Abscisic acid biosynthesis and catabolism

Annual Review of Plant Biology

Volumn 56, Issue , 2005, Pages 165-185

  Nambara, Eiji ^a   Marion Poll, Annie ^b  

^a RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science   (Japan)

^b INSTITUT JEAN PIERRE BOURGIN   (France)

Author keywords

ABA conjugation; ABA hydroxylation; Carotenoid; Seed; Stress adaptation

Indexed keywords

ABSCISIC ACID;

BIOSYNTHESIS; EVOLUTION; FUNGUS; METABOLISM; PLANT; REVIEW;

ABSCISIC ACID; EVOLUTION; FUNGI; PLANTS;

ARABIDOPSIS;

EID: 20444402692     PISSN: 15435008     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144046     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Agrawal GK, Yamazaki M, Kobayashi M, Hirochika R, Miyao A, et al. 2001. Screening of the rice viviparous mutants generated by endogenous retrotransposon Tos17 insertion. Tagging of a zeaxanthin epoxidase gene and a novel OsTATC gene. Plant Physiol. 125:1248-57
2. Al-Babili S, Hugueney P, Schledz M, Welsch R, Frohnmeyer H, et al. 2000. Identification of a novel gene coding for neoxanthin synthase from Solanum tuberosum. FEBS Lett. 485:168-72
3. Ali-Rachedi S, Bouinot D, Wagner MH, Bonnet M, Sotta B, et al. 2004. Changes in abscisic acid levels during dormancy release and maintenance of mature seeds: studies with the Cape Verde Islands ecotype, the dormant model of Arabidopsis thaliana. Planta 219:479-88
4. Arai S, Todoroki Y, Ibaraki S, Naoe Y, Hirai N, et al. 1999. Synthesis and biological activity of 3′-chloro, -bromo, and -iodoabscisic acids, and biological activity of 3′-fluoro-8′-hydroxyabscisic acid. Phytochemistry 52:1185-93
5. Audenaert K, De Meyer GB, Höfte MM. 2002. Abscisic acid determines basal susceptibility of tomato to Botrytis cinerea and suppresses salicylic acid-dependent signaling mechanisms. Plant Physiol. 128:491-501
6. Audran C, Borel C, Frey A, Sotta B, Meyer C, et al. 1998. Expression studies of the zeaxanthin epoxidase gene in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia. Plant Physiol. 118:1021-28
7. Audran C, Liotenberg S, Gonneau M, North H, Frey A, et al. 2001. Localisation and expression of zeaxanthin epoxidase mRNA in Arabidopsis in response to drought stress and during seed development. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 28:1161-73
8. Balsevich JJ, Abrams SR, Lamb N, Konig WA. 1994. Identification of unnatural phaseic acid as a metabolite derived from exogenously added (-)-abscisic acid in a maize cell-suspension culture. Phytochemistry 36:647-50
9. Balsevich JJ, Cutler AJ, Lamb N, Friesen LJ, Kurz EU, et al. 1994. Response of cultured maize cells to (+)-abscisic acid, (-)-abscisic acid, and their metabolites. Plant Physiol. 106:135-42
10. Bittner F, Oreb M, Mendel RR. 2001. ABA3 is a molybdenum cofactor sulfurase required for activation of aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase in Arabidopsis thaliana. J. Biol. Chem. 276:40381-84
11. Bopp-Buhler ML, Wabra P, Hartung W, Gimmler H. 1991. Evidence for direct ABA synthesis in Dunaliella (Volvocales). Crypt. Bot. 2/3:192-200
12. Borel C, Audran C, Frey A, Marion-Poll A, Tardieu F, et al. 2001. N. plumbaginifolia zeaxanthin epoxidase transgenic lines have unaltered baseline ABA accumulations in roots and xylem sap, but contrasting sensitivities of ABA accumulation to water deficit. J. Exp. Bot. 52:427-34
13. Bouvier F, d'Harlingue A, Backhaus RA, Kumagai MH, Camara B. 2000. Identification of neoxanthin synthase as a carotenoid cyclase paralog. Eur. J. Biochem. 267:6346-52
14. Bouvier F, d'Harlingue A, Hugueney P, Marin E, Marion-Poll A, et al. 1996. Xanthophyll biosynthesis. Cloning, expression, functional reconstitution, and regulation of β-cyclohexenyl carotenoid epoxidase from pepper (Capsicum annuum). J. Biol. Chem. 271:28861-67
