The Role of the Oral Environment in HIV-1 Transmission

Journal of the American Dental Association

Volumn 129, Issue 7, 1998, Pages 851-858

  Shugars, Diane C ^a   Wahl, Sharon M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DENTAL AND CRANIOFACIAL RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AGENT; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS ANTIBODY; LEUKOCYTE ELASTASE INHIBITOR; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; PROTEIN; SALIVA PROTEIN; SECRETORY LEUKOCYTE PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; SERINE PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; SLPI PROTEIN, HUMAN;

CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MOUTH; MOUTH MUCOSA; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SALIVA; SECRETION; VIROLOGY; VIRUS LOAD;

ANTI-HIV AGENTS; CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES; HIV ANTIBODIES; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV-1; HUMANS; MEMBRANE PROTEINS; MOUTH; MOUTH MUCOSA; PROTEINASE INHIBITORY PROTEINS, SECRETORY; PROTEINS; RISK FACTORS; SALIVA; SALIVARY PROTEINS; SECRETORY LEUKOCYTE PEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; SERINE PROTEINASE INHIBITORS; VIRAL LOAD;

EID: 0032112238     PISSN: 00028177     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.1998.0349     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. WHO global AIDS statistics: AIDS cases reported to the World Health Organization as of 30 June 1997. AIDS Care 1997;9:752.
2. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. HIV/AIDS surveillance report 1997;9:3.
3. Fischl MA, Dickinson GM, Scott GB, Klimas N, Fletcher MA, Parks W. Evaluation of heterosexual partners, children, and household contacts of adults with AIDS. JAMA 1987;257:640-4.
4. Friedland GH, Saltzman BR, Rogers MF, et al. Lack of transmission of HTLV-III/LAV of infection to household contacts of patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex with oral candidiasis. N Engl J Med 1986;314:344-9.
5. Lusher JM, Operskalski EA, Aledort LM, et al. Risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection among sexual and nonsexual household contacts of persons with congenital clotting disorders. Pediatrics 1991;88:242-9.
6. Beekman SE, Henderson DK. Managing occupational risks in the dental office: HIV and the dental professional. JADA 1994;125:847-52.
7. Groopman JE, Salahuddin SZ, Sarngadharan MG, et al. HTLV-III in saliva of people with AIDS-related complex and healthy homosexual men at risk for AIDS. Science 1984;226:447-9.
8. Yeung SCH, Kazazi F, Randle CGM, et al. Patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 have low levels of virus in saliva even in the presence of periodontal disease. J Infect Dis 1993;167:803-9.
9. Ho DD, Byington BS, Schooley RT, Rota RT, Hirsch MS. Infrequency of isolation of HTLV-III virus from saliva in AIDS. N Engl J Med 1985;313:1606.
10. Levy JA, Greenspan D. HIV in saliva. Lancet 1988;2:1248.
11. O'Shea S, Cordery M, Barrett WY, Richman DD, Bradbear C, Banatuala JE. HIV excretion patterns and specific antibody responses in body fluids. J Med Virol 1990;31:291-6.
12. Schiødt M, Greenspan D, Levy JA, et al. Does HIV cause salivary gland disease? AIDS 1989;3:819-22.
13. Barr CE, Miller LK, Lopez MR, et al. Recovery of infectious HIV-1 from whole saliva: blood proves more likely virus transmitter. JADA 1992;123:37-45.
14. Chebbi F, Poveda J-D, Suzuki T, et al. Search for infectious HIV in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva of advanced AIDS patients with severe periodontitis. AIDS 1997;11:927-47.
15. Moore BE, Flaitz CM, Coppenhaver DH, et al. HIV recovery from saliva before and after dental treatment: inhibitors may have critical role in viral inactivation. JADA 1993;124:67-74.
16. Goto Y, Yeh C-K, Notkins AL, Prabhakar BS. Detection of proviral sequences in saliva of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1991;7:343-7.
17. Glick M, Trope M, Pliskin ME. Detection of HIV in the dental pulp of a patient with AIDS. JADA 1989;119:649-50.
18. Qureshi MN, Barr CE, Seshamma T, Reidy J, Pomeranz RJ, Bagrasa O. Infection of oral mucosal cells by human immunodeficiency virus type I in seronegative persons. J Infect Dis 1995;171:190-3.
