West Nile virus: An overview of its spread in Europe and the Mediterranean basin in contrast to its spread in the Americas

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Volumn 23, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 147-156

  Zeller, H G ^a   Schuffenecker, I ^a  

^a INSTITUT PASTEUR   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

VIRUS VECTOR;

AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA; AMPHIBIA; AUSTRALIA; BIRD DISEASE; BLOOD DONOR; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; ECOLOGY; ENCEPHALITIS; EPIDEMIC; EUROPE; FATALITY; FRANCE; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HORSE DISEASE; HOST; HUMAN; INDIA; ISRAEL; ITALY; MAMMAL; MEDITERRANEAN SEA; MOROCCO; MOSQUITO; NONHUMAN; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; PARALYSIS; PHYLOGENY; POPULATION MIGRATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPTILE; REVIEW; ROMANIA; RUSSIAN FEDERATION; SERODIAGNOSIS; TAXONOMY; TICK; TUNISIA; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS MORPHOLOGY; VIRUS PATHOGENESIS; VIRUS STRAIN; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; VIRUS VIRULENCE; WEST NILE FLAVIVIRUS; WESTERN HEMISPHERE;

AMERICAS; ANIMALS; CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; DISEASE RESERVOIRS; EUROPE; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INFECTION CONTROL; MALE; MEDITERRANEAN REGION; RISK FACTORS; SURVIVAL RATE; WEST NILE FEVER; WEST NILE VIRUS;

EID: 1842689138     PISSN: 09349723     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10096-003-1085-1     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Smithburn KC, Hughes TP, Burke AW, Paul JH (1940) A neurotropic virus isolated from the blood of a native of Uganda. Am J Trop Med 20:471-492
2. Smithburn KC (1942) Differentiation of West Nile virus from the viruses of Saint Louis encephalitis and Japanese B encephalitis. J Immunol 42:25-31
3. Melnick JL, Paul JR, Riordan JT, Barnett VH, Goldblum N, Zabin E (1951) Isolation from human sera in Egypt of a virus apparently identical to West Nile virus. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 77:661-665
4. Work TH, Hurlbut HS, Taylor RM (1955) Indigenous wild birds of the Nile Delta as potential West Nile virus circulating reservoirs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 4:872-888
5. Taylor RM, Work TH, Hurlbut HS, Rizk F (1956) A study of the ecology of West Nile virus in Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg 5:579-620
6. Hayes CG (1989) West Nile fever. In: Monath TP (ed) The arboviruses: epidemiology and ecology, vol. V. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 59-88
7. Murgue B, Murri S, Triki H, Deubel V, Zeller H (2001) West Nile in the Mediterranean basin: 1950-2000. Ann NY Acad Sci 951:117-126
8. Weinberger M, Pitlik SD, Gandacu D, Lang R, Nassar F, Ben-David D, Rubinstein E, Izthaki A, Mishal J, Kitzes R, Siegman-Igra Y, Giladi M, Pick N, Mendelson E, Bin H, Shohat T, Chowers MY (2001) West Nile fever outbreak, Israel, 2000: epidemiologic aspects. Emerg Infect Dis 7:679-685
9. George S, Gourie-Devi M, Rao JA, Prasad SR, Pavri KM (1984) Isolation of West Nile virus from the brains of children who had died of encephalitis. Bull World Health Org 62:879-882
10. Murgue B, Zeller H, Deubel V (2002) The ecology and epidemiology of West Nile virus in Africa, Europe. In: Mackenzie JS, Barrett ADT, Deubel V (eds) Japanese encephalitis and West Nile viruses. Current topics in microbiology (vol. 267): West Nile. Springer, Berlin, pp 195-221
11. Tber Abdelhaq A (1996) West Nile fever in horses in Morocco. Bulletin de l'Office International des Epizooties 11:867-869
12. Autorino GL, Battisti A, Deubel V, Ferrari G, Forletta R, Giovanni A, Lelli R, Murri S, Scicluna MT (2002) West Nile virus epidemic in horses, Tuscany region, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis 12:1372-1378
13. Murgue B, Murri S, Zientara S, Labie J, Durand B, Durand JP, Zeller HG (2001) West Nile outbreak in horses in southern France, 2000: the return after 35 years. Emerg Infect Dis 7:692-696
