메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 62, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 321-341

Rangelands at equilibrium and non-equilibrium: Recent developments in the debate

Author keywords

Heterogeneity; Key resources; Mobility; Overgrazing; Rainfall variability; Range condition; Scale dependence

Indexed keywords

COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; DENSITY DEPENDENCE; GRAZING MANAGEMENT; OVERGRAZING; PLANT COMMUNITY; RANGELAND;

EID: 17644406067     PISSN: 01401963     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.11.015     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (364)

References (120)
  • 2
    • 0024900291 scopus 로고
    • Land degradation, stocking rates and conservation policies in the communal rangelands of Botswana and Zimbabwe
    • N.O.J. Abel, and P.M. Blaikie Land degradation, stocking rates and conservation policies in the communal rangelands of Botswana and Zimbabwe Land Degradation and Rehabilitation 1 1989 101 123
    • (1989) Land Degradation and Rehabilitation , vol.1 , pp. 101-123
    • Abel, N.O.J.1    Blaikie, P.M.2
  • 4
    • 0032872723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of grazing and cultivation on soil patterns and processes in the Paulshoek area of Namaqualand
    • N. Allsopp Effects of grazing and cultivation on soil patterns and processes in the Paulshoek area of Namaqualand Plant Ecology 142 1999 179 187
    • (1999) Plant Ecology , vol.142 , pp. 179-187
    • Allsopp, N.1
  • 7
    • 12344292209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Land degradation and secondary production in semi-arid and arid grazing systems: What is the evidence?
    • J.F. Reynolds D.M. Stafford Smith Dahlem University Press Berlin
    • A.J. Ash, D.M. Stafford Smith, and N. Abel Land degradation and secondary production in semi-arid and arid grazing systems what is the evidence? J.F. Reynolds D.M. Stafford Smith Global Desertification Do Humans Cause Deserts? 2002 Dahlem University Press Berlin (437pp)
    • (2002) Global Desertification: Do Humans Cause Deserts?
    • Ash, A.J.1    Stafford Smith, D.M.2    Abel, N.3
  • 8
    • 0001963372 scopus 로고
    • Forage alternatives from range and field: Pastoral forage management and improvement in the African drylands
    • I. Scoones Intermediate Technology Publications London
    • W. Bayer, and A. Waters-Bayer Forage alternatives from range and field pastoral forage management and improvement in the African drylands I. Scoones Living with Uncertainty. New Directions in Pastoral Development in Africa 1994 Intermediate Technology Publications London (210pp)
    • (1994) Living with Uncertainty. New Directions in Pastoral Development in Africa
    • Bayer, W.1    Waters-Bayer, A.2
  • 9
    • 0001944938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Revisited: The overstocking controversy in semi-arid Africa
    • R.H. Behnke, and N.O.J. Abel Revisited the overstocking controversy in semi-arid Africa World Animal Review 87 1996 3 27
    • (1996) World Animal Review , vol.87 , pp. 3-27
    • Behnke, R.H.1    Abel, N.O.J.2
  • 12
    • 0001594024 scopus 로고
    • The effect of soil nutrient availability on community structure in African ecosystems
    • B.J. Huntley B.H. Walker Springer Berlin
    • R.H.V. Bell The effect of soil nutrient availability on community structure in African ecosystems B.J. Huntley B.H. Walker Ecology of Tropical Savannas 1982 Springer Berlin (669pp)
    • (1982) Ecology of Tropical Savannas
    • Bell, R.H.V.1
  • 14
    • 17644419983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lines around fragments: Effects of fencing on large herbivores
    • N. Allsopp A.R. Palmer S.J. Milton K.P. Kirkman G.I.H. Kerley C.R. Hurt C.J. Brown Durban South Africa
    • R.B. Boone, and N.T. Hobbs Lines around fragments effects of fencing on large herbivores N. Allsopp A.R. Palmer S.J. Milton K.P. Kirkman G.I.H. Kerley C.R. Hurt C.J. Brown Proceedings of the VIIth International Rangelands Congress, 26 July-1 August 2003 2003 Durban South Africa 580 591
    • (2003) Proceedings of the VIIth International Rangelands Congress, 26 July-1 August 2003 , pp. 580-591
    • Boone, R.B.1    Hobbs, N.T.2
  • 15
    • 0012557262 scopus 로고
    • Communal land use and the "tragedy of the commons": Some problems and development perspectives with reference to semi-arid regions of southern Africa
    • E.A. Boonzaier, M.T. Hoffman, F.M. Archer, and A.B. Smith Communal land use and the "tragedy of the commons" some problems and development perspectives with reference to semi-arid regions of southern Africa Journal of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa 7 1990 77 80
    • (1990) Journal of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa , vol.7 , pp. 77-80
    • Boonzaier, E.A.1    Hoffman, M.T.2    Archer, F.M.3    Smith, A.B.4
