Production and applications of esterases

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology

Volumn 67, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 160-169

  Panda, T ^a   Gowrishankar, B S ^a  

^a INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MADRAS   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIOXIDANTS; DEGRADATION; ESTERS; INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS; PLASTICS; POLLUTION; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL); TOXIC MATERIALS;

CEREAL WASTES; ESTERASES; INDUSTRIAL POLLUTANTS; NATURAL MATERIALS;

ENZYMES;

4 ACETAMIDO 5 AMINO 3 (1 ETHYLPROPOXY) 1 CYCLOHEXENE 1 CARBOXYLIC ACID; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANALGESIC AGENT; ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; ANTIPARASITIC AGENT; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CEFDITOREN PIVOXIL; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; ESTERASE; ETOPOSIDE; FLURBIPROFEN; HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIC AGENT; IBUPROFEN; INDUSTRIAL CHEMICAL; KETOPROFEN; LEVOFLOXACIN; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OFLOXACIN; OSELTAMIVIR; PARACETAMOL; PERFUME; PLASTIC; POTASSIUM CHANNEL STIMULATING AGENT; PROCAINE; SALICYLIC ACID; THROMBOXANE A2 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; TOXIC SUBSTANCE;

ENZYME;

AGRICULTURE; ARTICLE; ASPERGILLUS NIGER; CEREAL; DEGRADATION; DRUG INDUSTRY; ENZYME SYNTHESIS; FOOD INDUSTRY; POLLUTANT; PSEUDOMONAS;

AGRICULTURE; ASPERGILLUS NIGER; DRUG INDUSTRY; ESTERASES; FOOD-PROCESSING INDUSTRY;