14. Steinman A, Banet C, Sutton GA, Yadin H, Hadar S, Brill A (2002) Clinical signs of West Nile virus during encephalomyelitis in horses during the outbreak in Israel in 2000. Vet Rec 13:47-49
15. Malkinson M, Banet C, Weisman Y, Pokamunski S, King R, Drouet MT, Deubel V (2002) Introduction of West Nile virus in the Middle East by migrating white storks. Emerg Inf Dis 8:392-397
16. Cernescu C, Nedelcu NI, Tardei G, Ruta S, Tsai TF (2000) Continued transmission of West Nile virus to humans in southeastern Romania, 1997-1998. J Infect Dis 181:710-712
17. Jia XY, Briese T, Jordan I, Rambaut A, Chi HC, Mackenzie JS, Hall RA, Scherret J, Lipkin WI (1999) Genetic analysis of West Nile New York 1999 encephalitis virus. Lancet 354:1971-1972
18. Lanciotti RS, Roehrig JT, Deubel V, Smith J, Parker M, Steele K, Volpe KE, Crabtree MB, Scherret JH, Hall RA, MacKenzie JS, Cropp CB, Panigrahy B, Ostlund E, Schmitt B, Malkinson M, Banet C, Weissman J, Komar N, Savage HM, Stone W, McNamara T, Gubler DJ (1999) Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern US. Science 286:2333-2337
19. Anderson JF, Andreadis TG, Vossbrink CR, Tirrell S, Wakem EM, French RA, Garmendia AE, Van Kruiningen HJ (1999) Isolation of West Nile virus from mosquitoes, crows, and a Cooper's hawk in Connecticut. Science 286:2331-2333
20. Giladi M, Metzkor-Cotter E, Martin DA, Siegman-Igra Y, Korczyn AD, Rosso R, Berger SA, Campbell GL, Lanciotti RS (2001) West Nile encephalitis in Israel, 1999: the New York connection. Emerg Infect Dis 7:654-658
21. Komar N, Langevin S, Hinten S, Nemeth N, Edwards E, Hettler D, Davis B, Bowen R, Bunning M (2003) Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 9:311-322
22. Anonymous (2000) Update: surveillance for West Nile virus in overwintering mosquitoes - New York. Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep 49:78-79
23. Garmendia AE, Van Kruiningen HJ, French RA, Anderson JF, Andreadis TG, Kumar A, West AB (2000) Recovery and identification of West Nile virus from a hawk in winter. J Clin Microbiol 38:3110-3111
24. Anonymous (2002) West Nile virus activity - United States, 2001. Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep 51:497-501
25. Lorono-Pino MA, Biltvich BJ, Farfan-Ale JA, Puerto FI, Blanco JM, Marlenee NL, Rosado-Paredes EP, Garcia-Rejon JE, Gubler DJ, Calisher CH, Beaty BJ (2003) Serologic evidence of West Nile virus infection in horses, Yucatan state, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 9:857-859
26. Dupuis AP II, Marra PP, Kramer LD (2003) Serologic evidence of West Nile virus transmission, Jamaica, West Indies. Emerg Infect Dis 9:860-863
27. Komar O, Robbins MB, Klenk K, Blitvich BJ, Marlenee NL, Burkhalter KL, Gubler DJ, Gonzálvez G, Peña CJ, Peterson AT, Komar N (2003) West Nile virus transmission in resident birds, Dominican Republic. Emerg Infect Dis 9:1299-1302
28. Anonymous (2002) Update: investigations of West Nile virus infections among recipients of organ transplantation and blood transfusion. Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep 51:834-836
29. Anonymous (2002) Possible West Nile virus transmission to an infant through breast feeding - Michigan 2002. Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep 51:877-878
30. Anonymous (2002) Intrauterine West Nile infection - New York, 2002. Morbid Mortal Wky Rep 51:1135-1136
31. Deubel V, Fiette L, Gounon P, Drouet MT, Khun H, Huerre M, Banet C, Malkinson M, Despres P (2001) Variations in biological features of WN viruses. Ann NY Acad Sci 951:195-206
32. Heinz FX, Collett MS, Purcell RH, Gould EA, Howard CR, Houghton HM, Moormann RJM, Rice CM, Thiel HJ (2000) Family Flaviviridae. In: Van Regenmortel MH, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, Cartens E, Estes MK, Lemon S, Maniloff J, Mayo MA, McGeoch D, Pringle CR, Wickner RB (eds) Virus taxonomy. 7th Report of the International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp 859-878
