Peace and democracy: Three levels of analysis

Journal of Conflict Resolution

Volumn 41, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 283-310

  Gleditsch, Nils Petter ^a   Hegre, Håvard ^a  

^a NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 21744449912     PISSN: 00220027     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0022002797041002004     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. The Baltic states: A reference book. 1991. Tallinn: Estonian Encyclopaedia Publishers; Riga: Latvian Encyclopaedia Publishers; Vilnius: Lithuanian Encyclopaedia Publishers.
2. Banks, A. S., and R. B. Textor. 1963. A cross-polity survey. Cambridge: MIT Press.
3. Beck, N., and R. Tucker. 1996. Conflict in space and time: Time-series - Cross-section analysis with a binary dependent variable. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, 29 August-1 September, San Francisco.
4. Benoit, K. 1996. Democracies really are more pacific (in general). Journal of Conflict Resolution 40 (4):636-57.
5. Brecher, Michael, Jonathan Wilkenfeld, and Sheila Moser. 1988. Crises in the twentieth century: Vol. 1. Handbook of international crises. Oxford, UK: Pergamon.
6. Bremer, S. A. 1992. Dangerous dyads: Conditions affecting the likelihood of interstate war, 1816-1965. Journal of Conflict Resolution 36:309-41.
7. _. 1993. Democracy and militarized interstate conflict, 1816-1965. International Interactions 18:231-49.
8. Bueno de Mesquita, B., R. M. Siverson, and G. Woller. 1992. War and the fate of regimes: A comparative analysis. American Political Science Review 86:638-46.
9. Chan, S. 1984. Mirror, mirror on the wall. . . . Are the freer countries more pacific? Journal of Conflict Resolution 28:617-48.
10. Doyle, M. W. 1983a. Kant, liberal legacies, and foreign affairs, part 1. Philosophy and Public Affairs 12:205-35.
11. _. 1983b. Kant, liberal legacies, and foreign affairs, part 2. Philosophy and Public Affairs 12:323-53.
12. Ellingsen T., and N. P. Gleditsch. Forthcoming. Democracy and armed conflict in the Third World. In Causes of conflict in the Third World, edited by D. Smith and K. Volden. Oslo, Norway: North-South Coalition and International Peace Research Institute.
13. Enterline, A. J. 1996. Driving while democratizing. International Security 20:183-96.
14. Galtung, J. 1996. Democracy: dictatorship = peace: war? In Peace by peaceful means: Peace and conflict, development, and civilization, 49-59. London: Sage.
15. Gleditsch, N. P. 1993. Democracy and peace: Good news for human rights advocates. In Broadening the frontiers of human rights: Essays in honour of Asbjørn Eide, edited by D. Gomien, 283-306. Oslo, Norway: Scandinavian University Press.
16. _. 1995a. Geography, democracy, and peace. International Interactions 20:297-323.
17. _. 1995b. Democracy and the future of the European peace. European Journal of International Relations 1:539-71.
18. Gochman, C. S., and Z. Maoz. 1984. Militarized interstate disputes 1816-1976. Journal of Conflict Resolution 28:585-616.
19. Gurr, T. R., K. Jaggers, and W. H. Moore. 1989. Polity II codebook. Boulder, CO: University of Colorado, Department of Political Science.
20. _. 1990. The transformation of the Western state: The growth of democracy, autocracy, and state power since 1800. Studies in Comparative International Development 25:73-108.
21. [Also in On measuring democracy: Its consequences and concomitants, edited by A. Inkeles, 69-104. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1991.]
22. Haas, M. 1965. Societal approaches to the study of war. Journal of Peace Research 2:307-23.
23. Jaggers, K., and T. R. Gurr. 1995. Tracking democracy's third wave with the Polity III data. Journal of Peace Research 32:469-82.
24. Keesing's contemporary archives. 1989. Cambridge, UK: Longman.
25. Kegley, C., and M. Hermann. 1996. How democracies use intervention: A neglected dimension in studies of the democratic peace. Journal of Peace Research 33:309-22.
26. Mansfield, E. D., and J. Snyder. 1995. Democratization and the danger of war. International Security 20:5-38.
27. _. 1996. The effects of democratization on war. International Security 20:196-207.
28. Maoz, Z. 1996. Domestic sources of global change. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
29. Maoz, Z., and N. Abdolali. 1989. Regime types and international conflict, 1816-1976. Journal of Conflict Resolution 33:3-35.
