메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 89, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 293-310

Implicit Leadership Theories in Applied Settings: Factor Structure, Generalizability, and Stability Over Time

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; EVALUATION; FACTORIAL ANALYSIS; FEMALE; HUMAN; LEADERSHIP; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; PERSONALITY TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; PSYCHOLOGY; REPRODUCIBILITY; TIME; UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 1842810137     PISSN: 00219010     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.89.2.293     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (471)

References (92)
  • 1
    • 0001129390 scopus 로고
    • Organizational socialization tactics: A longitudinal analysis of links to newcomers' commitment and role orientation
    • Allen, N. J., & Meyer, N. J. (1990). Organizational socialization tactics: A longitudinal analysis of links to newcomers' commitment and role orientation. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 847-858.
    • (1990) Academy of Management Journal , vol.33 , pp. 847-858
    • Allen, N.J.1    Meyer, N.J.2
  • 2
    • 41649112685 scopus 로고
    • Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach
    • Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411-423.
    • (1988) Psychological Bulletin , vol.103 , pp. 411-423
    • Anderson, J.C.1    Gerbing, D.W.2
  • 6
    • 84973719688 scopus 로고
    • Potential biases in leadership measures: How prototypes, leniency, and general satisfaction relate to ratings and rankings of transformational and transactional leadership constructs
    • Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1989). Potential biases in leadership measures: How prototypes, leniency, and general satisfaction relate to ratings and rankings of transformational and transactional leadership constructs. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 49, 509-527.
    • (1989) Educational and Psychological Measurement , vol.49 , pp. 509-527
    • Bass, B.M.1    Avolio, B.J.2
  • 7
    • 0001610297 scopus 로고
    • Sample size effects on chi-square and other statistics in evaluating causal models
    • Bearden, W. O., Sharma, S., & Teel, J. E. (1982). Sample size effects on chi-square and other statistics in evaluating causal models. Journal of Marketing Research, 19, 425-430.
    • (1982) Journal of Marketing Research , vol.19 , pp. 425-430
    • Bearden, W.O.1    Sharma, S.2    Teel, J.E.3
  • 8
    • 0025397298 scopus 로고
    • Comparative fit indexes in structural models
    • Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246.
    • (1990) Psychological Bulletin , vol.107 , pp. 238-246
    • Bentler, P.M.1
  • 10
    • 4243159210 scopus 로고
    • Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures
    • Bentler, P. M., & Bonnett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
    • (1980) Psychological Bulletin , vol.88 , pp. 588-606
    • Bentler, P.M.1    Bonnett, D.G.2
  • 12
    • 0002491410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leadership and perceiver cognition: Moving beyond first order constructs
    • M. London (Ed.). London: Erlbaum
    • Brown, D. J., & Lord, R. G. (2001). Leadership and perceiver cognition: Moving beyond first order constructs. In M. London (Ed.), How people evaluate others in groups (181-202). London: Erlbaum.
    • (2001) How People Evaluate Others in Groups , pp. 181-202
    • Brown, D.J.1    Lord, R.G.2
  • 13
    • 84948875731 scopus 로고
    • Single sample cross-validation indices for covariance structures
    • Browne, M., & Cudeck, R. (1989). Single sample cross-validation indices for covariance structures. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 24, 445-455.
    • (1989) Multivariate Behavioral Research , vol.24 , pp. 445-455
    • Browne, M.1    Cudeck, R.2
  • 14
    • 84928464839 scopus 로고
    • The generalizability of Implicit Leadership Theory
    • Bryman, A. (1987). The generalizability of Implicit Leadership Theory. Journal of Social Psychology, 127, 129-141.
    • (1987) Journal of Social Psychology , vol.127 , pp. 129-141
    • Bryman, A.1
  • 15
    • 84986685437 scopus 로고
    • The Maslach Burnout Inventory: Testing for factorial validity and invariance across elementary, intermediate and secondary teachers
    • Byrne, B. M. (1993). The Maslach Burnout Inventory: Testing for factorial validity and invariance across elementary, intermediate and secondary teachers. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 66, 197-212.
    • (1993) Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology , vol.66 , pp. 197-212
    • Byrne, B.M.1
  • 17
    • 1842727073 scopus 로고
    • The challenge of assessing leadership characteristics
    • Campbell, D. P. (1991). The challenge of assessing leadership characteristics. Issues and Observations, 11, 1-8.