15. Boyer GL, Zeevaart JAD. 1982. Isolation and quantitation of β-D-glucopyranosyl abscisate from leaves of Xanthium and spinach. Plant Physiol. 70:227-31
16. Bray EA, Zeevaart JAD. 1985. The compartmentation of abscisic acid and β-D-glucopyranosyl abscisate in mesophyll cells. Plant Physiol. 79:719-22
17. Burbidge A, Grieve TM, Jackson A, Thompson A, McCarty DR, et al. 1999. Characterization of the ABA-deficient tomato mutant notabilis and its relationship with maize Vp14. Plant J. 17:427-31
18. Cheng WH, Endo A, Zhou L, Penney J, Chen HC, et al. 2002. A unique short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase in Arabidopsis glucose signaling and abscisic acid biosynthesis and functions. Plant Cell 14:2723-43
19. Chichowa S, von Aderkas P. 2002. Endogenous levels of free and conjugated forms of auxin, cytokinins and abscisic acid during seed development in Douglas fir. Plant Growth Regul. 36:191-200
20. Cutler AJ, Krochko JE. 1999. Formation and breakdown of ABA. Trends Plant Sci. 4:472-78
21. Cutler AJ, Rose PA, Squires TM, Loewen MK, Shaw AC, et al. 2000. Inhibitors of abscisic acid 8′-hydroxylase. Biochemistry 39:13614-24
22. Debeaujon I, Koornneef M. 2000. Gibberellin requirement for Arabidopsis seed germination is determined both by testa characteristics and embryonic abscisic acid. Plant Physiol. 122:415-24
23. Dietz KJ, Sauter A, Wichert K, Messdaghi D, Hartung W. 2000. Extracellular β-glucosidase activity in barley involved in the hydrolysis of ABA glucose conjugate in leaves. J. Exp. Bot. 51:937-44
24. Eisenreich W, Bacher A, Arigoni D, Rohdich F. 2004. Biosynthesis of isoprenoids via the non-mevalonate pathway. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 61:1401-26
25. Estévez JM, Cantero A, Reindl A, Reichler S, Leon P. 2001. 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase, a limiting enzyme for plastidic isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants. J. Biol. Chem. 276:22901-9
26. Feurtado JA, Ambrose SJ, Cutler AJ, Ross ARS, Abrams SR, et al. 2004. Dormancy termination of western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl. Ex D. Don) seeds is associated with changes in abscisic acid metabolism. Planta 218:630-39
27. Finkelstein RR, Gampala SSL, Rock CD. 2002. Abscisic acid signaling in seeds and seedlings. Plant Cell 14:S15-S45
28. Fraser PD, Bramley PM. 2004. The biosynthesis and nutritional uses of carotenoids. Prog. Lipid Res. 43:228-65
29. Frey A, Audran C, Marin E, Sotta B, Marion-Poll A. 1999. Engineering seed dormancy by the modification of zeaxanthin epoxidase gene expression. Plant Mol. Biol. 39:1267-74
30. Frey A, Godin B, Bonnet M, Sotta B, Marion-Poll A. 2004. Maternal synthesis of abscisic acid controls seed development and yield in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia. Planta 218:958-64
31. Gazzarrini S, Tsuchiya Y, Lumba S, Okamoto M, McCourt P. 2004. The transcription factor FUSCA3 controls developmental timing in Arabidopsis through the action of the hormones gibberellins and abscisic acid. Dev. Cell 7:73-85
32. Gillard DF, Walton DC. 1976. Abscisic acid metabolism by a cell-free preparation from Echinocystic lobata liquid endosperm. Plant Physiol. 58:790-95
33. Gonai T, Kawahara S, Tougou M, Satoh S, Hashiba T, et al. 2004. Abscisic acid in the thermoinhibition of lettuce seed germination and enhancement of its catabolism by gibberellin. J. Exp. Bot. 55:111-18
34. González-Guzman M, Abia D, Salinas J, Serrano R, Rodríguez PL. 2004. Two new alleles of the abscisic aldehyde oxidase 3 gene reveal its role in abscisic acid biosynthesis in seeds. Plant Physiol. 135:325-33
35. González-Guzmán M, Apostolova N, Bellés JM, Barrero JM, Piqueras P, et al. 2002. The short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase ABA2 catalyzes the conversion of xanthoxin to abscisic aldehyde. Plant Cell 14:1833-46