  • 16
    • 0041766739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vegetation dynamics on rangelands: A critique of the current paradigms
    • D.D. Briske, S.D. Fuhlendorf, and F.E. Smeins Vegetation dynamics on rangelands a critique of the current paradigms Journal of Applied Ecology 40 2003 601 614
    • (2003) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.40 , pp. 601-614
    • Briske, D.D.1    Fuhlendorf, S.D.2    Smeins, F.E.3
  • 18
    • 84984578807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economic comparisons of livestock production in communal grazing lands in Zimbabwe
    • B.M. Campbell, D. Doré, M. Luckert, B. Mukamuri, and J. Gambiza Economic comparisons of livestock production in communal grazing lands in Zimbabwe Ecological Economics 33 2000 413 438
    • (2000) Ecological Economics , vol.33 , pp. 413-438
    • Campbell, B.M.1    Doré, D.2    Luckert, M.3    Mukamuri, B.4    Gambiza, J.5
  • 19
    • 0002160765 scopus 로고
    • What is this thing called carrying capacity?
    • M.S. Boyce L.D. Hayden-Wing University of Wyoming Press Laramie, WY
    • G. Caughley What is this thing called carrying capacity? M.S. Boyce L.D. Hayden-Wing North American Elk Ecology, Behavior and Management 1979 University of Wyoming Press Laramie, WY (294pp)
    • (1979) North American Elk: Ecology, Behavior and Management
    • Caughley, G.1
  • 20
    • 0021029661 scopus 로고
    • On the evidence needed to judge ecological stability or persistence
    • J.H. Connell, and W.P. Sousa On the evidence needed to judge ecological stability or persistence The American Naturalist 121 1983 789 824
    • (1983) The American Naturalist , vol.121 , pp. 789-824
    • Connell, J.H.1    Sousa, W.P.2
  • 21
    • 0002021420 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation and pastoral dynamics in the southern Ethiopian rangelands: Implications for theory and management
    • R.H. Behnke I. Scoones C. Kerven Overseas Development Institute London
    • D.L. Coppock Vegetation and pastoral dynamics in the southern Ethiopian rangelands implications for theory and management R.H. Behnke I. Scoones C. Kerven Range Ecology at Disequilibrium New Models of Natural Variability and Pastoral Adaptation in African Savannas 1993 Overseas Development Institute London (248pp)
    • (1993) Range Ecology at Disequilibrium: New Models of Natural Variability and Pastoral Adaptation in African Savannas
    • Coppock, D.L.1
  • 22
    • 0026274338 scopus 로고
    • Spatial components of plant-herbivore interactions in pastoral, ranching, and native ungulate ecosystems
    • M.B. Coughenour Spatial components of plant-herbivore interactions in pastoral, ranching, and native ungulate ecosystems Journal of Range Management 44 1991 530 542
    • (1991) Journal of Range Management , vol.44 , pp. 530-542
    • Coughenour, M.B.1
  • 24
    • 0344378707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Range management and land reform policy in post-apartheid South Africa
    • Occasional Paper No. 2. University of the Western Cape, Bellville
    • Cousins, B., 1996. Range management and land reform policy in post-apartheid South Africa. Occasional Paper No. 2. Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 24pp.
    • (1996) Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies
    • Cousins, B.1
  • 25
    • 4944244413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Invisible capital: The contribution of communal rangelands to rural livelihoods in South Africa
    • T.D. de Bruyn P.F. Scogings Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare Alice
    • B. Cousins Invisible capital the contribution of communal rangelands to rural livelihoods in South Africa T.D. de Bruyn P.F. Scogings Communal Rangelands in Southern Africa A Synthesis of Knowledge 1998 Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare Alice (291pp)
    • (1998) Communal Rangelands in Southern Africa: A Synthesis of Knowledge
    • Cousins, B.1
  • 27
    • 0011231517 scopus 로고
    • Range management in a changing environment: A southern African perspective
    • J.E. Danckwerts, P.J. O'Reagain, and T.G. O'Connor Range management in a changing environment a southern African perspective Rangeland Journal 15 1993 133 144
    • (1993) Rangeland Journal , vol.15 , pp. 133-144
    • Danckwerts, J.E.1    O'Reagain, P.J.2    O'Connor, T.G.3
  • 28
    • 0023504374 scopus 로고
    • Equilibrium and nonequilibrium concepts in ecological models
    • D.L. DeAngelis, and J.C. Waterhouse Equilibrium and nonequilibrium concepts in ecological models Ecological Monographs 57 1987 1 21
    • (1987) Ecological Monographs , vol.57 , pp. 1-21
    • Deangelis, D.L.1    Waterhouse, J.C.2
  • 29
    • 0036382059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cattle population dynamics in the southern Ethiopian rangelands, 1980-97