EID: 17944374832     PISSN: 01757598     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-004-1840-y     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. Abbott JC (2001) Update on antiviral agents, California. J Health Syst Pharmacy July/August 6
2. Argentine JA, James AA (1995) Characterization of salivary gland-specific esterase in the vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 25:621-630
3. Asther M, Haon M, Roussos S, Record E, Delattre M, Lesage-Meessen L, Labat M, Asther M (2002) Feruloyl esterase from Aspergillus niger a comparison of the production in solid state and submerged fermentation. Process Biochem 38:685-691
4. Baron A, Rombouts F, Drilleau JF, Pilnik W (1980) Purification et properties de la pectinesterase produite par Aspergillus niger. Lebensm Wiss Technol 13:330-333
5. Baumann M, Hauer H, Bornscheuer UT (2000) Rapid screening of hydrolases for the enantioselective conversion of difficult-to-resolve substrates. Tetrahedron Asymm 11:4781-4790
6. Beisson F, Tiss A, Riviere C, Verger R (2000) Methods for lipase detection and assay: a critical review. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 2:133-153
7. Bentley GN, Jones AK, Agnew A (2003) Mapping and sequencing of acetylcholinesterase genes from the platyhelminth blood fluke Schistosoma. Gene 314:103-112
8. Biely P, Cote GL, Kremnieky L, Greene RV, Dupont C, Kluepfel D (1996) Substrate specificity and mode of action of acetyl-xylan esterase from Streptomyces lividans. FEBS Lett 396:257-260
9. Bohm C, Austin WF, Trauner D (2003) Enzymatic desymmetrization of a centrosymmetric diacetate. Tetrahedron Assym 14:71-74
10. Bornscheuer UT (2002) Microbial carboxylesterases: classification, properties and application in biocatalyses. FEMS Microbiol Rev 26:73-81
11. Boublik Y, Saint-Agent P, Lougarre A, Arnaud M, Villatte F, Estrada-Mndaca S, Fourmier D (2002) Acetylcholinesterase engineering for detection of insecticide residues. Protein Eng 15:43-50
12. Breeuwer P, Drocourt JL, Bunschoten N, Zwietering MH, Rombouts FM, Abee T (1995) Characterization of uptake and hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate and carboxyfluorescein diacetate by intracellular esterases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which result in accumulation of fluorescent product. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:1614-1619
13. Brown M, Davies IM, Moffat CF, Redshaw J, Craft JA (2004) Characterisation of choline esterases and their tissue and subcellular distribution in mussel (Mytilus edulis). Marine Environ Res 57:155-169
14. Calero-Rueda O, Plou FJ, Ballesteros A, Martinez AT, Martinez MJ (2002) Production, isolation and characterization of a sterol esterase from Ophiostoma piceae. Biochim Biophys Acta 1599:28-35
15. Campon B, Kilbanon AM (1984) Preparative production of optically active esters and alcohols using esterase-catalysed stereospecific transesterification in organic media. J Am Chem Soc 106:2687-2692
16. Chaabouni MK, Pulvin S, Touraud D, Thomas D (1996) Enzymatic synthesis of geraniol esters in a solvent free system by lipases. Biotechnol Lett 18:1083-1088
17. Chatonnet A, Hotelier T, Cousin X (1999) Kinetic parameters of cholinesteraseinteractions with organophosphates: retrieval and comparison tools available through ESTHER database. http://www.ensam.inra.fr/choline and ftp://ftp.toulouse.inra.fr./pub/esther
18. Chavkin C (2004) Neural pathways transducing pain, non-narcotic analgesics. Pharmacology 402/512:153-154
19. Choi YJ, Lee BH (2001) Culture conditions for the production of esterase from Lactobacillus casei CL 96. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 24:59-63
20. Christakopoulos P, Tzalas B, Mamma D, Stamatis H, Liadakis GN, Tzia C, Kekos D, Kolisis FN, Macris BJ (1998) Production of esterases from Fusarium oxysporum catalyzing transesterification reactions in organic solvents. Process Biochem 33:729-733
21. Claudianos C, Russell R, Oakeshott JG (1999) The same aminoacid substitution in orthologous esterases confers organophosphate resistance on the house fly and a blowfly. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 29:675-686
22. Coppens M, Versichelen L, Mortier E (2002) Treatment of postoperative pain after ophthalmic surgery. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol 285:27-32
23. Costenoble R, Adler L, Nikiasson C, Lideh G (2003) Engineering of the metabolism of Saccharomyces cerevisae for anaerobic production of mannitol. FEMS Yeast Res 3:17-325