    • (1991) Issues and Observations , vol.11 , pp. 1-8
    • Campbell, D.P.1
  • 18
    • 0001557972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The conceptualization and analysis of change over time: An integrative approach incorporating longitudinal mean and covariance structure analysis (LMACS) and multiple indicator latent growth modeling (MLGM)
    • Chan, D. (1998). The conceptualization and analysis of change over time: An integrative approach incorporating longitudinal mean and covariance structure analysis (LMACS) and multiple indicator latent growth modeling (MLGM). Organizational Research Methods, 1, 421-483.
    • (1998) Organizational Research Methods , vol.1 , pp. 421-483
    • Chan, D.1
  • 22
    • 84985258638 scopus 로고
    • Charismatic leadership in organizations: Perceived behavioral attributes and their measurement
    • Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1994). Charismatic leadership in organizations: Perceived behavioral attributes and their measurement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15, 439-452.
    • (1994) Journal of Organizational Behavior , vol.15 , pp. 439-452
    • Conger, J.A.1    Kanungo, R.N.2
  • 23
    • 0002630508 scopus 로고
    • Effects of categorization, attribution, and encoding processes on leadership perceptions
    • Cronshaw, S. F., & Lord, R. G. (1987). Effects of categorization, attribution, and encoding processes on leadership perceptions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 97-106.
    • (1987) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.72 , pp. 97-106
    • Cronshaw, S.F.1    Lord, R.G.2
  • 24
    • 0032383792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceptions of female and male managers in the 1990s: Plus ça change...
    • Deal, J. J., & Stevenson, M. A. (1998). Perceptions of female and male managers in the 1990s: Plus ça change.... Sex Roles, 38, 287-300.
    • (1998) Sex Roles , vol.38 , pp. 287-300
    • Deal, J.J.1    Stevenson, M.A.2
  • 27
    • 0016666925 scopus 로고
    • Implicit leadership theory as determinant of the factor structure underlying supervisory behavior scales
    • Eden, D., & Leviatan, U. (1975). Implicit leadership theory as determinant of the factor structure underlying supervisory behavior scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 736-741.
    • (1975) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.60 , pp. 736-741
    • Eden, D.1    Leviatan, U.2
  • 28
    • 0031285036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implicit theories, self-schemas, and leader-member exchange
    • Engle, E. M., & Lord, R. G. (1997). Implicit theories, self-schemas, and leader-member exchange. Academy of Management Journal, 40, 988-1010.
    • (1997) Academy of Management Journal , vol.40 , pp. 988-1010
    • Engle, E.M.1    Lord, R.G.2
  • 29
    • 38249036459 scopus 로고
    • Prototypes and scripts: The effects of alternative methods of processing information on rating accuracy
    • Foti, R. J., & Lord, R. G. (1987). Prototypes and scripts: The effects of alternative methods of processing information on rating accuracy. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 39, 318-340.
    • (1987) Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , vol.39 , pp. 318-340
    • Foti, R.J.1    Lord, R.G.2
  • 30
    • 84973784157 scopus 로고
    • On avoiding the influence of Implicit Leadership Theories in leader behavior descriptions
    • Gioia, D. A., & Sims, H. P., Jr. (1985). On avoiding the influence of Implicit Leadership Theories in leader behavior descriptions. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 45, 217-232.
    • (1985) Educational and Psychological Measurement , vol.45 , pp. 217-232
    • Gioia, D.A.1    Sims Jr., H.P.2
  • 31
    • 33846546348 scopus 로고
    • Cross-cultural comparison of leadership prototypes
    • Gerstner, C. R., & Day, D. V. (1994). Cross-cultural comparison of leadership prototypes. Leadership Quarterly, 5, 121-134.
    • (1994) Leadership Quarterly , vol.5 , pp. 121-134
    • Gerstner, C.R.1    Day, D.V.2
  • 32
    • 84965710901 scopus 로고
    • Measuring change persistency in human affairs: Types of changes generated by OD designs
    • Golembiewski, R. T., Billingsley, K., & Yeager, S. (1976). Measuring change persistency in human affairs: Types of changes generated by OD designs. Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences, 12, 133-157.
    • (1976) Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences , vol.12 , pp. 133-157
    • Golembiewski, R.T.1    Billingsley, K.2    Yeager, S.3
  • 33
    • 58149322472 scopus 로고
    • Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective
    • Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. Leadership Quarterly, 6, 219-247.
