Bite forces, canine strength and skull allometry in carnivores (Mammalia, Carnivora)

Journal of Zoology

Volumn 266, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 133-151

  Christiansen, Per ^a   Adolfssen, Jan S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Bite forces; Canine strength; Carnivora; Skull allometry

Indexed keywords

ALLOMETRY; BIOMECHANICS; CARNIVORE; SKULL;

CANIDAE; CARNIVORA; FELIDAE; MAMMALIA; URSIDAE;

EID: 20444380036     PISSN: 09528369     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0952836905006643     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Akersten, W. A. (1985). Canine function in Smilodon (Mammalia; Felidae; Machairodontinae). Contrib. Sci. (Los Angel.) 356: 1-22.
2. Alexander, R. McN. (1981). Mechanics of the skeleton and tendons. In Handbook of physiology - the nervous system 2: 17-42. Brooks, V. B. (Ed.). Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society.
3. Alexander, R. McN. (1983). Animal mechanics. Oxford: Blackwell Science.
4. Alexander, R. McN. (1989). Dynamics of dinosaurs and other extinct giants. New York: Columbia University Press.
5. Biknevicius, A. R., Van Valkenburgh, B. & Walker, J. (1996). Incisor size and shape: implications for feeding behaviours in saber-toothed 'cats'. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 16(3): 510-521.
6. Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P., Gittleman, J. L. & Purvis, A. (1999). Building large trees by combining phylogenetic information: a complete phylogeny of the extant Carnivora (Mammalia). Biol. Rev. 74(2): 143-175.
7. Christiansen, P. (1999). On the head size of sauropodomorph dinosaurs: implications for ecology and physiology. Hist. Biol. 13: 269-297.
8. Christiansen, P. (2002a). Mass allometry of the appendicular skeleton in terrestrial mammals. J. Morphol. 251: 195-201.
9. Christiansen, P. (2002b). Locomotion in terrestrial mammals: the influence of body mass, limb length and bone proportions on speed. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 136: 685-714.
10. Clark, G. T., Luschei, E. S. & Hoffman, D. S. (1978). Recruitment order, contractile characteristics, and firing patterns of motor units in the temporalis muscle of monkeys. Expl. Neurol. 61: 31-51.
11. Cleuren, J., Aerts, P. & de Vree, F. (1995). Bite and joint force analysis in Caiman crocodilus. Belgian J. Zool. 125(1): 79-94.
12. Cooper, S. M., Holecamp, K. E. & Smale, L. (1999). A seasonal feast: long-term analysis of feeding behaviour in the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta). Afr. J. Ecol. 37: 149-160.
13. Dayan, T., Simberloff, D., Tchernov, E. & Yom-Tov, Y. (1989). Inter-and intraspecific character displacement in mustelids. Ecology 70(5): 1526-1539.
14. Dayan, T., Simberloff, D., Tchernov, E. & Yom-Tov, Y. (1990). Feline canines: community-wide character displacement among the small cats of Israel. Am. Nat. 136(1): 39-60.
15. Dayan, T., Simberloff, D., Tchernov, E. & Yom-Tov, Y. (1992). Canine carnassials: character displacement in the wolves, jackals and foxes of Israel. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 45: 315-331.
16. DeMaster, D. P. & Stirling, I. (1981). Ursus maritimus. Mamm. Species 145: 1-7.
17. Dessem, D. (1989). Interactions between jaw-muscle recruitment and jaw-joint forces in Canis familiaris. J. Anat. 164: 101-121.
18. Eaton, R. L. (1970). The predatory sequence, with emphasis on killing behaviour and its ontogeny, in the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus Schreber). Z. Tierpsychol. 27: 492-504.
19. Emerson, S. B. & Radinsky, L. B. (1980). Functional analysis of sabretooth cranial morphology. Paleobiology 6(3): 295-312.
20. Erickson, G. M., Van Kirk, S. D., Su, J., Levenston, M. E., Caler, W. E. & Carter, D. R. (1996). Bite-force estimation for Tyrannosaurus rex from tooth-marked bones. Nature (Lond.) 382(6593): 706-708.
21. Estes, R. D. & Goddard, J. (1967). Prey selection and hunting behaviour of the African wild dog. J. Wildl. Manage. 31(1): 52-70.
22. Ewer, R. F. (1973). The carnivores. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
23. Farlow, J. O., Brinkman, D. L., Abler, W. L. & Currie, P. J. (1991). Size, shape, and serration density of theropod dinosaur lateral teeth. Modern Geol. 16(1 & 2): 161-198.
24. Felsenstein, J. (1985). Phylogenies and the comparative method. Am. Nat. 125(1): 1-15.
25. Fitzgerald, C. S. & Krausman, P. R. (2002). Ursus malayanus. Mamm. Species 696: 1-5.
26. Gans, C., de Vree, F. & Gorniak, G. C. (1978). Analysis of mammalian masticatory mechanisms: progress and problems. Anat. Histol. Embryol. 7: 226-244.