24. Degrassi G, Kojic M, Ljubijankic G, Venturi V (2000) The acetyl xylan esterase of Bacillus pumilus belongs to a family of esterases with broad substrate specificity. Microbiology 146:1585-1591
25. Dodrick JS (1989) Enzymatic catalysis in monophasic solvent. Enzyme Microbiol Technol 11:194-211
26. Dufour JP, Bing Y (2001) Influence of yeast strain and fermentation conditions on yeast esterase activities. Brew Dig 76:44
27. Duphar-Int Res (1994) Stereospecific hetero-bicyclic alcohol enantiomer preparation. European Patent 605033
28. Durrington PN, Mackness B, Mackness MI (2001) Paraxonase and athereosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21:473-480
29. Ewis HE, Abdelal AT, Lu C-D (2004) Molecular cloning and characterization of two thermostable carboxylesterases from Geobacillus stearothermophillus. Gene 329:187-195
30. Fakuda K, Yamamoto N, Kiyokawa Y, Yanagiuchi T, Wakai Y, Kitamoto K, Inoue Y, Kimura A (1998) Balance of activities of alcohol acetyltransferase and esterase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is important for production of isoamyl acetate. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:4076-4078
31. Falugi C, Amaroli A, Evangelisti V, Viarengo A, Corrado MUD (2002) Cholinesterase activity and effects of its inhibition by neurotoxic drugs in Dicotyostelium discoideum. Chemosphere 48:407-414
32. Faulds CB, de Vries RP, Kroon PA, Visser J, Williamson G (1997) Influence of ferulic acid on the production of feruloyl esterases by Aspergillus niger. FEMS Microbiol Lett 157:239-244
33. Fernandez J, Mohedano AF, Fernandez-Garcia E, Medina M, Nunez M (2004) Purification and characterization of an extracellular tributyrin esterase produced by a cheese isolate, Micrococcus sp. INIA 528. Int Dairy J 14:135-142
34. Fillingham IJ, Kroon PA, Williamson G, Gilbert HJ, Hazlewood GP (1999) A modular cinnamoyl ester hydrolase from the anaerobic fungus Piromyces equi acts synergistically with xylanase and is part of a multiprotein cellulose binding cellulase- hemi-cellulase complex. Biochem J 343:215-224
35. Finer Y, Jaffer F, Santerre JP (2004) Mutual influence of cholesterol esterase and pseudocholinesterase on the biodegradation of dental composites. Biomaterials 25:1787-1793
36. Fu PP, Howard PC, Culp SJ, Xia Q, Webb PJ, Blankenship LR, Wamer WG, Bucher JR (2002) Do topically applied skin creams containing retinyl palmitate affect the photocarcinogenecity of simulated solar light. J Food Drug Anal 10:262-268
37. Gao R, Feng Y, Ishikana K, Ishida H, Ando S, Kosugi Y, Cao S (2003) Cloning, purification and properties of a hyperthermophilic esterase from archaeon Aerophyrum pernix KL. J Mol Catal B 24-25:1-8
38. Garcia BL, Ball AS, Rodriguez J, Perez-Leblic MI, Arias ME, Copa-Patino JL (1998) Induction of ferulic acid esterase and xylanase activities in Streptomyces avermitilis UAH 30. FEMS Microbiol Lett 158:95-99
39. Ghosh D, Erman M, Duax WL (1991) Crystallization and preliminary diffraction analysis of cholesterol esterase from Candida cylindrcea. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 38:663-666
40. Giuliani S, Piana C, Setti L, Hochkoeppler A, Pifferi PG, Williamson G, Faulds CB (2001) Synthesis of pentylferulate by a feruloyl esterase from Aspergillus niger using water-in-oil microemulsions. Biotechnol Lett 23:325-330
41. Gokul B (1999) Studies on suitable organism expressing esterase specific for enzymatic resolution of (R, S)-β-acetylmercaptoisobutyrate. Ph.D. Thesis, IIT Madras, India
42. Gudelj M, Valinger G, Faber K, Schwab H (1998) Novel Rhodococcus esterases by genetic engineering. J Mol Catal B 5:261-266
43. He YP, Ma EB, Zhu KY (2004) Characterizations of general esterases in relation to malathion susceptibility in two field populations of the oriental migratory locust, Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen). Pesticide Biochem Physiol 78:103-113
44. Heidari R, Devonshire AL, Campbell BE, Bell KL, Dorrian SJ, Oakeshott JG, Russell RJ (2004) Hydrolysis of organophosphorous insecticides by in vitro modified carboxylesterase E3 from Lucilia cuprina. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 34:353-363
45. Henderson G (2003) Sources and composition of drugs. Principles of Pharmacology (PHA 400A). Lecture series, University of California (Davis, Calif.), July 21 2003 http://www.medocs. ucdavis.edu/pha/400a/course.htm
46. Henke E, Bornscheuer UT (2002) Esterases from B. subtilis and B. stearothermophilis share high sequence homology but differ substantially in their properties. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 60:320-326
