Management of dyslipidemia in women in the post-hormone therapy era

Journal of General Internal Medicine

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 297-305

  Mosca, Lori ^a,b,c  

^a Columbia Univ Coll Phys Surgs ^*  (United States)

^b PFIZER INC   (United States)

^c NEW YORK PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Lipids; Prevention guidelines; Women

Indexed keywords

AMIODARONE; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; ATORVASTATIN; BILE ACID SEQUESTRANT; CERIVASTATIN; CLOFIBRATE; COLESEVELAM; COLESTIPOL; COLESTYRAMINE; CYCLOSPORIN; EZETIMIBE; EZETIMIBE PLUS SIMVASTATIN; FENOFIBRATE; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; FLUINDOSTATIN; GEMFIBROZIL; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LIPID; LOVASTATIN PLUS NICOTINIC ACID; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; MACROLIDE; MEVINOLIN; NEFAZODONE; NICOTINIC ACID; PRAVASTATIN; PREVALITE; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; PYRROLE DERIVATIVE; ROSUVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VERAPAMIL;

ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONSTIPATION; DIET THERAPY; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DYSLIPIDEMIA; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FATIGUE; FEMALE; FLUSHING; GALLSTONE; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GOUT; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HORMONAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERURICEMIA; LIFESTYLE; LIVER DISEASE; LIVER TOXICITY; MEDICAL SOCIETY; META ANALYSIS; MUSCLE DISEASE; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASE; MYOPATHY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; RHABDOMYOLYSIS; SIDE EFFECT; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENTS; ANTILIPEMIC AGENTS; AZETIDINES; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHOLESTEROL, HDL; CLOFIBRIC ACID; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; DYSLIPIDEMIAS; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; LIFE STYLE; NIACIN; PRACTICE GUIDELINES; TRIGLYCERIDES;