19. Liuzzi G, Chirianni A, Clementi M, et al. Analysis of HIV-1 load in blood, semen and saliva: evidence for different viral compartments in a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. AIDS 1996;10:F51-6.
20. Lucht E, Albert J, Linde A, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and cytomegalovirus in saliva. J Med Virol 1993;39:156-62.
21. Phillips J, Qureshi N, Barr C, Henrard DR. Low level of cell-free virus detected at high frequency in saliva from HIV-1-infected individuals. AIDS 1994;8:1011-24.
22. Shugars DC, Schock J, Patton LL, et al. HIV-1 RNA load in blood plasma, saliva and crevicular fluid. J Dent Res 1998;77(Special Issue A):285.
23. Phillips DM, Tan X, Pearce-Pratt R, Zacharopoulos VR. An assay for HIV infection of cultured human cervix-derived cells. J Virol Methods 1995;52:1-13.
24. Adachi A, Koenig S, Gendelman HE. Productive, persistent infection of colorectal cell lines with human immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 1986;61:209-13.
25. Yahi N, Baghdiguian S, Moreau H, Fantini J. Galactosyl ceramide (or a closely related molecule) is the receptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 on human colon epithelial HT29 cells. J Virol 1992;66:4848-54.
26. Alkhatib G, Combadiere C, Broder CC, et al. CC CKR5: a RANTES, MIP-1α, MIP-1β receptor as a fusion cofactor for macrophagetropic HFV-1. Science 1996;272:1955-8.
27. Deng H, Liu R, Ellmeier W, et al. Identification of a major co-receptor for primary isolates of HIV-1. Nature 1996;381:661-6.
28. Dragic T, Litwin V, Allaway GP, et al. HIV-1 entry into CD4 cells is mediated by the chemokine receptor CC-CKR-5. Nature 1996;381:667-73.
29. Feng Y, Broder CC, Kennedy PE, Berger EA. HIV-1 entry cofactor: functional cDNA cloning of a seven-transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptor. Science 1996;272:872-7.
30. Miller CJ, McGhee JR, Gardner MB. Mucosal immunity, HIV transmission, and AIDS. J Clin Invest 1993;68:129-45.
31. Ayehunie S, Groves RW, Bruzzese AM, et al. Acutely infected Langerhans' cells are more efficient than T cells in disseminating HIV type 1 to activated T cells following a short cell-cell contact. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1995;11:877-84.
32. Soto-Ramirez LE, Renjifo B, McLane MF, et al. HIV-1 Langerhans' cell tropism associated with heterosexual transmission of HIV. Science 1996;271:1291-3.
33. Suzuki T, Yoshie H, Jeannel D, et al. Detection of intracellular p24-positive macrophages in gingival crevicular fluid from periodontal lesions of stage IV AIDS patients. AIDS 1996;10:804-5.
34. Brunner MJ, Cleary KR, Smith FB, Batasakis JG. Immunocytochemical identification of HIV (p24) antigen in parotid lymphoid lesions. J Laryngol Otol 1989;103:1003-6.
35. Wahl SM, Worley P, Jin W-W, et al. Anatomic dissociation between HIV-1 and its endogenous inhibitor in mucosal tissues. Am J Pathol 1997;150:1275-84.
36. Hussain LA, Lehner T. Comparative investigation of Langerhans' cells and potential receptors for HIV in oral, genitourinary and rectal epithelia. Immunology 1995;85:475-84.
37. Offenbacher S. Periodontal diseases: pathogenesis. Annals Periodontol 1996;1:821-78.
38. Odden K, Schenck K, Hurlen B. High numbers of T cells in gingiva from patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. J Oral Pathol Med 1995;24:413-9.
39. Faust RA, Henry K, Dailey P, et al. Outpatient biopsies of the palatine tonsil: access to lymphoid tissue for assessment of human immunodeficiency virus RNA titers. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996;114:593-8.