36. Grappin P, Bouinot D, Sotta B, Miginiac E, Jullien M. 2000. Control of seed dormancy in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia: post-imbibition abscisic acid synthesis imposes dormancy maintenance. Planta 210:279-85
37. Groot SPC, Van Yperen I, Karssen CM. 1991. Strongly reduced levels of endogenous abscisic acid in developing seeds of the tomato mutant sitiens do not influence in vivo accumulation of dry matter and storage proteins. Physiol. Plant 81:73-78
38. Gusta LV, Ewan B, Reaney MJT, Abrams SR. 1992. The effect of abscisic acid and abscisic acid metabolites on the germination of cress seed. Can. J. Bot. 70:1550-55
39. Han S, Kitahata N, Saito T, Kobayashi M, Shinozaki K, et al. 2004. A new leading compound for abscisic acid biosynthesis inhibitor targeting 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 14:3033-36
40. Hansen H, Dörffling K. 1999. Changes of free and conjugated abscisic acid and phaseic acid in xylem sap of drought-stressed sunflower plants. J. Exp. Bot. 50:1599-605
41. Harrison MA, Walton DC. 1975. Abscisic acid metabolism in water-stressed bean leaves. Plant Physiol. 56:250-54
42. Hartung W, Sauter A, Hose E. 2002. Abscisic acid in the xylem: Where does it come from, where does it go to? J. Exp. Bot. 53:27-32
43. Hellwege EM, Hartung W. 1997. Synthesis, metabolism and compartmentation of abscisic acid in Riccia fluitans L. J. Plant Physiol. 150:287-91
44. Hill RD, Liu JH, Durnin D, Lamb N, Shaw A, et al. 1995. Abscisic acid structure-activity relationships in barley aleurone layers and protoplasts - Biological activity of optically active, oxygenated abscisic acid analogs. Plant Physiol. 108:573-79
45. Hirai N, Kondo S, Ohigashi H. 2003. Deuterium-labeled phaseic acid and dihydrophaseic acids for internal standards. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 67:2408-15
46. Hirai N, Okamoto M, Koshimizu K. 1986. The 1′,4′-trans-diol of abscisic acid, a possible precursor of abscisic acid in Botrytis cinerea. Phytochemistry 25:1865-68
47. Hirai N, Yoshida R, Todoroki Y, Ohigashi H. 2000. Biosynthesis of abscisic acid by the non-mevalonate pathway in plants, and by the mevalonate pathway in fungi. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 64:1448-58
48. Hirsch R, Hartung W, Gimmler H. 1989. Abscisic acid content of algae under stress. Bot. Acta. 102:326-34
49. Inomata M, Hirai N, Yoshida R, Ohigashi H. 2004. Biosynthesis of abscisic acid by the direct pathway via ionylideneethane in a fungus, Cercospora cruenta. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. In press
50. 49a. Inomata M, Hirai N, Yoshida R, Ohigashi H. 2004. The biosynthetic pathway to abscisic acid via ionylideneethane in the fungus Botrytis cinerea. Phytochemistry 65:2667-78
51. Iuchi S, Kobayashi M, Taji T, Naramoto M, Seki M, et al. 2001. Regulation of drought tolerance by gene manipulation of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, a key enzyme in abscisic acid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 27:325-33
52. Iuchi S, Kobayashi M, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K. 2000. A stress-inducible gene for 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase involved in abscisic acid biosynthesis under water stress in drought-tolerant cowpea. Plant Physiol. 123:553-62
53. Jacobsen JV, Pearce DW, Poole AT, Pharis RP, Mander LN. 2002. Abscisic acid, phaseic acid and gibberellin contents associated with dormancy and germination in barley. Physiol. Plant 115:428-41
54. Jones RJ, Brenner ML. 1987. Distribution of abscisic acid in maize kernels during grain filling. Plant Physiol. 83:905-9
55. Jornvall H, Persson B, Krook M, Atrian S, Gonzalez-Duarte R, et al. 1995. Short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR). Biochemistry 34:6003-13
