Saliva and inhibition of HIV-1 infection: Molecular mechanisms

Oral Diseases

Volumn 8, Issue SUPPL. 2, 2002, Pages 169-175

  Shugars, Diane C ^a   Sweet, S P ^b   Malamud, D ^c   Kazmi, S H ^b   Page Shafer, K ^d   Challacombe, S J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^b GUY S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA SCHOOL OF DENTAL MEDICINE   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Antibody testing; Antiviral; HIV; Mucosal Immunity; Saliva; Transmission

Indexed keywords

DEVELOPING COUNTRY; DISEASE COURSE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNOASSAY; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; MUCOSAL IMMUNITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SALIVA; VIRUS INHIBITION; VIRUS LOAD; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; ANALYTICAL EQUIPMENT; CHEMISTRY; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; FEASIBILITY STUDY; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; IMMUNOLOGY; MOUTH MUCOSA; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; VIREMIA; VIROLOGY; DIAGNOSTIC KIT; TRANSMISSION;

ANTIVIRUS AGENT; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; SALIVA PROTEIN; VIRUS ANTIBODY; VIRUS ANTIGEN; DIAGNOSTIC KIT;

ANTIBODIES, VIRAL; ANTIGENS, VIRAL; ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; DISEASE PROGRESSION; FEASIBILITY STUDIES; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV-1; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, MUCOSAL; MOUTH MUCOSA; REAGENT KITS, DIAGNOSTIC; SALIVA; SALIVARY PROTEINS; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; VIRAL LOAD; VIREMIA; BIOMARKERS; SALIVARY PROTEINS AND PEPTIDES;

EID: 18744379185     PISSN: 1354523X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1034/j.1601-0825.8.s2.7.x     Document Type: Review

References (53)