33. Berthet FX, Zeller HG, Drouet MT, Rauzier J, Digoutte JP, Deubel V (1997) Extensive nucleotide changes and deletions within the envelope glycoprotein gene of Euro-African West Nile viruses. J Gen Virol 78:2293-2297
34. Campbell GL, Marfin AA, Lanciotti RS, Gubler D (2002) West Nile virus. Lancet Infect Dis 2:519-529
35. Klein C, Kimiagar I, Pollak L, Gandelman-Marton R, Itzhaki A, Milo R, Rabey JM (2002) Neurological features of West Nile virus infection during the 2000 outbreak in a regional hospital in Israel. J Neurol Sci 200:63-66
36. Leis AA, Stokic DS, Polk JL, Dostrov V, Winkelmann M (2002) A poliomyelitis-like syndrome from West Nile virus infection. N Engl J Med 347:1279-1280
37. Ahmed S, Libman R, Wesson K, Ahmed F, Einberg K (2000) Guillain-Barré syndrome: an unusual presentation of West Nile virus infection. Neurology 55:144-146
38. Georges AJ, Lesbordes JL, Georges-Courbot MC, Meunier DMY, Gonzalez JP (1987) Fatal hepatitis from West Nile virus. Ann Inst Pasteur 138:237-244
39. Burt FJ, Grobbelaar AA, Leman PA, Anthony FS, Gibson GVF, Swanepoel R (2002) Phylogenetic relationships of Southern African West Nile virus isolates. Emerg Infect Dis 8:820-826
40. Sampson BA, Ambrosi C, Charlot A, Reiber K, Veress JF, Armbrustmacher V (2000) The pathology of human West Nile virus infection. Human Pathol 31:527-531
41. Cernescu C, Ruta SM, Tardei G, Grancea C, Moldoveanu L, Spulbar E, Tsai TF (1997) A high number of severe neurologic clinical forms during an epidemic of West Nile virus infection. Roman J Virol 48:13-25
42. Chowers MY, Lang R, Nassar F, Ben-David D, Giladi M, Rubishtein E, Itzhaki A, Misal J, Siegman-Igra Y, Kitzes R, Pick N, Landau Z, Wolf D, Bin H, Mendelson E, Pitlik SD, Weinberger M (2001). Clinical characteristics of the West Nile fever outbreak, Israel, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 7:675-678
43. Joubert L, Oudar J, Hannoun C, Beytout D, Corniou B, Guillon JC, Panthier R (1970) Epidémiologie du virus West Nile: étude d'un foyer en Camargue. IV. La méningo-encéphalomyélite du cheval. Ann Inst Pasteur 118:239-247
44. Durand B, Chevalier V, Pouillot R, Labie J, Marendat I, Murgue B, Zeller H, Zientara S (2002) West Nile outbreak in horses in southern France: results of a serosurvey. Emerg Infect Dis 8:777-782
45. Bunning ML, Bowen RA, Cropp B, Sullivan KG, Davis BS, Komar N, Godsey MS, Baker D, Hettler DL, Holmes DA, Biggerstaff BJ, Mitchell CJ (2002) Experimental infection of horses with West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 8:380-386
46. Guillon JC, Oudar J, Joubert L, Hannoun C (1968) Lésions histologiques du système nerveux dans l'infection à virus West Nile chez le cheval. Ann Inst Pasteur 114:539-550
47. Cantile C, Di Guardo G, Eleni C, Arispici M (2000) Clinical and neuropathological features of West Nile virus equine encephalomyelitis in Italy. Equine Vet J 32:31-35
48. Steele KE, Schoepp RJ, Komar N, Geisberts TW, Manduca RM, Calle PP, Raphael BL, Clippinger TL, Larsen T, Smith J, Lanciotti RS, Panella NA, NcNamara TS (2000) Pathology of fatal West Nile virus infections in native and exotic birds during the 1999 outbreak in New York City, New York. Vet Pathol 37:208-224
49. Miller DL, Mauel MJ, Baldwin C, Burtle C, Burtle G, Ingram D, Hines ME II, Frazier KS (2003) West Nile virus in farmed alligators. Emerg Infect Dis 9:794-799
50. Tardei G, Ruta S, Chitu V, Rossi C, Tsai T, Cernescu C (2000) Evaluation of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG enzyme immunoassays in serological diagnosis of West Nile infection. J Clin Microbiol 38:2232-2239
51. Roehrig JT, Nash D, Maldin B, Labowitz A, Martin DA, Lanciotti RS, Campbell GL (2003) Persistence of virus-reactive serum immunoglobulin M antibody in confirmed West Nile virus encephalitis cases. Emerg Infect Dis 9:376-379
52. Hindiyeh M, Shulman LM, Mendelson E, Weiss L, Grossman Z, Bin H (2001) Isolation and characterization of West Nile virus from the blood of viremic patients during the 2000 outbreak in Israel. Emerg Infect Dis 7:748-750