40. Frankel SS, Wenig BM, Burke AP, et al. Replication of HIV-1 in dendritic cell-derived syncytia at the mucosal surface of the adenoid. Science 1996;272:115-7.
41. Frankel SS, Tenner-Racz K, Racz P, et al. Active replication of HIV-1 at the lymphoepithelial surface of the tonsil. Am J Pathol 1997;151:89-96.
42. Rinfret A, Latendresse H, Lefebvre R, St. Louis G, Jolicoeur P, Lamerre L. Human immunodeficiency virus-infected multinucleated histiocytes in oropharyngeal lymphoid tissues from two asymptomatic patients. Am J Pathol 1991;138:421-6.
43. Miller CH, Cottone JA. The basic principles of infectious diseases as related to dental practice. Dent Clin North Am 1993;37:1-20.
44. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Transmission of HIV possibly associated with exposure of mucous membrane to contaminated blood. MMWR 1997;46:620-3.
45. Anonymous. Notes and news: Transmission of HIV by human bite. Lancet 1987;2:522.
46. Vidmar L, Poljak M, Tomazic J, Seme K, Klavs I. Transmission of HIV-1 by human bite. Lancet 1996;347:1762-3.
47. Baba TW, Koch J, Mittler ES, et al. Mucosal infection of neonatal rhesus monkeys with cell-free SIV. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994;10:351-7.
48. Otsyula MG, Miller CJ, Tarantal AF, et al. Fetal or neonatal infection with attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus results in protective immunity against oral challenge with pathogenic SIVmac251. Virology 1996;222:275-8.
49. Baba TW, Trichel AM, An L, et al. Infection and AIDS in adult macaques after nontraumatic oral exposure to cell-free virus. Science 1996;272:1486-589.
50. Bosch ML, Schmidt A, Agy MB, Kimball LE, Morton WR. Infection of Macaca nemestrina neonates with HIV-1 via different routes of inoculation. AIDS 1997;11:1555-63.
51. Fultz PN. Components of saliva inactivate human immunodeficiency virus. Lancet 1986;ii:1215.
52. Fox PC, Wolff A, Yeh C-K, Atkinson JC, Baum BJ. Saliva inhibits HIV-1 infectivity. JADA 1988;116:635-7.
53. Fox PC, Wolff A, Yeh C-K, Atkinson JC, Baum BJ. Salivary inhibition of HIV-1 infectivity: functional properties and distribution in men, women, and children. JADA 1989;118:709-11.
54. Archibald DW, Cole GA. In vitro inhibition of HIV-1 infectivity by human salivas. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1990;6:1425-32.
55. Yeh C-K, Handelman B, Fox PC, Baum BJ. Further studies of salivary inhibition of HIV-1 infectivity. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1992;5:898-903.
56. Malamud D, Nagashunmugam T, Davis C, et al. Inhibition of HIV infectivity by human saliva. Oral Dis 1997;3(Supplement 1):S58-63.
57. Malamud D, Davis C, Berthold P, Roth E, Friedman H. Human submandibular saliva aggregates HIV. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1993;9:633-7.
58. Robinovitch MR, Iversen JM. Anti-infectivity activity of human salivary secretions toward human immunodeficiency virus. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1993;4:4559.
59. Bergey FJ, Cho M-I, Hammarskjold ML, Rekosh D, Levine MJ. Aggregation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by human salivary secretions. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1993;4:467-74.
60. Bergey EJ, Cho M-I, Blumberg BM, et al. Interaction of HIV-1 and human salivary mucins. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1994;7:995-1002.
61. McNeely TB, Dealy M, Dripps DJ, Orenstein JM, Eisenberg SP, Wahl SM. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor: a human saliva protein exhibiting anti-human immunodeficiency virus 1 activity in vitro. J Clin Invest 1995;96:456-64.
62. McNeely TB, Shugars DC, Rosendahl M, Tucker C, Eisenberg SP, Wahl SM. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infectivity by secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor occurs prior to reverse transcription. Blood 1997;90:1141-9.
63. Nagashunmugam T, Friedman HM, Davis C, Kennedy S, Goldstein LT, Malamud D. Human submandibular saliva specifically inhibits HIV type 1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997;13:369-74.