47. Henke E, Bornscheuer UT, Schmit RD, Pleiss J (2003) A molecular mechanism of enantiorecognition of tertiary alcohols by carboxylesterases. Chembiochem 6:485-493
48. Horne I, Harcourt RL, Tara D, Sutherland, Russel RJ, Oakeshott JG (2002) Isolation of Pseudomonas monteilli strain with a novel phosphotriesterase. FEMS Microbiol Lett 206:51-55
49. Horsman GP, Liu AM, Henke E, Bornscheuer UT, Kazlauskas RJ (2003) Mutations in distant residues moderately increase the enantioselectivity of Pseudomonas fluorescens esterase towards methyl 3-bromo-2-methylpropanoate and ethyl 3-phenylbutyrate. Chemistry 9:1933-1939
50. Howard GT, Crother B, Vicknair J (2001) Cloning, nucleotide, sequencing and characterization of a polyurethanase gene (pueB) from Pseudomonas chlororaphis. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 47:141-149
51. Htzakis NS, Daphnomili D, Smonou L (2003) Ferulic acid esterase from Humicola insolens catalyses enantioselective transesterification of secondary alcohols. J Mol Catal B 21:309-311
52. Jaeger KE, Egger T, Eipper A, Reetz MT (2001) Directed evolution and the creation of enantioselective biocataysts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 55:519-530
53. Jahangir R, Mc Closkey CB, Mc Clung WG, Labow RS, Brash JL, Santerre JP (2003) The influence of protein adsorption and surface modifying macromolecules on the hydrolytic degradation of a poly (ether-urethane) by cholesterol esterase. Biomaterials 24:121-130
54. John GT, Heinzle E (2000) Quantitative screening method for hydrolases in microplates using pH indicators: Determination of kinetic parameters by dynamic monitoring. Biotechnol Bioeng 72:620-627
55. Juge N, Williamson G, Puuigserver A, Cummings NJ, Connerton IF, Faulds CB (2001) High-level production of recombinant Aspergillus niger cinnamoyal esterase (FAEA) in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. FEMS Yeast Res 1:127-132
56. Jung YJ, Lee JK, Sung CG, Oh TK, Kim HK (2003) Nonionic detergent-induced activation of an esterase from Bacillus megaterium 20-1. J Mol Catal B 26:223-229
57. Kademi A, Abdelkader NA, Fakhreddine L, Baratti JC (2000) Characterization of a new thermo stable esterase from the moderate thermophilic bacterium Bacillus circulans. J Mol Catal B 10:395-401
58. Kanegafuchi Chem (1991) New stereospecific 5-acyloxymethyl-oxazolidin-2- one derivative. Patent J03108498
59. 2+ activated multifunctional bromoperoxidase-esterase from Pseudomonas putida IF-3. Arch Biochem Biophys 398:94-100
60. Kermasha S, Bisakowski B, Ismail S, Morin A (2000) The effect of physical and chemical treatments on the esterase activity from Pseudomonas fragi CRDA 037. Food Res Int 33:767-774
61. Kim GJ, Choi GS, Kim JY, Lee JB, Jo DH, Ryu YW (2002a) Screening, production and properties of a stereo specific esterase from pseudomonas species-34 with high selectivity to (S)-ketoprofen ethyl ester. J Mol Catal B 17:29-38
62. Kim YH, Cha CJ, Cerniglia CE (2002b) Purification and characterization of an erythromycin resistant Pseudomonas sp. GD 100. FEMS Microbiol Lett 210:239-244
63. Kim HK, Na HS, Park MS, Oh TK, Lee TS (2004) Occurrence of ofloxacin ester hydrolyzing esterase from Bacillus niacini EM001. J Mol Catal B 27:237-241
64. Kontkanen H, Tenkanen M, Fagerstrom R, Reinikainen T (2004) Characterisation of steryl esterase activities. J Biotechnol 108:51-59
65. Krebsfanger N, Zocher F, Altenbuchner J, Bornscheuer UT (1998) Characterization and enantioselectivity of a recombinant esterase from Pseudomonas fluorescens. Enzyme Microb Technol 22:641-646
66. Kroon PA, Williamson G, Fish NM, Archer DB, Belshaw NJ (2000) A modular esterase from Penicillium funiculosum which releases ferulic acid from plant cell walls and binds crystalline cellulose contains a carbohydrate biding module. Eur J Biochem 267:6740-6752
67. Kulakova L, Galkin A, Nakayama T, Nishino T, Esaki N (2004) Cold-active esterase from Psychrobacter sp. Ant300: gene cloning, characterization and the effects of Gly → Pro substitution near the active site on its catalytic activity and stability. Biochim Biophys Acta 1696:59-65
68. Laranja AT, Manzatto AJ, de C Bicudo HEM (2003) Effects of caffeine and used coffee grounds on biological features of Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae) and their possible use in alternative control. Genetics Mol Biol 26:419-429
69. Lee SY, Min BH, Hwang SH, Koo YM, Lee CK, Song SW, Oh SY, Lim SM, Kim SL, Kim D II (2001) Enantioselective production of levofloxacin by immobilized porcine liver. Biotechnol Lett 23:1033-1037