EID: 18244409630     PISSN: 08848734     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.40239.x     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. American Heart Association, American Stroke Association. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2004 update. Available at: http://www.americanheart.org/ downloadable/heart/1072969766940HSStats2004Update.pdf. Accessed January 23, 2004.
2. Vaccarino V, Parsons L, Every NR, Barron HV, Krumholz HM for the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 2 Participants. Sex-based differences in early mortality after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:217-25.
3. Bittner V. Lipoprotein abnormalities related to women's health. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:77i-84i.
4. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, et al. for the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. JAMA. 1998;280:605-13.
5. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. for the Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288:321-33.
6. The Women's Health Initiative Steering Commitee. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in post-menopausal women with hysterectomy. The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trail. JAMA. 2004;291:1701-12.
7. Mosca L, Appel LJ, Benjamin EJ, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women. Circulation. 2004;109:672-93.
8. Mosca L, Grundy SM, Judelson D, et al. Guide to preventive cardiology for women. AHA/ACC scientific statement: consensus panel statement. Circulation. 1999;99:2480-4.
9. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002;106:3143-421.
10. Law MR, Wald NJ, Thompson SG. By how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart disease? BMJ. 1994;308:367-72.
11. Hokanson JE, Austin MA. Plasma triglyceride level is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease independent of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level: a meta-analysis of population-based prospective studies. J Cardiovasc Risk. 1996;3:213-9.
12. Bass KM, Newschaffer CJ, Klag MJ, Bush TL. Plasma lipoprotein levels as predictors of cardiovascular death in women. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:2209-16.
13. Cui Y, Blumenthal RS, Flaws JA, et al. Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level as a predictor of cardiovascular disease mortality. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:1413-9.
14. Abbott RD, Wilson PWF, Kannel WB, Castelli WP. High density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol screening, and myocardial infarction. The Framingham Study. Arteriosclerosis. 1988;8:207-11.
15. Manolio TA, Pearson TA, Wenger NK, Barrett-Connor E, Payne GH, Harlan WR. Cholesterol and heart disease in older persons and women. Review of an NHLBI workshop. Ann Epidemiol. 1992;2:161-76.
16. Gordon T, Castelli WP, Hjortland MC, Kannel WB, Dawber TR. High density lipoprotein as a protective factor against coronary heart disease. The Framingham Study. Am J Med. 1977;62:707-14.
17. Boden WE. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol as an independent risk factor in cardiovascular disease: assessing the data from Framingham to the Veterans Affairs High-density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial. Am J Cardiol. 2000;86:19L-22L.
18. Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Rifai N. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:836-43.
19. Shlipak MG, Simon JA, Vittinghoff E, et al. Estrogen and progestin, lipoprotein(a), and the risk of recurrent coronary heart disease events after menopause. JAMA. 2000;283:1845-52.
20. Blake GJ, Otvos JD, Rifai N, Ridker PM. Low-density lipoprotein particle concentration and size as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as predictors of cardiovascular disease in women. Circulation. 2002;106:1930-7.
21. Frick MH, Elo O, Haapa K, et al. Helsinki Heart Study: primary-prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia. Safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:1237-45.
22. The Coronary Drug Project Research Group. Clofibrate and niacin in coronary heart disease. JAMA. 1975;231:360-81.
23. Blankenhorn DH, Nessim SA, Johnson RL, Sanmarco ME, Azen SP, Cashin-Hemphill L. Beneficial effects of combined colestipol-niacin therapy on coronary atherosclerosis and coronary venous bypass grafts. JAMA. 1987;257:3233-40.
24. Carlson LA, Rosenhamer G. Reduction of mortality in the Stockholm Ischaemic Heart Disease Secondary Prevention Study by combined treatment with clofibrate and nicotinic acid. Acta Med Scand. 1988;223:405-18.
25. Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1349-57.
26. Lewis SJ, Sacks FM, Mitchell JS, et al. for the CARE Investigators. Effect of pravastatin on cardiovascular events in women after myocardial infarction: the cholesterol and recurrent events (CARE) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:140-6.
27. Miettinen TA, Pyörälä K, Olsson AG, et al. for the Scandinavian Simvastatin Study Group. Cholesterol-lowering therapy in women and elderly patients with myocardial infarction or angina pectoris: findings from the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Circulation. 1997;96:4211-8.
28. Clearfield M, Downs JR, Weis S, et al. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS): efficacy and tolerability of long-term treatment with lovastatin in women. J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 2001;10:971-81.
29. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20 536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:7-22.
30. Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, et al.for the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. JAMA. 1998;279:1615-22.
31. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet. 1994;344:1383-9.
32. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, et al. for the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial Investigators. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1001-9.
33. Shepherd J, Blauw GJ, Murphy MB, et al. on behalf of the PROSPER study group. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:1623-30.
34. Sever PS, Dahlöf B, Poulter NR, et al. for the ASCOT Investigators. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial - Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:1149-58.