56. Karssen CM, Brinkhorst-van der Swan DLC, Breekland AE, Koornneef M. 1983. Induction of dormancy during seed development by endogenous abscisic acid: Studies on abscisic acid deficient genotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana (L) Heynh. Planta 157:158-65
57. Kasahara H, Takei K, Ueda N, Hishiyama S, Yamaya T, et al. 2004. Distinct isoprenoid origins of cis- and trans-zeatin biosyntheses in Arabidopsis. J. Biol. Chem. 279:14049-54
58. Kato-Noguchi H, Tanaka Y. 2003. Allelopathic potential of citrus fruit peel and abscisic acid-glucose ester. Plant Growth Regul. 40:117-20
59. Knight CD, Sehgal A, Atwal K, Wallace JC, Cove DJ, et al. 1995. Molecular responses to abscisic acid and stress are conserved between moss and cereals. Plant Cell 7:499-506
60. Koiwai H, Nakaminami K, Seo M, Mitsuhashi W, Toyomasu T, et al. 2004. Tissue-specific localization of an abscisic acid biosynthetic enzyme, AAO3, in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 134:1697-707
61. Koornneef M, Jorna ML, Brinkhorst-van der Swan DLC, Karssen CM. 1982. The isolation of abscisic acid (ABA) deficient mutants by selection of induced revertants in non-germinating gibberellin sensitive lines of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Theor. Appl. Genet. 61:385-93
62. Krochko JE, Abrams GD, Loewen MK, Abrams SR, Cutler AJ. 1998. (+)-abscisic acid 8′-hydroxylase is a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase. Plant Physiol. 118:849-60
63. Kushiro T, Okamoto M, Nakabayashi K, Yamagishi K, Kitamura S, et al. 2004. The Arabidopsis cytochrome P450 CYP707A encodes ABA 8′-hydroxylases: key enzymes in ABA catabolism. EMBO J. 23:1647-56
64. Lehmann H, Glund K. 1986. Abscisic acid metabolism-vascular/extravascular distribution of metabolites. Planta 168:559-62
65. Lehmann H, Vlasov P. 1988. Plant growth and stress - the enzymic hydrolysis of abscisic acid conjugate. J. Plant Physiol. 132:98-101
66. Léon-Kloosterziel KM, Gil MA, Ruijs GJ, Jacobsen SE, Olszewski NE, et al. 1996. Isolation and characterization abscisic acid-deficient Arabidopsis mutants at two new loci. Plant J. 10:655-61
67. 65a. Lichtenthaler HK. 1999. The 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 50:47-65
68. Lindgren LO, Stalberg KG, Hoglund AS. 2003. Seed-specific overexpression of an endogenous Arabidopsis phytoene synthase gene results in delayed germination and increased levels of carotenoids, chlorophyll, and abscisic acid. Plant Physiol. 132:779-85
69. Marin E, Nussaume L, Quesada A, Gonneau M, Sotta B, et al. 1996. Molecular identification of zeaxanthin epoxidase of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia, a gene involved in abscisic acid biosynthesis and corresponding to the ABA locus of Arabidopsis thaliana. EMBO J. 15:2331-42
70. McCarty DR. 1995. Genetic control and integration of maturation and germination pathways in seed development. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 46:71-93
71. Merlot S, Mustilli AC, Genty B, North H, Lefebvre V, et al. 2002. Use of infrared thermal imaging to isolate Arabidopsis mutants defective in stomatal regulation. Plant J. 30:601-9
72. Milborrow BV. 1970. The metabolism of abscisic acid. J. Exp. Bot. 21:17-29
73. Milborrow BV, Carrington NJ, Vaughan GT. 1988. The cyclization of 8′-hydroxy abscisic acid to phaseic acid in vivo. Phytochemistry 27:757-59
74. Milborrow BV, Lee HS. 1998. Endogenous biosynthetic precursors of (+)-abscisic acid. VI - Carotenoids and ABA are formed by the 'non-mevalonate' triose-pyruvate pathway in chloroplasts. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 25:507-12
75. Nambara E, Hayama R, Tsuchiya Y, Nishimura M, Kawaide H, et al. 2000. The role of ABI3 and FUS3 loci in Arabidopsis thaliana on phase transition from late embryo development to germination. Dev. Biol. 220:412-23