70. Levassenr A, Benoit I, Asther M, Record E (2004) Homologous expression of the feruloyl esterase B gene from Aspergillus niger and the characterization of the recombinant enzyme. Purification 37:126-133
71. Liu AMF, Somers NA, Kazlauskas RJ, Brush TS, Zocher F, Enzelberger MM, Bornscheuer UT, Horsman GP, Mezzetti A, Schmidt-Dannert C, Schmid RD (2001) Mapping the substrate selectivity of new hydrolases using colorimetric screening: lipases from Bacillus thermocatenulatus and Ophiostoma piliferum, esterases from Pseudomonas fluorescens and Streptomyces diastatochromogenes. Tetrahedron Asymm 12:545-556
72. Lomolino G, Rizzi C, Spettoli P, Curioni A, Lante A (2003) Cell vitality and esterase activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is affected by increasing calcium concentration. Biotechnology (Nov/Dec):32-35
73. Long C (1971) Biochemists handbook. Redwood, London, pp 273-274
74. Meer MMM van, Bonning BC, Ward VK, Vlak JM, Hammock BD (2000) Recombinant, catalytically inactive juvenile hormone esterase enhances efficacy of Baculovirus insecticides. Biol Control 19:191-199
75. Molinavi F, Brenna O, Valenti M, Aragozzini F (1996) Isolation of a novel carboxylesterase from Bacillus coagulans with high enantioselectivity toward racemic esters of 1,2-O-isopropylideneglycerol. Enzyme Microb Technol 19:551-556
76. Morana A, Prizito ND, Aurilia V, Rossi M, Cannio R (2002) A carboxylesterase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus: cloning of the gene, characterization of the protein. Gene 283:107-115
77. Musidlowska-Persson A, Bornscheuer UT (2003) Recombinant porcine intestinal carboxylesterase: cloning from the pig liver esterase gene by site-directed mutagenesis, functional expression and characterization. Protein Eng 16:1139-1145
78. Nishimura M, Inouye S (2000) Inhibitory effects of carbohydrates on cholesterol esterase biosynthesis in Streptomyces lavendulae H646-SY2. J Biosci Bioeng 90:564-566
79. Oakeshott JG, Claudianos C, Russell RJ, Robin GC (1999) Carboxyl/cholinesterases: a case study of the evolution of a successful multigene family. Bioessays 21:1031-1042
80. Ostdal H, Baron CP, Blom H, Andersen HJ (1996) Production, isolation and partial characterization of lipase-esterase from Pediococcus pentosaceus SV61. Lebensm Wiss Technol 29:542-546
81. Ozaki E, Sakashita K (1997) Esterase catalysed region- and enantioselective hydrolysis of substituted carboxylases. Chem Lett 8:741-742
82. Ozaki E, Sakimae A, Numazawa R (1994) Cloning and expression of Pseudomonas putida esterase gene in Escherichia coli and its use in enzymatic production of D-β-acetylthioisobutyric acid. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 58:1745-1746
83. Panda S, Sahu SK (2004) Recovery of acetylcholine esterase activity of Drawida willsi (Oligochaeta) following application of three pesticides to soil. Chemosphere 55:283-290
84. Patel RN (2000) Stereoselective biocatalysts. Dekker, New York
85. Peterson EI, Valinger G, Solkner B, Stubenrauch G, Schwab H (2001) A novel esterase from Burkholderia gladioli which shows high deacetylation activity on Cephalosporins is related to β-lactamases and DD-peptidases. J Biotechnol 89:11-25
86. Picollo MI, Vassena CV, Cueto GAM, Vernetti M, Zerba EN (2000) Resistance to insecticides and effect of synergists on permethrin toxicity in Pediculus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae) from Buenos Aires. J Med Entomol 37:721-725
87. Pleiss J, Fischer M, Schmid RD (1998) Anatomy of lipase binding sites: the scissile fatty acid binding site. Chem Phys Lipids 93:67-80
88. Poutanen K, Sundberg M, Korte H, Puls J (1990) Deacetylation of xylans by acetyl esterases of Trichoderma reesei. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 33:506-510
89. Priefart H, Rabenhorst J, Steinbuechel A (1997) Molecular characterization of Pseudomonas strain HR199 involved in bioconversion of vanillin to protocatechnate. J Bacteriol 179:2595-2607
90. Pringle D, Dickstein R (2004) Purification of ENOD8 proteins from Medicago sativa root nodules and their characterization as esterases. Plant Physiol Biochem 42:73-79
91. Puls J, Altaner C, Saake B (2001) 8th International Conference on Biotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Industry, June 4-8, 2001. Finlandia Hall, Helsinki, Finland, pp 27-28
92. Ranki A (1978) Nonspecific esterase activity in human lymphocytes: histochemical characterization and distribution among major lymphocyte subclasses. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 10:47-58