27. Garland, T. R., Jr (1994). Phylogenetic analysis of lizard endurance capacity in relation to body size and body temperature. In Lizard ecology: historical and experimental perspectives: 237-259. Vitt, L. J. & Pianka, E. R. (Eds). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
28. Garland, T. R., Jr, Dickerman, A. W., Janis, C. M. & Jones, J. A. (1993). Phylogenetic analysis of covariance by computer simulation. Syst. Biol. 42: 265-292.
29. Garland, T. R., Jr, Harvey, P. H. & Ives, A. R. (1992). Procedures for the analysis of comparative data using phylogenetically independent contrasts. Syst. Biol. 41(1): 18-32.
30. Garland, T. R., Jr, Huey, R. B. & Bennett, A. F. (1991). Phylogeny and thermal physiology in lizards: a reanalysis. Evolution 45: 1969-1975.
31. Garland, T. R., Jr & Ives, A. R. (2000). Using the past to predict the present: confidence intervals for regression equations in phylogenetic comparative methods. Am. Nat. 155(3): 346-364.
32. Garland, T. R., Midford, P. E. & Ives, A. R. (1999). An introduction to phylogenetically based statistical methods, with a new method for confidence intervals on ancestral states. Am. Zool. 39: 374-388.
33. Gittleman, J. L. & Van Valkenburgh, B. (1997). Sexual dimorphism in the canines and skulls of carnivores: effects of size, phylogeny and behavioural ecology. J. Zool. (Lond.) 242(1): 97-117.
34. Gorniak, G. C. (1977). Feeding in golden hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus. J. Morphol. 154: 427-458.
35. Gorniak, G. C. & Gans, C. (1980). Quantitative assay of electromyograms during mastication in domestic cats (Felis catus). J. Morphol. 163(3): 253-281.
36. Gorniak, G. C., Rosenberg, H. I. & Gans, C. (1982). Mastication in the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus (Reptilia, Rhynchocephalia), structure and activity of the motor system. J. Morphol. 171: 321-353.
37. Greaves, W. S. (1982). A mechanical limitation on the position of the jaw muscles of mammals: the one-third rule. J. Mammal. 63(2): 261-266.
38. Greaves, W. S. (1983). A functional analysis of carnassial biting. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 20: 353-363.
39. Greaves, W. S. (1988). The generalized carnivore jaw. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 85(3): 267-274.
40. Harris, M. A. & Steudel, K. (1997). Ecological correlates of hindlimb length in the Carnivora. J. Zool. (Lond.) 241 (2): 381-408.
41. Herring, S. W., Grimm, A. & Grimm, B. (1979). Functional heterogeneity in a multipennate muscle. Am. J. Anat. 154: 563-576.
42. Herring, S. W. & Herring, S. E. (1974). The superficial masseter and gape in mammals. Am. Nat. 108(962): 561-576.
43. Herring, S. W. & Scapino, R. P. (1973). Physiology of feeding in miniature pigs. J. Morphol. 141: 427-460.
44. Herzog, W. (1995). Muscle. In Biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system: 154-187. Nigg, B. M. & Herzog, W. (Eds). Chichester: Wiley.
45. Hiiemae, K. M. (1978). Mammalian mastication: a review of the activity of the jaw muscles and movements they produce. In Development, function and evolution of teeth: 359-398. Butler, P. M. & Joysey, K. A. (Eds). London: Academic Press.
46. Janis, C. M. (1990). Correlation of cranial and dental variables with body size in ungulates and macropodoids. In Body size in mammalian paleobiology: estimation and biological implications: 255-299. Damuth, J. & MacFadden, B. J. (Eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
47. Johnston, I. A. & Gleeson, T. T. (1984). Thermal dependence of contractile properties of red and white fibres isolated from the iliofibularis muscle of the desert iguana (Dipsosaurus dorsalis). J. exp. Biol. 113: 123-132.
48. Koolstra, J. H., van Euden, T. M. G. J., Weijs, W. A. & Naeije, M. (1988). A three-dimensional mathematical model of the human masticatory system predicting maximum possible bite forces. J. Biomechanics 21(7): 563-576.
49. Kruuk, H. (1972). The spotted hyaena: a study of predation and social behaviour. Chicago: University Chicago Press.
50. Kruuk, H. (1976). Feeding and social behaviour of the striped hyaena (Hyaena vulgaris Desmarest). E. Afr. Wildl. J. 14(2): 91-111.
51. Kruuk, H. & Turner, M. (1967). Comparative notes on predation by lion, leopard, cheetah and wild dog in the Serengeti Area, East Africa. Mammalia 31(1): 1-27.
52. Kurtén, B. (1954). The Chinese Hipparion fauna. Comment. Biol. Soc. Sci. Fenn. 13(4): 1-82.
53. Lucas, P. W., Peters, C. R. & Arrandale, S. R. (1994). Seed-breaking forces exerted by orang-utans with their teeth in captivity and a new technique for estimating forces produced in the wild. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 94(3): 365-378.