53. Huang C, Slater B, Rudd R, Parchuri N, Hull R, Dupuis M, Hindenburg A (2002) First isolation of West Nile virus from a patient with encephalitis in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 8:1367-1371
54. Lanciotti RS, Kerst AJ, Nasci RS, Godsey MS, Mitchell CJ, Savage HM, Komar N, Panella NA, Allen BC, Volpe KE, Davis BS, Roehrig JT (2000) Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 38:4066-4071
55. Panthier R, Hannoun C, Oudar J, Beytout D, Corniou B, Joubert L, Guillon JC, Mouchet J (1966) Isolement du virus West Nile chez un cheval de Camargue atteint d'encéphalomyélite. Compte-Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris 262:1308-1310
56. Davis BS, Chang GJJ, Cropp B, Roehrig JT, Martin DA, Mitchell CJ, Bowen R, Bunnings ML (2001) West Nile recombinant DNA vaccine protects mouse and horse from virus challenge and expresses in vitro a non-infectious recombinant antigen that can be used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Virol 75:4040-4047
57. Turell MJ, Bunning ML, Ludwig GV, Ortman B, Chang J, Speaker T, Spielman A, McLean R, Komar N, Gates R, McNamara T, Creekmore T, Farley L, Mitchell CJ (2003) DNA vaccine for West Nile virus infection in fish crows (Corvus ossifragus). Emerg Infect Dis 9:1077-1081
58. Monath TP, McCarthy K, Bedford P, Johnson CT, Nichols R, Yoksan S, Marchesani R, Knauber M, Wells KH, Arroyo J, Guirakoo F (2002) Clinical proof of principle for ChimeriVax: recombinant live, attenuated vaccines against flavivirus infections. Vaccine 20:1004-1018
59. Hubálek Z, Halouzka J (1999) West Nile fever - a reemerging mosquito-borne viral disease in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 5:643-648
60. Hannoun C, Panthier R, Mouchet J, Eouzan JP (1964) Isolement en France du virus West Nile à partir de malades et du vecteur Culex modestus. Compte-Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris 259:4170-4172
61. Miller BR, Nasci RS, Godsey MS, Savage HM, Lutwama JJ, Lanciotti RS, Peters CJ (2000) First field evidence for natural vertical transmission of West Nile virus in Culex univittatus complex mosquitoes from Rift valley province, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62:240-246
62. Baqar S, Hayes CG, Murphy JR, Watts DM (1993) Vertical transmission of West Nile virus by Culex and Aedes species mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 48:757-762
63. Dohm DJ, Sardelis MR, Turell MJ (2002) Experimental vertical transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) J Med Entomol 39:640-644
64. McIntosh BM, Dickinson DB, McGillivray GM (1969) Ecological studies of Sindbis and West Nile viruses in South Africa. V. The response of birds to inoculation of virus. South Afr J Med Sci 34:77-82
65. Zeller HG, Murgue B (2001) Rôle des oiseaux migrateurs dans l'épidémiologie du virus West Nile. Med Mal Infect 31 (Suppl 2):168-174
66. Hubálek Z (2000) European experience with the West Nile virus ecology and epidemiology: could it be relevant for the New World? Viral Immunol 13:415-426
67. Abbassy MM, Osman M, Marzouk AS (1993) West Nile (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) in experimentally infected Argas ticks (Argasidae). Am J Trop Med Hyg 48:726-737
68. Lichtensteiger CA, Heinz-Taheny K, Osborne TS, Novak RJ, Lewis BA, Firth ML (2003) West Nile virus encephalitis and myocarditis in wolf and dog. Emerg Infect Dis 9:1303-1306
69. Thomas LA, Eklund CM (1960) Overwintering of Western Equine Encephalitis virus in experimentally infected garter snakes and transmission to mosquitoes. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 105:52-55
70. Tsai TF, Popovici F, Cernescu C, Campbell GL, Nedelcu NI (1998) West Nile encephalitis in southeastern Romania. Lancet 352:767-771
71. Platonov AE, Shipulin GA, Shipulina AY, Tyutyunnik EN, Frolochkina TI, Lanciotti RS, Yazyshina S, Platonova OV, Obukhov IL, Zhukov AN, Vengerov YY, Pokrovskii VI (2001) Outbreak of West Nile virus infection, Volgograd region, Russia, 1999. Emerg Infect Dis 7:128-132