76. Nambara E, Kawaide H, Kamiya Y, Naito S. 1998. Characterization of an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant that has a defect in ABA accumulation: ABA-dependent and ABA-independent accumulation of free amino acids during dehydration. Plant Cell. Physiol. 39:853-58
77. Neill SJ, Horgan R, Walton DC, Mercer CAM. 1987. The metabolism of α-ionylidene compounds by Cercospora rosicola. Phytochemistry 26:2515-19
78. Nishiyama T, Fujita T, Shin-I T, Seki M, Nishide H, et al. 2003. Comparative genomics of Physcomitrella patens gametophytic transcriptome and Arabidopsis thaliana: implication for land plant evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:8007-12
79. Niyogi KK, Grossman AR, Bjorkman O. 1998. Arabidopsis mutants define a central role for the xanthophyll cycle in the regulation of photosynthetic energy conversion. Plant Cell 10:1121-34
80. Norman SM. 1991. β-Carotene from the abscisic acid producing strain of Cercospora rosicola. Plant Growth Regul. 10:103-8
81. Norman SM, Bennett RD, Poling SM, Maier VP, Nelson MD. 1986. Paclobutrazol inhibits abscisic acid biosynthesis in Cercospora rosicola. Plant Physiol. 80:122-25
82. Okamoto M, Hirai N, Koshimizu K. 1988. Biosynthesis of abscisic acid in Cercospora pinidensiflorae. Phytochemistry 27:2099-103
83. Oritani T, Kiyota H. 2003. Biosynthesis and metabolism of abscisic acid and related compounds. Nat. Prod. Rep. 20:414-25
84. Oritani T, Yamashita K. 1985. Biosynthesis of (+)-abscisic acid in Cercospora cruenta. Agric. Biol. Chem. 49:245-49
85. Qin XQ, Zeevaart JAD. 1999. The 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid cleavage reaction is the key regulatory step of abscisic acid biosynthesis in water-stressed bean. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:15354-61
86. Qin XQ, Zeevaart JAD. 2002. Overexpression of a 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase gene in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia increases abscisic acid and phaseic acid levels and enhances drought tolerance. Plant Physiol. 128:544-51
87. Quesada V, Ponce MR, Micol JL. 2000. Genetic analysis of salt-tolerant mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetics 154:421-36
88. Raz V, Bergervoet JHW, Koornneef M. 2001. Sequential steps for developmental arrest in Arabidopsis seeds. Development 128:243-52
89. Razem FA, Luo M, Liu JH, Abrams SR, Hill RD. 2004. Purification and characterization of a barley aleurone abscisic acid-binding protein. J. Biol. Chem. 279:9922-29
90. Robertson AJ, Reaney MJT, Wilen RW, Lamb N, Abrams SR, et al. 1994. Effects of abscisic acid metabolites and analogs on freezing tolerance and gene expression in Bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss) cell cultures. Plant Physiol. 105:823-30
91. Rodríguez-Concepción M, Boronat A. 2002. Elucidation of the methylerythritol phosphate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis in bacteria and plastids. A metabolic milestone achieved through genomics. Plant Physiol. 130:1079-89
92. 89a. Rohmer M, Knani M, Simonin P, Sutter B, Sahm H. 1993. Isoprenoid biosynthesis in bacteria: a novel pathway for early steps leading to isopentenyl diphosphate. Biochem. J. 295:517-24
93. Ronen G, Carmel-Goren L, Zamir D, Hirschberg J. 2000. An alternative pathway to β-carotene formation in plant chromoplasts discovered by map-based cloning of beta and old-gold color mutations in tomato. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:11102-7
94. Rook F, Corke F, Card R, Munz G, Smith C, et al. 2001. Impaired sucrose-induction mutants reveal the modulation of sugar-induced starch biosynthetic gene expression by abscisic acid signalling. Plant J. 26:421-33