54. MacKenna, B. R. & Türker, K. (1978). Twitch tension in the jaw muscles of the cat at various degrees of mouth opening. Arch. Oral Biol. 23: 917-920.
55. Mattern, M. Y. & McLennan, D. A. (2000). Phylogeny and speciation of the Felidae. Cladistics 16(2): 232-253.
56. Meers, M. B. (2002). Maximum bite force and prey size of Tyrannosaurus rex and their relationships to the inference of feeding behaviour. Hist. Biol. 16(1): 1-12.
57. Mills, M. G. L. (1978). Foraging behaviour of the brown hyaena (Hyaena brunnea Thunberg, 1820) in the Southern Kalahari. Z. Tierpsychol. 48(2): 113-141.
58. Nowak, R. M. (1991). Walker's mammals of the world. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
59. Owens, M. J. & Owens, D. D. (1978). Feeding ecology and its influence on social organization in brown hyaenas (Hyaena brunnea, Thunberg) of the Central Kalahari Desert. E. Afr. Wildl. J. 16(2): 113-135.
60. Palomares, F. & Caro, T. M. (1999). Interspecific killing among mammalian carnivores. Am. Nat. 153(5): 492-508.
61. Purvis, A. (1995). A composite estimate of primate phylogeny. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 348: 405-421.
62. Radinsky, L. B. (1981a). Evolution of skull shape in carnivores 1. Representative modern carnivores. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 15(4): 369-388.
63. Radinsky, L. B. (1981b). Evolution of skull shape in carnivores 2. Additional modern carnivores. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 16(4): 337-355.
64. Radinsky, L. B. (1984). Basicranial axis length v. skull length in analysis of carnivore skull shape. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 22: 31-41.
65. Reighard, J. & Jennings, H. S. (1951). Anatomy of the cat. New York: Henry Holt.
66. Scapino, R. C. (1976). Function of the digastric muscle in carnivores. J. Morphol. 150: 843-860.
67. Sheldon, J. W. (1992). Wild dogs. The natural history of the non-domesticated Canidae. San Diego: Academic Press.
68. Silvestre, I. D., Novelli, O. & Bogliani, G. (2000). Feeding habits of the spotted hyaena in the Nikolo Koba National Park, Senegal. E. Afr. Wildl. Soc. (Afr. J. Ecol.) 38: 102-107.
69. Sinclair, A. G. & Alexander, R. McN. (1987). Estimates of forces exerted by the jaw muscles of some reptiles. J. Zool. (Lond.) 213(1): 107-115.
70. Sunquist, M. & Sunquist, F. (2002). Wild cats of the World. Chicago: University Chicago Press.
71. Thexton, A. & Hiiemae, K. M. (1975). The twitch characteristics of opossum jaw musculature. Arch. Oral Biol. 20: 743-748.
72. Thomason, J. J. (1991). Cranial strength in relation to estimated biting forces in some mammals. Can. J. Zool. 69(9): 2326-2333.
73. Turnbull, W. D. (1970). The mammalian masticatory apparatus. Fieldiana Geol. 18: 149-356.
74. Van Valkenburgh, B. (1988). Incidence of tooth breakage among large predatory mammals. Am. Nat. 131(2): 291-302.
75. Van Valkenburgh, B. (1990). Skeletal and dental predictors of body mass in carnivores. In Body size in mammalian paleobiology: estimation and biological implications: 181-205. Damuth, J. & MacFadden, B. J. (Eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
76. Van Valkenburgh, B. (1991). Iterative evolution of hypercarnivory in canids (Mammalia: Carnivora): evolutionary interactions among sympatric predators. Paleobiol. 17(4): 340-362.
77. Van Valkenburgh, B. & Ruff, C. B. (1987). Canine tooth strength and killing behaviour in large carnivores. J. Zool. (Lond.) 212: 379-397.
78. de Vree, F. & Gans, C. (1976). Mastication in pygmy goats, Capra hircus. Ann. Soc. Zool. Belge 105(3-4): 255-306.
79. Wayne, R. K., Geffen, E., Girman, D. J., Koepfli, K. P., Lau, L. M. & Marshall, C. R. (1997). Molecular phylogeny of the Canidae. Syst. Biol. 46(4): 622-653.
80. Weijs, W. A. (1975). Mandibular movements of the albino rat during feeding. J. Morphol. 145: 107-124.
81. Weijs, W. A. & Dantuma, R. (1975). Electromyography and mechanics of mastication in the albino rat. J. Morphol. 146: 1-34.
82. Weijs, W. A. & Hillen, B. (1984a). Relationships between masticatory muscle cross-section and skull shape. J. Dent. Res. 63: 1154-1157.
83. Weijs, W. A. & Hillen, B. (1984b). Relationship between the physiological cross-section of the human jaw muscles and their cross-sectional area in computer tomograms. Acta Anat. 118: 129-138.
84. Weijs, W. A. & Hillen, B. (1985). Cross-sectional areas and estimated intrinsic strength of the human jaw muscles. Acta Morphol. Neerl.-Scand. 23: 267-274.
85. Werdelin, L. (1983). Morphological patterns in the skulls of cats. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 19(4): 375-391.