72. Lvov DK, Butenko AM, Gromashevsky VL, Larichev VP, Gaidamovich SY, Vyshemirsky OI, Zhukov AN, Lazorenko VV, Salko VN, Kovtunov AI, Galimzyanov KM, Platonov AE, Morozova TN, Khutoretskaya NV, Shihkina EO, Skvortsova TM (2000) Isolation of two strains of West Nile virus during an outbreak in southern Russia, 1999. Emerg Infect Dis 6:373-376
73. Lvov D, Lvov DK, Kovtunov AI, Butenko AM, Zhukov AN, et al. (2002) West Nile fever in southern Russia - epidemiological, clinical, genetic peculiarities (1999-01). Proceedings of the XIIth International Congress of Virology, Paris, 27 July-1 August 2002, p 46
74. Weissenbörck H, Kolodziejek J, Url A, Lussy H, Rebel-Bauder B, Nowotny N (2002) Emergence of Usutu virus, an African mosquito-borne flavivirus of the Japanese encephalitis virus group, Central Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 8:652-656
75. Weissenbörck H, Kolodziejek J, Url A, Fragner K, Kuhn R, Pfeffer M, Nowotny N (2003) Usutu virus activity in Austria 2001-2002. Microbes Infect 5:1132-1136
76. Buckley A, Dawson A, Moss SR, Hinsley SA, Bellamy PE, Gould EA (2003) Serological evidence of West Nile virus, Usutu virus and Sindbis virus infection of birds in the UK. J Gen Virol 84:2807-2817
77. Le Guenno B, Bougermouth A, Azzam T, Bouakaz R (1996) West Nile: a deadly virus? Lancet 348:1315
78. El Harrack M, Le Guenno B, Gounon P (1997) Isolement du virus West Nile au Maroc. Virologie 1:248-249
79. Malkinson M, Banet C (2002) The role of birds in the ecology of West Nile virus in Europe and Africa. In: Mackenzie JS, Barrett ADT, Deubel V (eds) Japanese encephalitis and West Nile viruses. Current topics in microbiology (vol. 267): West Nile. Springer, Berlin, pp 309-322
80. Charles PE, Zeller HG, Bonnotte B, Decasimacker AL, Bour JB, Chavanet P, Lorcerie B (2003) First reported case of imported West Nile virus infection in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 9:75
81. Anonymous (2002) Arbovirus. NIV Surveillance Bulletin (South Africa), November.http://www.niv.ac.za/survbul/2002/ oct_nov.htm
82. Tesh RB, Travassos da Rosa APA, Guzman H, Araujo TP, Xiao SY (2002) Immunization with heterologous flaviviruses protective against fatal West Nile encephalitis. Emerg Infect Dis 8:245-251
83. Anonymous (2003) Detection of West Nile virus in blood donations: United States, 2003. Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep 52:769-772
84. Pealer LN, Marfin AA, Petersen LR, Lanciotti RS, Page PL, Stramer SL, Stobierski MG, Signs K, Newman B, Kapoor H, Gooman JL, Chamberland ME, et al. (2003) Transmission of West Nile virus through blood transfusion in the United States in 2002. N Engl J Med 349:1236-1245
85. Brown R, Crowcroft N, Morgan D (2003) Transfusion-associated West Nile virus infection: implications for Europe. Eurosurveill Wkly, vol. 7, issue 34 (21/08/2003)
86. Zeller HG, Deubel V, Murgue B (2001) West Nile: un regain de circulation dans le bassin méditerranéen et une émergence inattendue en Amérique du Nord. Virologie 5:409-417
87. Beasley DWC, Li L, Suderman MT, Barrett ADT (2002) Mouse neuroinvasive phenotype of West Nile virus strains varies depending upon virus genotype. Virology 296:17-23
88. Mashimo T, Lucas M, Simon-Chazottes D, Frenkiel MP, Montagutelli X, Ceccaldi PE, Deubel V, Guenet JL, Despres P (2002) A nonsense mutation in the gene encoding 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase/L1 isoform is associated with West Nile virus susceptibility in laboratory mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:11311-11316
89. Lucas M, Mashimo T, Frenkiel MP, Simon-Chazottes D, Montagutelli X, Ceccaldi PE, Guenet JL, Despres P (2003) Infection of mouse neurons by West Nile virus is modulated by the interferon-inducible 2′-5′ oligoadenylate synthetase 1b protein. Immunol Cell Biol 81:230-236
90. Mailles A, Dellamonica P, Zeller H, Durand JP, Zientara S, Goffette R, Gloaguen C, Armengaud A, Schaffner F, Hars J, Chodorge E, Barbat J (2003) Human and equine West Nile virus infections in France, August-September 2003. Eurosurveill Wkly, vol. 7, issue 43 (23/10/2003)