95. Sagi M, Scazzocchio C, Fluhr R. 2002. The absence of molybdenum cofactor sulfuration is the primary cause of the flacca phenotype in tomato plants. Plant J. 31:305-17
96. Saito S, Hirai N, Matsumoto C, Ohigashi H, Ohta D, et al. 2004. Arabidopsis CYP707As encode (+)-abscisic acid 8′-hydroxylase, a key enzyme in the oxidative catabolism of abscisic acid. Plant Physiol. 134:1439-49
97. Sauter A, Davies WJ, Hartung W. 2001. The long-distance abscisic acid signal in the droughted plant: the fate of the hormone on its way from root to shoot. J. Exp. Bot. 52:1991-97
98. Sauter A, Dietz KJ, Hartung W. 2002. A possible stress physiological role of abscisic acid conjugates in root-to-shoot signalling. Plant Cell Environ. 25:223-28
99. Sauter A, Hartung W. 2000. Radial transport of abscisic acid conjugates in maize roots: its implication for long distance stress signals. J. Exp. Bot. 51:929-35
100. Schmitz N, Abrams SR, Kermode AR. 2002. Changes in ABA turnover and sensitivity that accompany dormancy termination of yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) seeds. J. Exp. Bot. 53:89-101
101. Schwartz SH, Qin X, Zeevaart JA. 2003. Elucidation of the indirect pathway of abscisic acid biosynthesis by mutants, genes, and enzymes. Plant Physiol. 131:1591-601
102. Schwartz SH, Tan BC, Gage DA, Zeevaart JA, McCarty DR. 1997. Specific oxidative cleavage of carotenoids by VP14 of maize. Science 276:1872-74
103. 99a. Seo M, Aoki H, Koiwai H, Kamiya Y, Nambara E, Koshiba T. 2004. Comparative studies on the Arabidopsis aldehyde oxidase (AAO) gene family revealed a major role of AAO3 in ABA biosynthesis in seeds. Plant Cell Physiol. 45:1694-703
104. Seo M, Koiwai H, Akaba S, Komano T, Oritani T, et al. 2000. Abscisic aldehyde oxidase in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 23:481-88
105. Seo M, Koshiba T. 2002. Complex regulation of ABA biosynthesis in plants. Trends Plant Sci. 7:41-48
106. Seo M, Peeters AJM, Koiwai H, Oritani T, Marion-Poll A, et al. 2000. The Arabidopsis aldehyde oxidase 3 (AAO3) gene product catalyzes the final step in abscisic acid biosynthesis in leaves. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:12908-13
107. Setha S, Kondo S, Hirai N, Ohigashi H. 2004. Xanthoxin, abscisic acid and its metabolite levels associated with apple fruit development. Plant Sci. 166:493-99
108. Siewers V, Smedsgaard J, Tudzynski P. 2004. The P450 monooxygenase BcABA1 is essential for abscisic acid biosynthesis in Botrytis cinerea. Appl. Environ. Microb. 70:3868-76
109. Sindhu RK, Walton DC. 1987. Conversion of xanthoxin to abscisic acid by cell-free preparations from bean leaves. Plant Physiol. 85:916-21
110. Takaichi S, Mimuro M. 1998. Distribution and geometric isomerism of neoxanthin in oxygenic phototrophs: 9′-Cis, a sole molecular form. Plant Cell. Physiol. 39:968-77
111. Tan BC, Cline K, McCarty DR. 2001. Localization and targeting of the VP14 epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase to chloroplast membranes. Plant J. 27:373-82
112. Tan BC, Joseph LM, Deng WT, Liu LJ, Li QB, et al. 2003. Molecular characterization of the Arabidopsis 9-cis epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase gene family. Plant J. 35:44-56
113. Tan BC, Schwartz SH, Zeevaart JA, McCarty DR. 1997. Genetic control of abscisic acid biosynthesis in maize. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:12235-40
114. Thompson AJ, Jackson AC, Parker RA, Morpeth DR, Burbidge A, et al. 2000. Abscisic acid biosynthesis in tomato: regulation of zeaxanthin epoxidase and 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase mRNAs by light/dark cycles, water stress and abscisic acid. Plant Mol. Biol. 42:833-45
115. Thompson AJ, Jackson AC, Symonds RC, Mulholland BJ, Dadswell AR, et al. 2000. Ectopic expression of a tomato 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase gene causes over-production of abscisic acid. Plant J. 23:363-74
