Effects on bone mass of long term treatment with thyroid hormones: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81: 4278-89.
59. Sawin CT, Geller A, Wolf PA, Belanger AJ, Baker E, Bacharach P, et al. Low serum thyrotropin concentrations as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in older persons. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:1249-52.
60. Fatourechi V, Lankarani M, Schryver PG, Vanness DJ, Long KH, Klee GG. Factors influencing clinical decisions to initiate thyroxine therapy for patients with mildly increased serum thyrotropin (5.1-10.0 mIU/L). Mayo Clin Proc. 2003;78:554-60.
61. Danese MD, Powe NR, Sawin CT, Ladenson PW. Screening for mild thyroid failure at the periodic health examination: a decision and cost-effectiveness analysis. JAMA. 1996;276: 285-92.
62. Ladenson PW, Singer PA, Ain KB, Bagchi N, Bigos ST, Levy EG, et al. American Thyroid Association guidelines for detection of thyroid dysfunction. Arch Intern Med. 2000; 160:1573-5.
63. Glenn GC. Practice parameter on laboratory panel testing for screening and case finding in asymptomatic adults. Laboratory Testing Strategy Task Force of the College of American Pathologists. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1996;120:929-43.
64. American College of Physicians. Screening for thyroid disease. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129:141-3.
65. Periodic Health Examination: summary of AAFP policy recommendations and age charts, revision 4.0. Kansas City, Mo.: American Academy of Family Physicians; 2000.
66. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the evaluation and treatment of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Endocr Pract. 2002;8:457-9.
67. Vanderpump MP, Ahlquist JA, Franklyn JA, Clayton RN. Consensus statement for good practice and audit measures in the management of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. BMJ. 1996;313:539-44.