1. Baier-Bitterlich G, Wachter H, Fuchs D (1996). Role of neopterin and 7,8-dihydroneopterin in human immunodeficiency virus infection: marker for disease progression and pathogenic link. J AIDS 13: 184-193.
2. Baqui AA, Meiller TF, Falkler WAJ (1999). Enhanced secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients. Clin Diag Laboratory Immunol 6: 808-811.
3. Baron S, Poast J, Cloyd MW (1999). Why is HIV rarely transmitted by oral secretions? Saliva can disrupt orally shed, infected leukocytes. Arch Intern Med 159: 303-310.
4. Barton SE (1998). HIV infected women and genital health. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 10: 375-378.
5. Brandtzaeg P, Gabrielsen TO, Dale I et al (1995). The leucocyte protein L1 (calprotectin): a putative nonspecific defence factor at epithelial surfaces. Adv Exp Med Biol 371A: 201-206.
6. Challacombe SJ, Rahman D, O'Hagan DT (1999) Salivary, gut, vaginal and nasal antibody responses after oral immunization with biodegradable microparticles, Vaccine 15: 169-175.
7. Challacombe SJ, Sweet SP (1997). Salivary and mucosal immune responses to HIV and its co-pathogens. Oral Dis 3(Suppl. 1): S79-S84.
8. Clerici M, Shearer GM (1993). A TH1 →TH2 switch is a critical step in the etiology of HIV infection. Immunol Today 14: 107-111.
9. Coogan MM, Sweet SP, Challacombe SJ (1994). Immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgA1, and IgA2 antibodies to Candida albicans in whole and parotid saliva in human immunodeficiency virus infection and AIDS. Infect Immun 62: 892-896.
10. Edgar WM (1992). Saliva: its secretion, composition and functions. Br Dent J 172: 305-312.
11. Emmons WW, Paparello SF, Decker CF et al (1995). A modified ELISA and Western Blot accurately determine anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antibodies in oral fluids obtained with a special collecting device. J Infect Dis 171: 406-410.
12. Fuchs D, Kramer A, Reibnegger G et al (1991). Neopterin and beta 2-microglobulin as prognostic indices in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Infection 19(Suppl. 2): S98-S102.
13. Gallo D, George JR, Fitchen JH et al (1997). Evaluation of a system using oral mucosal transudate for HIV-1 antibody screening and confirmatory testing. JAMA 277: 254-258.
14. Hamerlinck FF (1999). Neopterin: a review. Exp Dermatol 8: 167-176.
15. Hocini H, Becquart P, Bouhlal H et al (2000). Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor inhibits infection of monocytes and lymphocytes with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and lymphocytes with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 but does not interfere with transcytosis of cell-associated virus across tight epithelial barriers. Clin Diag Laboratory Immunol 7: 515-518.
16. Kaul R, Plummer FA, Kimani J et al (2000). HIV-1-specific mucosal CD8+ lymphocyte responses in the cervix of HIV-1-resistant prostitutes in Nairobi. J Immunol 164: 1602-1611.
17. Kaul R, Trabattoni D, Bwayo JJ et al (1999). HIV-1-specific mucosal IgA in a cohort of HIV-1-resistant Kenyan sex workers. AIDS 13: 23-29.
18. Kazmi S, O'Shea S, Sweet SP, Banatvala JE, Challacombe SJ (1998). Evaluation of the HIV-inhibitory activity of seven human mucosal fluids. International Conference on AIDS. 12: 516 (Abstract. #31106).
19. Kazmi SH, Sweet SP, Evans R, O'Shea S, Banatvala JE, Challacombe SJ (2002). Identification of the HIV-1-specific inhibitory factors present in saliva. Submitted.
20. Kennedy S, Davis C, Abrams WR (1998). Submandibular saliva proteases: lack of a role in anti-HIV activity. J Dent Res 77: 1515-1519.
21. Ledru E, Lecoeur H, Garcia S et al (1998). Differential susceptibility to activation-induced apoptosis among peripheral Th1 sub-sets: correlation with Bcl-2 expression and consequences for AIDS pathogenesis. J Immunol 160: 3194-3206.
22. Lefrère J-J, Fine JM, Lambin P et al (1988). Increased IgA as a predictor of development of AIDS in HIV-infected subjects. Clin Chem 34: 1360.
23. Lehner T, Wang Y, Ping L et al (1999). The effect of route of immunisation on mucosal immunity and protection. J Infect Dis 179(Suppl. 3): S489-S492.
24. Leigh J, Steele C, Wormley F et al (1998). Th1/Th2 cytokine expression in saliva of HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals: a pilot study in HIV-positive individuals with oropharyngeal candidiasis. J AIDS 19: 373-380.
25. Malamud D (1997). Oral diagnostic testing for detecting human immunodeficiency virus-1 antibodies: a technology whose time has come. Am J Med 102(Suppl. 4A): 9-14.
26. Martinez-Bru C, Cortes M, Planella T et al (1999). Beta 2-microglobulin and immunoglobulins are more useful markers of disease progression in HIV than neopterin and adenosine deaminase. Ann Clin Biochem 36: 601-608.