35. The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in moderately hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive patients randomized to pravastatin vs usual care: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT-LLT). JAMA. 2002;288:2998-3007.
36. Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Manson JE, Rimm EB, Willett WC. Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women through diet and lifestyle. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:16-22.
37. de Lorgeril M, Renaud S, Mamelle N, et al. Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Lancet. 1994;343:1454-9.
38. Leren P. Prevention of coronary heart disease: some results from the Oslo secondary and primary intervention studies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;8:407-10.
39. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. for the Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 22 Investigators. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1495-504.
40. LaRosa JC, He J, Vupputuri S. Effect of statins on risk of coronary disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 1999;282:2340-6.
41. Canner PL, Furberg CD, McGovern ME. Niacin decreases myocardial infarction and total mortality in patients with impaired fasting glucose or glucose intolerance: results from the Coronary Drug Project. Circulation. 2002;106(suppl II):11-636; Abstract 3138.
42. Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, et al. for the Veterans Affairs High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:410-8.
43. Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, et al. Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1583-92.
44. Kane JP, Malloy MJ, Ports TA, Phillips NR, Diehl JC, Havel RJ. Regression of coronary atherosclerosis during treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia with combined drug regimens. JAMA. 1990;264:3007-12.
45. Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ for the Nutrition Committee. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2002;106:2747-57.
46. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto miocárdico. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Lancet. 1999;354:447-55.
47. Sacks FM, Stone PH, Gibson CM, Silverman DI, Rosner B, Pasternak RC for the HARP Research Group. Controlled trial of fish oil for regression of human coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25:1492-8.
48. Nilsen DW, Albrektsen G, Landmark K, Moen S, Aarsland T, Woie L. Effects of a high-dose concentrate of n-3 fatty acids or corn oil introduced early after an acute myocardial infarction on serum triacylglycerol and HDL cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:50-6.
49. Lipitor® (atorvastatin calcium): prescribing information. Physicians' Desk Reference. 58th ed. Montvale, NJ: Thomson PDR; 2004:2543-6.
50. Lescol® capsules: prescribing information. Physicians' Desk Reference. 58th ed. Montvale, NJ: Thomson PDR; 2004:2274-8.
51. Lescol XL® extended-release tablets: prescribing information. Physicians' Desk Reference. 58th ed. Montvale, NJ: Thomson PDR; 2004:2274-8.
52. Mevacor® tablets (lovastatin): prescribing information. Physicians' Desk Reference. 58th ed. Montvale. NJ: Thomson PDR; 2004:2025-30.
53. Pravachol® tablets: prescribing information. Physicians' Desk Reference. 58th ed. Montvale, NJ: Thomson PDR; 2004:1069-74.
54. Zocor® tablets (simvastatin): prescribing information. Physicians' Desk Reference. 58th ed. Montvale, NJ: Thomson PDR; 2004:2113-8.
55. Crestor® (rosuvastatin calcium) tablets: package insert. Available at: http://www.astrazeneca-us.com/pi/crestor.pdf Accessed May 4, 2004.
56. Questran® Powder/Questran® Light (cholestyramine for oral suspension): prescribing information. Available at: http://www.parpharm.com/ downloads/questran_po.pdf. Accessed May 4, 2004.
57. Prevalite® packets: prescribing information. Physicians' Desk Reference. 58th ed. Montvale, NJ: Thomson PDR; 2004:3249.
58. Colestid® /flavored Colestid®: prescribing information. Available at: http://www.pfizer.com/download/uspi_colestid_flavored.pdf. Accessed May 4, 2004.
59. Colestid® tablets: prescribing information. Physicians' Desk Reference. 58th ed. Montvale, NJ: Thomson PDR; 2004:2740-2.
60. Welchol® tablets (colesevelam hydrochloride): prescribing information. Physicians' Desk Reference. 58th ed. Montvale, NJ: Thomson PDR; 2004:3005-6.
61. Zetia™ (ezetimibe) tablets prescribing information. Physicians' Desk Reference. 58th ed. Montvale, NJ: Thomson PDR; 2004:2118-23.
62. Niacor® (niacin tablets, USP): prescribing information. Physicians' Desk Reference. 58th ed. Montvale, NJ: Thomson PDR; 2004:3245.
63. Niaspan®' (niacin extended-release tablets) prescribing information. Physicians' Desk Reference. 58th ed. Montvale, NJ: Thomson PDR; 2004:1797-801.
64. Lopid® gemfibrozil tablets: prescribing information. Physicians' Desk Reference. 58th ed. Montvale, NJ: Thomson PDR; 2004:2554-7.
65. Tricor® prescribing information. Physicians' Desk Reference. 58th ed. Montvale, NJ: Thomson PDR; 2004:522-5.
66. Advicor™ (niacin extended-release and lovastatin tablets): prescribing information. Physicians" Desk Reference. 58th ed. Montvale, NJ: Thomson PDR; 2004:1792-7.
67. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CNB, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines. Circulation. 2004;110:227-39.
68. Pasternak RC, Smith SC Jr, Bairey-Merz CN, Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Lenfant C. ACC/AHA/NHLBI clinical advisory on the use and safety of statins. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:567-72.
69. Davidson MH. Controversy surrounding the safety of cerivastatin. Exp Opin Drug Saf. 2002;1:207-12.
70. Thompson PD, Clarkson P, Karas RH. Statin-associated myopathy. JAMA. 2003;289:1681-90.
71. Staffa JA, Chang J, Green L. Cerivastatin and reports of fatal rhabdomyolysis. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:539-40 Letter.
72. Bolego C, Baetta R, Bellosta S, Corsini A, Paoletti R. Safety considerations for statins. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2002;13:637-44.
73. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Bairey Merz CN, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the national cholesterol education program adult treatment panel III guidelines. Cirulation. 2004;110:227-39.
74. Lipid Research Clinics Program. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results. I. Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease. JAMA. 1984;251:351-64.