30. Maoz, Z., and B. Russett. 1992. Alliance, contiguity, wealth, and political stability: Is the lack of conflict between democracies a statistical artifact? International Interactions 17:245-67.
31. _. 1993. Normative and structural causes of democratic peace. American Political Science Review 87:624-38.
32. McLaughlin, S. 1996. Endogeneity and the democratic peace. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Peace Science Society (International), 25-27 October, Houston, TX.
33. Muller, Edward N., and Erich Weede. 1990. Cross national variation in political violence: A rational action approach. Journal of Conflict Resolution 34 (4):624-51.
34. Oneal, J. R., F. H. Oneal, Z. Maoz, and B. Russett 1996. The liberal peace: Interdependence, democracy, and international conflict, 1950-86. Journal of Peace Research 33:11-28.
35. Raknerud, A., and H. Hegre. 1997. The hazard of war: Reassessing the evidence of the democratic peace. Journal of Peace Research 34:forthcoming.
36. Ray, J. L. 1993. "Wars" between democracies: Rare or non-existent? International Interactions 18:251-76.
37. _. 1995. Democracy and international conflict. Columbus: University of South Carolina Press.
38. Rousseau, D. L., C. Gelpi, D. Reiter, and P. K. Huth. 1996. Assessing the dyadic nature of the democratic peace, 1918-88. American Political Science Review 90:512-33.
39. Rummel, R. J. 1979. War, power, peace. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
40. _. 1983. Libertarianism and international violence. Journal of Conflict Resolution 27:27-71.
41. _. 1994. Focus on: Power, genocide and mass murder. Journal of Peace Research 31:1-10.
42. _. 1995. Democracies ARE less warlike than other regimes. European Journal of International Relations 1:457-79.
43. Schjølset, A. 1996. Are some democracies more peaceful than others? A suggestion for extending the democratic peace perspective. Cand. polit. thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim.
44. Sen, A. 1994. Liberty and poverty: Political rights and economics. The New Republic 210:31-37.
45. Singer, J. D. 1991. Peace in the global system: Displacement, interregnum, or transformation. In The long postwar peace: Contending explanations and projections, edited by C. W. Kegley, Jr., 56-84. New York: HarperCollins.
46. Singer, J. D., S. Bremer, and J. Stuckey. 1972. Capability distribution, uncertainty, and major power war, 1820-1965. In Peace, war, and numbers, edited by B. Russett, 19-48. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
47. Singer, J. D., and M. Small. 1968. Alliance aggregation and the onset of war, 1815-1845. In Quantitative international politics, edited by J. D. Singer, 247-86. New York: Free Press.
48. _. 1994. Correlates of War project: International and civil war data, 1816-1992. ICPSR 9905. Ann Arbor, MI: Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research.
49. Singer, M., and A. Wildavsky. 1993. The real world order: Zones of peace/zones of turmoil. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.
50. Small, M., and J. D. Singer. 1976. The war-proneness of democratic regimes. Jerusalem Journal of International Relations 1:50-69.
51. _. 1982. Resort to arms: international and civil wars, 1816-1980. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
52. Spiro, D. E. 1994. The insignificance of the liberal peace. International Security 19:50-86.
53. Stam, A. 1996. Win, lose, or draw: Domestic politics and the crucible of war. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
54. Starr, H. 1992. Why don't democracies fight one another? Evaluating the theory-findings feedback loop. Jerusalem Journal of International Relations 14:41-59.
55. Tillema, H. K. 1991. International armed conflict since 1945: A bibliographic handbook of wars and military interventions. Boulder, CO: Westview.
56. Wallensteen, P., and M. Sollenberg. 1996. The end of international war? Armed conflict 1989-95. Journal of Peace Research 33:353-70.
57. Weart, S. 1994. Peace among democratic and oligarchic republics. Journal of Peace Research 31:299-316.
58. Weede, E. 1992. Some simple calculations on democracy and war involvement. Journal of Peace Research 29:377-83.
59. _. 1996. Democratization and the danger of war. International Security 20:180-83.
60. Wolf, R. 1996. Democratization and the danger of war. International Security 20:176-80.
61. Wright, Q. [1942] 1965. A study of war. 2d ed. with a commentary on war since 1942. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.