64. Shugars DC, Sauls DL, Weinberg JB. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor blocks infectivity of primary monocytes and mononuclear cells with both monocytotropic and lymphocytotropic strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Oral Dis 1997;3(Supplement 1):S70-2.
65. Archibald DW, Zon L, Groopman JE, McLane MF, Essex M. Antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) in saliva of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients and in persons at risk for AIDS. Blood 1986;67:831-4.
66. Artenstein AW, VanCott TC, Sitz KV, et al. Mucosal immune responses in four distinct compartments of women infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1: a comparison by site and correlation with clinical information. J Infect Dis 1997;175:265-71.
67. Malamud D. Oral diagnostic testing for detecting human immunodeficiency virus-1 antibodies: a technology whose time has come. Am J Med 1997;102 (Supplement 4A):9-14.
68. Bukawa H, Sekigawa K, Hamajima K, et al. Neutralization of HIV-1 by secretory IgA induced by oral immunization with a new macromolecular multicomponent peptide vaccine candidate. Nat Med 1995;1:681-5.
69. Rubinstein A, Goldstein H, Pettoello-Mantovani M, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a V3 loop synthetic peptide conjugated to purified protein derivative in HIV-seronegative volunteers. AIDS 1995;9:243-51.
70. Wahl SM, McNeely TB, Janoff EN, et al. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) in mucosal fluids inhibits HIV-I. Oral Dis 1997;3(Supplement 1):S64-9.
71. Su H, Boackle RJ. Interaction of the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus with C1q and fibronectin under conditions present in human saliva. Mol Immunol 1991;28:811-7.
72. Nakashima H, Yamamoto N, Masuda M, Fuhii N. Defensins inhibit HIV replication in vitro. AIDS 1993;7:1129.
73. Yamaguchi Y, Semmel M, Stanislawski L, Strosberg AD, Stanislawski M. Virucidal effects of glucose oxidase and peroxidase or their protein conjugates on human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993;37:26-31.
74. Crombie R, Silverstein RL, MacLow C, Pearce SFA, Nachman RL, Laurence J. Identification of a CD36-related thrombospondin 1-binding domain in HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120: relationship to HIV-1-specific inhibitory factors in human saliva. J Exp Med 1998;198:25-35.
75. Turpin JA, Schaeffer CA, Bu M, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) replication is unaffected by human secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor. Antiviral Res 1996;29:269-77.
76. Shine N, Konopka K, Düzgünes N. The anti-HIV-1 activity associated with saliva. J Dent Res 1996;76:534-640.
77. Konopka K, Shine NR, Düzgünes N. Effect of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor on HIV infection in PM1 cells. J Dent Res 1998;77(Special Issue A):286.
78. Thompson RC, Ohlsson K. Isolation, properties, and complete amino acid sequences of human secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, a potent inhibitor of leukocyte elastase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986;83:6692-6.
79. Franken C, Meijer CJLM, Dijkman JH. Tissue distribution of antileukoprotease and lysozyme in humans. J Histochem Cytochem 1989;37:493-8.
80. Grütter MG, Fendrich G, Hubert R, Bode W. The 2.5 A X-ray crystal structure of the acid-stable proteinase inhibitor from human mucous secretions analyzed in its complex with bovine α-chymotrypsin. EMBO J 1988;7:345-51.
81. Eisenberg SP, Hale KK, Heimdal P, Thompson RC. Location of the protease-inhibitory region of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor. J Biol Chem 1990;265:7976-81.
82. Hiemstra PS, Maassen RJ, Stolk J, Kienzel-Wieland R, Steffens GJ, Dijkman JH. Antimicrobial activity of antileukoprotease. Infect Immun 1996;64:4520-4.
83. Miller KW, Evans RJ, Eisenberg SP, Thompson RC. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor binding to mRNA and DNA as a possible cause of toxicity to Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1989;171:2166-72.
84. Tomee JFC, Hiemstra PS, Heinzel-Wieland R, Kauffman HF. Antileukoprotease: an endogenous protein in the innate mucosal defense against fungi. J Infect Dis 1997;176:740-7.