    • (1995) Leadership Quarterly , vol.6 , pp. 219-247
    • Graen, G.B.1    Uhl-Bien, M.2
  • 34
    • 21344482690 scopus 로고
    • The two leadership styles of William Jefferson Clinton
    • Greenstein, F. I. (1994). The two leadership styles of William Jefferson Clinton. Political Psychology, 15, 351-361.
    • (1994) Political Psychology , vol.15 , pp. 351-361
    • Greenstein, F.I.1
  • 35
    • 21144483890 scopus 로고
    • Gender orientation and emergent leader behavior
    • Gurman, E. B., & Long, K. (1992). Gender orientation and emergent leader behavior. Sex Roles, 27, 391-400.
    • (1992) Sex Roles , vol.27 , pp. 391-400
    • Gurman, E.B.1    Long, K.2
  • 36
    • 0001454545 scopus 로고
    • Perceptions of gender-role characteristics and transformational and transactional leadership behaviours
    • Hackman, M. Z., Furniss, A. H., Hills, M. J., & Paterson, T. J. (1992). Perceptions of gender-role characteristics and transformational and transactional leadership behaviours. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 75, 311-319.
    • (1992) Perceptual and Motor Skills , vol.75 , pp. 311-319
    • Hackman, M.Z.1    Furniss, A.H.2    Hills, M.J.3    Paterson, T.J.4
  • 38
    • 0040817698 scopus 로고
    • Understanding impression formation: What has memory research contributed?
    • P. R. Solomon, G. R. Goethals, C. M. Kelley, & B. R. Stephens (Eds.). New York: Springer-Verlag
    • Hamilton, D. L. (1989). Understanding impression formation: What has memory research contributed? In P. R. Solomon, G. R. Goethals, C. M. Kelley, & B. R. Stephens (Eds.), Memory: Interdisciplinary approaches (pp. 221-242). New York: Springer-Verlag.
    • (1989) Memory: Interdisciplinary Approaches , pp. 221-242
    • Hamilton, D.L.1
  • 39
    • 0039594364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An information processing perspective on leadership and culture: A case for connectionist architecture
    • Hanges, P. J., Lord, R. G., & Dickson, M. W. (2000). An information processing perspective on leadership and culture: A case for connectionist architecture. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 49, 133-161.
    • (2000) Applied Psychology: An International Review , vol.49 , pp. 133-161
    • Hanges, P.J.1    Lord, R.G.2    Dickson, M.W.3
  • 40
    • 0002881732 scopus 로고
    • The behavior of authoritarian and equalitarian personalities in groups
    • Haythorn, W. W., Couch, A., Haefner, D., Langham, P., & Carter, L. F. (1956). The behavior of authoritarian and equalitarian personalities in groups. Human Relations, 9, 57-74.
    • (1956) Human Relations , vol.9 , pp. 57-74
    • Haythorn, W.W.1    Couch, A.2    Haefner, D.3    Langham, P.4    Carter, L.F.5
  • 41
    • 0039200888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validating the masculinity/femininity dimension on elites from 19 countries
    • G. Hofstede (Ed.), Cross-cultural psychology series. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
    • Hoppe, M. H. (1998). Validating the masculinity/femininity dimension on elites from 19 countries. In G. Hofstede (Ed.), Masculinity and femininity: The taboo dimension of national culture. Cross-cultural psychology series (Vol. 3, pp. 29-43). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    • (1998) Masculinity and Femininity: The Taboo Dimension of National Culture , vol.3 , pp. 29-43
    • Hoppe, M.H.1
  • 42
    • 0000227243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cultural influences on leadership and organizations: Project GLOBE
    • W. H. Mobley (Ed.). Stamford, CT: JAI Press
    • House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Ruiz-Quantilla, S. A., Dorfan, P. W., Javidan, M., Dickson, M., et al. (1999). Cultural influences on leadership and organizations: Project GLOBE. In W. H. Mobley (Ed.), Advances in global leadership (Vol. 1, pp. 171-233). Stamford, CT: JAI Press.