75. Brown G, Albers JJ, Fisher LD, et al. Regression of coronary artery disease as a result of intensive lipid-lowering therapy in men with high levels of apolipoprotein B. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:1289-98.
76. Knopp RH. Drug treatment of lipid disorders. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:498-511.
77. Davidson MH, Dillon MA, Gordon B, et al. Colesevelam hydrochloride (cholestagel): a new, potent bile acid sequestrant associated with a low incidence of gastrointestinal side effects. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:1893-900.
78. Steinmetz KL. Colesevelam hydrochloride. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2002;59:932-9.
79. Donovan JM, Stypinski D, Stiles MR, Olson TA, Burke SK. Drug interactions with colesevelam hydrochloride, a novel, potent lipid-lowering agent. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2000;14:681-90.
80. Gupta EK, Ito MK. Ezetimibe: the first in a novel class of selective cholesterol-absorption inhibitors. Heart Dis. 2002;4:399-409.
81. Bays HE, Moore PB, Drehobl MA, et al. for the Ezetimibe Study Group. Effectiveness and tolerability of ezetimibe in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia: pooled analysis of two phase II studies. Clin Ther. 2001;23:1209-30.
82. Gagne C, Bays HE, Weiss SR, et al. for the Ezetimibe Study Group. Efficacy and safety of ezetimibe added to ongoing statin therapy for treatment of patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:1084-91.
83. Jacobson TA, Jokubaitis LA, Amorosa LF. Fluvastatin and niacin in hypercholesterolemia: a preliminary report on gender differences in efficacy. Am J Med. 1994;96:64S-68S.
84. Goldberg AC. Clinical trial experience with extended-release niacin (Niaspan): dose-escalation study. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:35U-38U.
85. Capuzzi DM, Morgan JM, Brusco OAJ, Intenzo CM. Niacin dosing: relationship to benefits and adverse effects. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2000;2:64-71.
86. Whelan AM, Price SO, Fowler SF, Hainer BL. The effect of aspirin on niacin-induced cutaneous reactions. J Fam Pract. 1992;34:165-8.
87. McKenney J. New perspectives on the use of niacin in the treatment of lipid disorders. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:697-705.
88. Knopp RH, Alagona P, Davidson M, et al. Equivalent efficacy of a time-release form of niacin (Niaspan) given once-a-night versus plain niacin in the management of hyperlipidemia. Metabolism. 1998;47:1097-104.
89. American Society of Health-system Pharmacists. ASHP therapeutic position statement on the safe use of niacin in the management of dyslipidemias. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1997;54:2815-9.
90. Watts GF, Dimmitt SB. Fibrates, dyslipoproteinaemia and cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1999;10:561-74.
91. Shek A, Ferrill MJ. Statin-fibrate combination therapy. Ann Pharmacother. 2001;35:908-17.
92. Gupta EK, Ito MK. Lovastatin and extended-release niacin combination product: the first drug combination for the management of hyperlipidemia. Heart Dis. 2002;4:124-37.
93. Kashyap ML, McGovern ME, Berra K, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of a once-daily niacin/lovastatin formulation in patients with dyslipidemia. Am J Cardiol. 2002;89:672-8.
94. Vytorin™ (Ezetimibe 10 mg/Simvastatin 10 mg tablets): prescribing Information. Available at: http://www.vytorin.com/vytorin/shared/documents/ vytorin_pi.pdf. Accessed August 4, 2004.
95. Goldberg AC, Sapre A, Liu J, Capece R, Mitchel YB. Efficacy and safety of ezetimibe coadministered with simvastatin in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004;79:620-9.
96. Ballantyne CM, Blazing MA, King TR, Brady WE, Palmisano J. Efficacy and safety of ezetimibe co-administered with simvastatin compared with atorvastatin in adults with hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol. 2004;93:1487-94.
97. Bays H, Stein EA. Pharmacotherapy for dyslipidaemia - current therapies and future agents. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2003;4:1901-38.
98. Kaufman DW, Kelly JP, Rosenberg L, Anderson TE, Mitchell AA. Recent patterns of medication use in the ambulatory adult population of the United States: the Slone survey. JAMA. 2002;287:337-44.
99. Ervin RB, Wright JD, Kennedy-Stephenson J. Use of dietary supplements in the United States, 1988-94. Vital Health Stat 11, 1999; i-iii, 1-14.
100. Anderson JW, Johnstone BM, Cook-Newell ME. Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:276-82.
101. Morelli V, Naquin C. Alternative therapies for traditional disease states: menopause. Am Fam Physician. 2002;66:129-34.
102. Kurzer MS. Phytoestrogen supplement use by women. J Nutr. 2003;133:1983S-1986S.
103. Waters DD, Alderman EL, Hsia J, et al. Effects of hormone replacement therapy and antioxidant vitamin supplements on coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288:2432-40.
104. Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, et al. Niacin plus simvastatin, but not antioxidant vitamins, protect against atherosclerosis and clinical events in CAD patients with low HDLC. Circulation. 2001;102:II-506; Abstract.
105. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20 536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:23-33.
106. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:154-60.
107. Havel RJ. Dietary supplement or drug? The case of cholestin. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:175-6.
108. Pearson TA, Laurora I, Chu H, Kafonek S. The Lipid Treatment Assessment Project (L-TAP): a multicenter survey to evaluate the percentages of dyslipidemic patients receiving lipid-lowering therapy and achieving low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:459-67.
109. Mosca L, Bairey Merz CN, Blumenthal RS, et al. Opportunity for intervention to achieve American Heart Association guidelines for optimal lipid levels in high-risk women in a managed care setting. Circulation 2005; 111:488-493.
110. Mosca L, Linfante AH, Benjamin EJ, et al. A national study of physician awarness and adherence to cardiovascular disease prevention guidelines. Circulation 2005:499-510.
111. Mosca L, Ferris A, Fabunmi R, Robertson RM. Tracking women's awareness of heart disease: an American Heart Association national study. Circulation. 2004;109:573-9.