93. Reetz MT (2000) Application of directed evolution in the development of enantioselective enzymes. Pure Appl Chem 72:1615-1622
94. Riegels M, Koch R, Pedersen LS, Lund H (1997) Enzymatic hydrolysis of cyclic oligomers of poly(ethylene terephthlate). WO 9727237
95. Riley DJ, Kyger EM, Spilburg CA, Lange LG (1990) Pancreatic cholesterol esterases. Purification and characterization of human pancreatic fatty acid ethyl ester synthase. Biochemistry 29:3848-3852
96. Ruiter J de (2002) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). Principles Drug Action 2:1-8
97. Satoh T, Taylor P, Bosron WF, Sanghani SP, Hosokana M, Du BNL (2002) Current progress on esterases: from molecular the molecular structure to function. Drug Metab Dispos 30:488-493
98. Schutt H (1996) Enantiomeric chroman carboxylic acid derivative production DE 4430089
99. Sehegal AC, Kelly RM (2003) Strategic selection of hyperthermophilic esterases for resolution of 2-arylpropionic esters. Biotechnol Prog 19:1410-1416
100. Shankaranand VS, Ramesh MV, Lonsane BK (1992) Idiosyncrasies of solid-state fermentation systems in the biosynthesis of metabolites by some bacterial and fungal cultures. Process Biochem 27:33-36
101. Shao W, Wiegel J (1995) Purification and characterization of two thermostable acetyl xylan esterases from Thermoanaerobacterium sp. Strain JW/SL-Y485. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:729-733
102. Shen D, Xu JH, Wu HY, Liu YY (2002) Significantly improved esterase activity of Trichosporun brassicae cells for ketoprofen resolution by 2-propanol treatment. J Mol Catal B 18:219-224
103. Squibb (1993) Enzymatic resolution of taxane side chain intermediate. European Patent 552041
104. Stuhlfelder C, Lottspeich F, Mueller MJ (2002) Purification and partial amino acid sequences of an esterase from tomato. Phytochemistry 60:233-240
105. Suzuki Y, Miyamoto K, Ohta H (2004) A novel thermostable esterase from the thermo-acidophilic archaeon Sulfololeus tokodaii strain 7. FEMS Microbiol Lett 236:97-102
106. Tang YW, Santerre JP, Labow RS, Taylor DG (1997) Application of macromolecular additives to reduce the hydrolytic degradation of polyurethanes by lysosomal enzymes. Biomaterials 18:37-45
107. Tenkanen M, Thornton J, Viikari L (1995) An acetylglucomannan esterase of Aspergillus oryzae: purification, characterization and role in the hydrolysis of O-acetyl-galactoglucomannan. J Biotechnol 42:197-206
108. Topakas E, Kalogeris E, Kekos D, Macris BJ, Christakopoulos P (2003) Production and partial characterization of feruloyl esterase by Sporotrichum thermophile in solid-state fermentation. Process Biochem 38:1539-1543
109. Uejima A, Fukni T, Fuknsaki E, Omata T, Kawamoto T, Tanaka A (1993) Efficient kinetic resolution of organosilicon compounds by stereoselective esterification with hydrolases in organic solvent. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 38:426-486
110. Valarini PJ, Alvarez MCD, Gasco JM, Guerrero F, Tokeshi H (2003) Assesment of soil properties by organic matter and emmicroorganism incorporation. Rev Bras Ci Solo 27:519-525
111. Van Kampen MD, Egmond MR (2000) Directed evolution: from a staphylococcal lipase to a phospholipase. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 102:717-728
112. Vincent D, Lagreu R (1981) Identification of aspirinase with one of the carboxylesterase requiring a thiol group. Biochem J 197:771-773
113. Vries RP de, Visser J (1999) Regulation of the feruloyl esterase (faeA) gene from Aspergillus niger. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:5500-5503
114. Wahler D, Reymond Jean-Louis (2001) High-throughput screening for biocatalysts. Curr Opin Biotechnol 12:535-544
115. Wezel V, van Vlaardingen AP, Posthumus P, Crommentuijn R, Sijm GH, D.T.H.M. (2000) Exposure routes of dibutyl-phthalate (DHP) and dietyl-hexyl-phthalate (DEHP). Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 46:305-321
116. Wheeler GE, Coleman R, Finean JB (1972) Cholinesterase activities in subcellular fractions of rat liver. Biochim Biophys Acta 255:917-930
117. Wrasidlo W, Schroder U, Bernt K, Hubener N, Shabat D, Gaedicke G, Lode H (2002) Synthesis, hydrolytic activation and cytotoxicity of etoposide prodrugs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 12:557-560
118. Zhou X, Scharf ME, Sarath G, Meinke LJ, Chandler LD, Siegfried BD (2004) Partial purification and characterization of a methyl-parathion resistance-associated general esterase in Diabrotica virgifera (Coleoptera: chrysomelidae). Pesticide Biochem Physiol 78:114-125