    • (1999) Advances in Global Leadership , vol.1 , pp. 171-233
    • House, R.J.1    Hanges, P.J.2    Ruiz-Quantilla, S.A.3    Dorfan, P.W.4    Javidan, M.5    Dickson, M.6
  • 43
    • 0030529911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rumours of the death of dispositional theory and research in organizational behavior are greatly exaggerated
    • House, R. J., Shane, S., & Herold, D. (1996). Rumours of the death of dispositional theory and research in organizational behavior are greatly exaggerated. Academy of Management Review, 21, 203-224.
    • (1996) Academy of Management Review , vol.21 , pp. 203-224
    • House, R.J.1    Shane, S.2    Herold, D.3
  • 46
    • 84926274486 scopus 로고
    • Organizational socialization as information processing activity: A life history analysis
    • Jones, G. R. (1983). Organizational socialization as information processing activity: A life history analysis. Human Organization, 42, 314-320.
    • (1983) Human Organization , vol.42 , pp. 314-320
    • Jones, G.R.1
  • 47
    • 34250481868 scopus 로고
    • A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis
    • Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34, 183-202.
    • (1969) Psychometrika , vol.34 , pp. 183-202
    • Jöreskog, K.G.1
  • 49
    • 0000967482 scopus 로고
    • Cross-lagged panel correlation: A test for spuriousness
    • Kenny, D. A. (1975). Cross-lagged panel correlation: A test for spuriousness. Psychological Bulletin, 82, 887-903.
    • (1975) Psychological Bulletin , vol.82 , pp. 887-903
    • Kenny, D.A.1
  • 50
    • 21844511682 scopus 로고
    • Effects of sex and gender role on leadership emergence
    • Kent, R. L., & Moss, S. E. (1994). Effects of sex and gender role on leadership emergence. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 1335-1346.
    • (1994) Academy of Management Journal , vol.37 , pp. 1335-1346
    • Kent, R.L.1    Moss, S.E.2
  • 52
    • 0007229230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of gender role, attitude toward leadership, and self-confidence on leader emergence: Implications for leadership development
    • Kolb, J. A. (1999). The effect of gender role, attitude toward leadership, and self-confidence on leader emergence: Implications for leadership development. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 10, 305-320.
    • (1999) Human Resource Development Quarterly , vol.10 , pp. 305-320
    • Kolb, J.A.1
  • 53
    • 0034398103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A grounded model of organizational schema change during empowerment
    • Labianca, G., Gray, B., & Brass, D. J. (2000). A grounded model of organizational schema change during empowerment. Organization Science, 11, 235-257.
    • (2000) Organization Science , vol.11 , pp. 235-257
    • Labianca, G.1    Gray, B.2    Brass, D.J.3
  • 54
    • 0007082092 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive mechanisms mediating the impact of Implicit Theories of leader behavior on leader behavior ratings
    • Larson, J. R., Jr. (1982), Cognitive mechanisms mediating the impact of Implicit Theories of leader behavior on leader behavior ratings. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 29, 129-140.
    • (1982) Organizational Behavior and Human Performance , vol.29 , pp. 129-140
    • Larson Jr., J.R.1
  • 56
    • 0003133372 scopus 로고
    • An information processing approach to social perceptions, leadership perceptions and behavioral measurement in organizational settings
    • B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press
    • Lord, R. G. (1985). An information processing approach to social perceptions, leadership perceptions and behavioral measurement in organizational settings. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, Vol. 7 (pp. 87-128) Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
    • (1985) Research in Organizational Behavior , vol.7 , pp. 87-128
    • Lord, R.G.1
  • 57
    • 84973795019 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of four information processing models of leadership and social perceptions
    • Lord, R. G., & Alliger, G. M. (1985). A comparison of four information processing models of leadership and social perceptions. Human Relations, 38, 47-65.
    • (1985) Human Relations , vol.38 , pp. 47-65
    • Lord, R.G.1    Alliger, G.M.2
  • 58
    • 0007088181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding the dynamics of leadership: The role of follower self-concepts in the leader/ follower relationship
    • Lord, R. G., Brown, D. J., & Freiberg, S. J. (1999). Understanding the dynamics of leadership: The role of follower self-concepts in the leader/ follower relationship. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 78, 167-203.