27. McNeely TB, Dealy M, Dripps DJ et al (1995). Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor: a human saliva protein exhibiting anti-human immunodeficiency virus 1 activity in vitro. J Clin Invest 96: 456-464.
28. Mellors JW, Munoz A, Giorgi JV et al (1997). Plasma viral load and CD4+ lymphocytes as prognostic markers of HIV-1 infection. Ann Intern Med 126: 946-954.
29. Miller CJ, McGhee JR, Gardner MB (1992). Biology of disease: mucosal immunity, HIV transmission and AIDS. Laboratory Invest 129: 129-145.
30. Mofenson LM, McIntyre JA (2000). Advances and research directions in the prevention of mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission. Lancet 355: 2237-2244.
31. Müller F, Frøland SS, Brandtzaeg P et al (1993). Oral candidiasis is associated with low levels of parotid calprotectin in individuals with infection due to human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 16: 301-302.
32. Nagashunmugam T, Friedman HM, Davis C, Kennedy S, Goldstein LT, Malamud D (1997). Human submandibular saliva specifically inhibits HIV type 1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 13: 369-374.
33. Nagashunmugam T, Malamud D, Davis C et al (1998). Human submandibular saliva inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection by displacing envelope glycoprotein gp120 from the virus. J Infect Dis 178: 1635-1641.
34. Nishanian P, Aziz N, Chung J et al (1998). Oral fluids as an alternative to serum for measurement of markers of immune activation. Clin Diag Laboratory Immunol 5: 507-512.
35. Opstad NL, Daley CL, Thurn JR et al (1995). Impact of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteremia and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 on oral mucosal immunity. J Infect Dis 172: 566-570.
36. Page-Shafer K, Veugelers PJ, Moss AR et al (1997). Sexual risk behavior and risk factors for HIV-1 seroconversion in homosexual men participating in the Tricontinental Seroconverter Study, 1982-94. Am J Epidemiol 146: 531-542.
37. Patton LL, Shugars DC (1999). Immunologic and viral markers of HIV-1 disease progression: implications for dentistry. JADA 130: 1313-1322.
38. Quillent C, Oberlin E, Braun J et al (1998). HIV-1-resistance phenotype conferred by combination of two separate inherited mutations of CCR5 gene. Lancet 351: 14-18.
39. Rothenberg RB, Scarlett M, del Rio C, Reznik K, O'Daniels C (1998). Oral transmission of HIV. AIDS 12: 2095-2105.
40. Royce RA, Sena A, Cates W Jr, Cohen MS (1997). Sexual transmission of HIV. N Engl J Med 336: 1072-1078.
41. Schacker T, Collier AC, Hughes J, Shea T, Corey L (1996). Clinical and epidemiologic features of primary HIV infection. Ann Int Med 125: 257-264.
42. Shugars DC, Patton LL, Freel SA, Gray LR, Fiscus SA (2002). Oral cavity as a potential HIV-1 reservoir: factors associated with salivary viral hyper-secretion. Oral Dis 8(Suppl. 1): in press.
43. Shugars DC, Sauls DL, Weinberg JB (1997). Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor blocks infectivity of primary monocytes and mononuclear cells with both monocytotropic and lymphocytotropic strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Oral Dis 3(Suppl. 1): S70-S72.
44. Shugars DC, Slade GD, Patton LL, Fiscus SA (2000). Oral and systemic factors associated with increased levels of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in saliva. Oral Surg, Oral Med, Oral Pathol, Oral Radiol, Endod 89: 432-440.
45. Shugars DC, Wahl SM (1998). The role of the oral environment in HIV-1 transmission. JADA 129: 851-858.
46. Spickett GP, Dalgleish AG (1988). Cellular immunology of HIV infection. Clin Exp Med 71: 1-9.
47. Steinbakk M, Naess-Andresen CF, Lingaas E et al (1990). Antimicrobial actions of calcium binding leucocyte L1 protein, calprotectin. Lancet 336: 763-765.
48. Sweet SP, Denbury AN, Challacombe SJ (2000). Salivary calprotectin levels are raised in patients with oral candidiasis or Sjögren's syndrome but decreased by HIV infection. Oral Microbiol Immunol in press.
49. Sweet SP, Rahman D, Challacombe SJ (1995). IgA subclasses in HIV disease: dichotomy between raised levels in serum and decreased secretion rates in saliva. Immunology 86: 556-559.
50. Vernazza PL, Eron JJ, Fiscus SA, Cohen MS (1999). Sexual transmission of HIV: infectiousness and prevention. AIDS 13: 155-166.
51. Vittinghoff E, Douglas J, Judson F et al (1999). Per-contact risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission between male sexual partners. Am J Epidemiol 150: 306-311.
52. Wahl SM, McNeely TB, Janoff EN et al (1997). Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) in mucosal fluids inhibits HIV-1. Oral Dis 3(Suppl. 1): S64-S69.
53. Wasserheit JN (1992). Epidemiological synergy. Interrelationships between human immunodeficiency virus infection and other sexually transmitted diseases. Sex Transm Dis 19: 61-77.