116. Tian L, DellaPenna D, Zeevaart JAD. 2004. Effects of hydroxylated carotenoid deficiency on ABA accumulation in Arabidopsis. Physiol Plant 122:314-20
117. Todoroki Y, Hirai N, Koshimizu K. 1995. 8′,8′- Difluoroabscisic acid and 8′,8′,8′-trifluoroabscisic acid as highly potent, long-lasting analogs of abscisic acid. Phytochemistry 38:561-68
118. Todoroki Y, Hirai N, Ohigashi H. 2000. Analysis of isomerization process of 8′-hydroxy-abscisic acid and its 3′-fluorinated analog in aqueous solutions. Tetrahedron 56:1649-53
119. Todoroki Y, Sawada M, Matsumoto M, Tsukada S, Ueno K, et al. 2004. Metabolism of 5′ alpha,8′-cycloabscisic acid, a highly potent and long-lasting abscisic acid analogue, in radish seedlings. Bioorgan. Med. Chem. 12:363-70
120. Walton DC, Li Y. 1995. Abscisic acid biosynthesis and metabolism. In Plant Hormones, ed. PJ Davis, pp. 140-57. Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad.
121. White CN, Proebsting WM, Hedden P, Rivin CJ. 2000. Gibberellins and seed development in maize. I. Evidence that gibberellin/abscisic acid balance governs germination versus maturation pathways. Plant Physiol. 122:1081-88
122. Wilkinson S, Davies WJ. 2002. ABA-based chemical signalling: the co-ordination of responses to stress in plants. Plant Cell Environ. 25:195-210
123. Xiong L, Lee H, Ishitani M, Zhu JK. 2002. Regulation of osmotic stress-responsive gene expression by the LOS6/ABA1 locus in Arabidopsis. J. Biol. Chem. 277:8588-96
124. Xiong L, Zhu JK. 2003. Regulation of abscisic acid biosynthesis. Plant Physiol. 133:29-36
125. Xiong LM, Gong ZZ, Rock CD, Subramanian S, Guo Y, et al. 2001. Modulation of abscisic acid signal transduction and biosynthesis by an Sm-like protein in Arabidopsis. Dev. Cell 1:771-81
126. Xiong LM, Ishitani M, Lee H, Zhu JK. 2001. The Arabidopsis LOS5/ABA3 locus encodes a molybdenum cofactor sulfurase and modulates cold stress- and osmotic stress-responsive gene expression. Plant Cell 13:2063-83
127. Xu ZJ, Nakajima M, Suzuki Y, Yamaguchi I. 2002. Cloning and characterization of the abscisic acid-specific glucosyltransferase gene from adzuki bean seedlings. Plant Physiol. 129:1285-95
128. Yamamoto H, Inomata M, Tsuchiya S, Nakamura M, Uchiyama T, et al. 2000. Early biosynthetic pathway to abscisic acid in Cercospora cruenta. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 64:2075-82
129. Yoshida K, Igarashi E, Mukai M, Hirata K, Miyamoto K. 2003. Induction of tolerance to oxidative stress in the green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, by abscisic acid. Plant Cell Environ. 26:451-57
130. Zeevaart JAD. 1980. Changes in the levels of abscisic acid and its metabolites in excised leaf blades of Xanthium strumarium during and after water stress. Plant Physiol. 66:672-78
131. Zeevaart JAD. 1999. Abscisic acid metabolism and its regulation. In Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Hormones, ed. PJJ Hooykaas, MA Hall, KP Libbenga, 8:189-207. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science
132. Zeevaart JAD, Creelman RA. 1988. Metabolism and physiology of abscisic acid. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 39:439-73
133. Zhang DP, Chen SW, Peng YB, Shen YY. 2001. Abscisic acid-specific binding sites in the flesh of developing apple fruit. J. Exp. Bot. 52:2097-103
134. Zhou R, Cutler AJ, Ambrose SJ, Galka MM, Nelson KM, et al. 2004. A new abscisic acid catabolic pathway. Plant Physiol. 134:361-69
135. Zou JT, Abrams GD, Barton DL, Taylor DC, Pomeroy MK, et al. 1995. Induction of lipid and oleosin biosynthesis by (+)-abscisic acid and its metabolites in microspore-derived embryos of Brassica napus L. Cv Reston - Biological responses in the presence of 8′-hydroxyabscisic acid. Plant Physiol. 108:563-71