    • (1999) Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , vol.78 , pp. 167-203
    • Lord, R.G.1    Brown, D.J.2    Freiberg, S.J.3
  • 59
    • 84954158347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • System constraints on leadership perceptions, behavior and influence: An example of connectionist level processes
    • M. Hogg & R. Tinsdale (Eds.). Oxford, England: Blackwell
    • Lord, R. G., Brown, D. J., & Harvey, J. L. (2001). System constraints on leadership perceptions, behavior and influence: An example of connectionist level processes. In M. Hogg & R. Tinsdale (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology, Vol. 3: Group processes (pp. 283-310). Oxford, England: Blackwell.
    • (2001) Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology, Vol. 3: Group Processes , vol.3 , pp. 283-310
    • Lord, R.G.1    Brown, D.J.2    Harvey, J.L.3
  • 60
    • 58149371896 scopus 로고
    • A meta-analysis of the relation between personality traits and leadership perceptions: An application of validity generalization procedures
    • Lord, R. G., De Vader, C. L., & Alliger, G. M. (1986). A meta-analysis of the relation between personality traits and leadership perceptions: An application of validity generalization procedures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 402-410.
    • (1986) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.71 , pp. 402-410
    • Lord, R.G.1    De Vader, C.L.2    Alliger, G.M.3
  • 61
    • 33845252756 scopus 로고
    • A test of leadership categorization theory: Internal structure, information processing, and leadership perceptions
    • Lord, R. G., Foti, R. J., & De Vader, C. L. (1984). A test of leadership categorization theory: Internal structure, information processing, and leadership perceptions. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 34, 343-378.
    • (1984) Organizational Behavior and Human Performance , vol.34 , pp. 343-378
    • Lord, R.G.1    Foti, R.J.2    De Vader, C.L.3
  • 63
    • 0001348083 scopus 로고
    • Model modification in covariance structure analysis: The problem of capitalization on chance
    • MacCallum, R. C., Roznowski, M., & Necowitz, L. B. (1992). Model modification in covariance structure analysis: The problem of capitalization on chance. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 490-504.
    • (1992) Psychological Bulletin , vol.111 , pp. 490-504
    • Maccallum, R.C.1    Roznowski, M.2    Necowitz, L.B.3
  • 64
    • 84986144791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Internal and external influences of women's and men's entry into management
    • Marongiu, S., & Ekehammar, B. (1999). Internal and external influences of women's and men's entry into management. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 14, 421-433.
    • (1999) Journal of Managerial Psychology , vol.14 , pp. 421-433
    • Marongiu, S.1    Ekehammar, B.2
  • 65
    • 1842827953 scopus 로고
    • Presidential choice and performance on a scale of authoritarianism
    • Milton, O. (1952). Presidential choice and performance on a scale of authoritarianism. American Psychologist, 3, 233-234.
    • (1952) American Psychologist , vol.3 , pp. 233-234
    • Milton, O.1
  • 67
    • 84970217074 scopus 로고
    • The effects of prototype-based biases on leadership appraisals: A test of leadership categorization theory
    • Nye, J. L., & Forsyth, D. R. (1991). The effects of prototype-based biases on leadership appraisals: A test of leadership categorization theory. Small Group Research, 22, 360-379.
    • (1991) Small Group Research , vol.22 , pp. 360-379
    • Nye, J.L.1    Forsyth, D.R.2
  • 69
    • 0001991489 scopus 로고
    • Implicit leadership theories: Content, structure and generalizability
    • Offermann, L. R., Kennedy, J. K., Jr., & Wirtz, P. W. (1994). Implicit leadership theories: Content, structure and generalizability, Leadership Quarterly, 5, 43-58.
    • (1994) Leadership Quarterly , vol.5 , pp. 43-58
    • Offermann, L.R.1    Kennedy Jr., J.K.2    Wirtz, P.W.3
  • 70
    • 0009361807 scopus 로고
    • The accuracy of leadership ratings: A cognitive categorization perspective
    • Phillips, J. S. (1984). The accuracy of leadership ratings: A cognitive categorization perspective. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 33, 125-138.
    • (1984) Organizational Behavior and Human Performance , vol.33 , pp. 125-138
    • Phillips, J.S.1
  • 73
    • 0029248416 scopus 로고
    • Confirmatory factor analysis of the styles of handling interpersonal conflict: First-order factor model and its invariance across groups
    • Rahim, M., & Magner, N. R. (1995). Confirmatory factor analysis of the styles of handling interpersonal conflict: First-order factor model and its invariance across groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 122-132.
    • (1995) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.80 , pp. 122-132
    • Rahim, M.1    Magner, N.R.2
  • 74
    • 0002284631 scopus 로고
    • Principle in categorization
    • E. Rosch & B. B. Lloyd (Eds.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Rosch, E. (1978). Principle in categorization. In E. Rosch & B. B. Lloyd (Eds.), Cognition and categorization (pp. 28-48). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1978) Cognition and Categorization , pp. 28-48
    • Rosch, E.1
  • 75
    • 0031475466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transformational leaders: Measurement of personality attributes and work group performance
    • Ross, S. M., & Offermann, L. R. (1997). Transformational leaders: Measurement of personality attributes and work group performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 1078-1086.
    • (1997) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.23 , pp. 1078-1086
    • Ross, S.M.1    Offermann, L.R.2
  • 76
    • 38249032318 scopus 로고
    • Leader prototypes and prototype-contingent consensus in leader behavior descriptions
    • Rush, M. C., & Russell, J. E. A. (1988). Leader prototypes and prototype-contingent consensus in leader behavior descriptions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 24, 88-104.
    • (1988) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.24 , pp. 88-104
    • Rush, M.C.1    Russell, J.E.A.2
  • 77
    • 0001465196 scopus 로고
    • Confirmatory factor analytic procedures for assessing change during organizational entry
    • Schaubroeck, J., & Green, S. J. (1989). Confirmatory factor analytic procedures for assessing change during organizational entry. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 892-900.
    • (1989) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.74 , pp. 892-900
    • Schaubroeck, J.1    Green, S.J.2
  • 78
    • 0015767372 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics
    • Schein, V. E. (1973). The relationship between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 57, 95-100.
    • (1973) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.57 , pp. 95-100
    • Schein, V.E.1
  • 79
    • 84925975392 scopus 로고
    • The use of analysis of covariance structures to assess beta and gamma change
    • Schmitt, N. (1982). The use of analysis of covariance structures to assess beta and gamma change. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 17, 343-358.
    • (1982) Multivariate Behavioral Research , vol.17 , pp. 343-358
    • Schmitt, N.1
  • 81
    • 84928833551 scopus 로고
    • Implicit leadership theory: Are results generalizable from student to professional samples?
    • Singer, M. (1990). Implicit leadership theory: Are results generalizable from student to professional samples? The Journal of Social Psychology, 130, 409-411.
    • (1990) The Journal of Social Psychology , vol.130 , pp. 409-411
    • Singer, M.1
  • 82
    • 0003250109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mental representation and memory
    • D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & C. Lindzey (Eds.). Boston: McGraw-Hill
    • Smith, E. R. (1998). Mental representation and memory. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & C. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (pp. 391-445). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
    • (1998) The Handbook of Social Psychology , pp. 391-445
    • Smith, E.R.1
  • 85
    • 0030486908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inside the black box of alpha, beta and gamma change: Using a cognitive processing model to assess attitude structure
    • Thompson, R. C., & Hunt, J. G. (1996). Inside the black box of alpha, beta and gamma change: Using a cognitive processing model to assess attitude structure. Academy of Management Review, 21, 655-690.
    • (1996) Academy of Management Review , vol.21 , pp. 655-690
    • Thompson, R.C.1    Hunt, J.G.2
  • 87
    • 21144473231 scopus 로고
    • Assessing newcomers' changing commitments to the organization during the first 6 months of work
    • Vandenberg, R. J., & Self, R. M. (1993). Assessing newcomers' changing commitments to the organization during the first 6 months of work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 557-568.
    • (1993) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.78 , pp. 557-568
    • Vandenberg, R.J.1    Self, R.M.2
  • 89
    • 0000370969 scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal field methods for studying reciprocal relationships in organizational behavior research: Toward improved causal analysis
    • Williams, L. J., & Podsakoff, P. M. (1989). Longitudinal field methods for studying reciprocal relationships in organizational behavior research: Toward improved causal analysis. Research in Organizational Behavior, 11, 247-292.
    • (1989) Research in Organizational Behavior , vol.11 , pp. 247-292
    • Williams, L.J.1    Podsakoff, P.M.2
  • 91
    • 0031286686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time revisited in organizational behavior
    • Wright, T. A. (1997). Time revisited in organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 201-204.
    • (1997) Journal of Organizational Behavior , vol.18 , pp. 201-204
    • Wright, T.A.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.