    • S. Desta, and D.L. Coppock Cattle population dynamics in the southern Ethiopian rangelands, 1980-97 Journal of Range Management 55 2002 439 451
    • (2002) Journal of Range Management , vol.55 , pp. 439-451
    • Desta, S.1    Coppock, D.L.2
  • 31
    • 0028092388 scopus 로고
    • Desertification and degradation in sub-saharan Africa - The role of livestock
    • J.L. Dodd Desertification and degradation in sub-saharan Africa - the role of livestock BioScience 44 1994 28 34
    • (1994) BioScience , vol.44 , pp. 28-34
    • Dodd, J.L.1
  • 32
    • 0020387372 scopus 로고
    • The effect of bush clearing and rainfall variability on grass yield and composition in south-west Zimbabwe
    • P.J. Dye, and P.T. Spear The effect of bush clearing and rainfall variability on grass yield and composition in south-west Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Journal of Agricultural Research 20 1982 103 117
    • (1982) Zimbabwe Journal of Agricultural Research , vol.20 , pp. 103-117
    • Dye, P.J.1    Spear, P.T.2
  • 33
    • 0001119197 scopus 로고
    • Condition and management based on quantitative ecology
    • E.J. Dyksterhuis Condition and management based on quantitative ecology Journal of Range Management 2 1949 104 115
    • (1949) Journal of Range Management , vol.2 , pp. 104-115
    • Dyksterhuis, E.J.1
  • 34
    • 0021537355 scopus 로고
    • Rainfall, soil nutrient status and biomass of large African savanna mammals
    • R. East Rainfall, soil nutrient status and biomass of large African savanna mammals African Journal of Ecology 22 1984 245 270
    • (1984) African Journal of Ecology , vol.22 , pp. 245-270
    • East, R.1
  • 35
    • 0028137618 scopus 로고
    • Climate patterns and land-use practices in the dry zones of Africa
    • J. Ellis, and K. Galvin Climate patterns and land-use practices in the dry zones of Africa BioScience 44 1994 340 349
    • (1994) BioScience , vol.44 , pp. 340-349
    • Ellis, J.1    Galvin, K.2
  • 36
    • 0002361521 scopus 로고
    • Climate variability and complex ecosystem dynamics: Implications for pastoral development
    • Scoones, I. 1994 (Ed.), Intermediate Technology Publications, London
    • Ellis, J.E., 1994. Climate variability and complex ecosystem dynamics: implications for pastoral development. In: Scoones, I. 1994 (Ed.), Living with Uncertainty. New Directions in Pastoral Development in Africa. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, 210pp.
    • (1994) Living with Uncertainty. New Directions in Pastoral Development in Africa
    • Ellis, J.E.1
  • 37
    • 0000187169 scopus 로고
    • Stability of African pastoral ecosystems: Alternate paradigms and implications for development
    • J.E. Ellis, and D.M. Swift Stability of African pastoral ecosystems alternate paradigms and implications for development Journal of Range Management 41 1988 450 459
    • (1988) Journal of Range Management , vol.41 , pp. 450-459
    • Ellis, J.E.1    Swift, D.M.2
  • 39
    • 0033385769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing a non-equilibrium model of rangeland vegetation dynamics in Mongolia
    • M.E. Fernandez-Gimenez, and B. Allen-Diaz Testing a non-equilibrium model of rangeland vegetation dynamics in Mongolia Journal of Applied Ecology 36 1999 871 885
    • (1999) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.36 , pp. 871-885
    • Fernandez-Gimenez, M.E.1    Allen-Diaz, B.2
  • 40
    • 4944245524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strategies for sustainable grazing management in the developing world
    • Allsopp, N., Palmer, A.R., Milton, S.J., Kirkman, K.P., Kerley, G.I.H., Hurt, C.R., Brown, C.J. (Eds.), 26 July-1 August 2003, Durban, South Africa
    • Fernandez-Gimenez, M.E., Swift, D.M., 2003. Strategies for sustainable grazing management in the developing world. In: Allsopp, N., Palmer, A.R., Milton, S.J., Kirkman, K.P., Kerley, G.I.H., Hurt, C.R., Brown, C.J. (Eds.), Proceedings of the VIIth International Rangelands Congress, 26 July-1 August 2003, Durban, South Africa, pp. 821-831.
    • (2003) Proceedings of the VIIth International Rangelands Congress , pp. 821-831
    • Fernandez-Gimenez, M.E.1    Swift, D.M.2
  • 42
    • 0026312628 scopus 로고
    • Range condition assessment and the concept of thresholds: A viewpoint
    • M.H. Friedel Range condition assessment and the concept of thresholds a viewpoint Journal of Range Management 44 1991 422 426
    • (1991) Journal of Range Management , vol.44 , pp. 422-426
    • Friedel, M.H.1
  • 43
    • 0028194235 scopus 로고
    • On the carrying capacity for large ungulates of African savanna ecosystems
    • H. Fritz, and P. Duncan On the carrying capacity for large ungulates of African savanna ecosystems Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 256 1994 77 82
    • (1994) Proceedings of the Royal Society of London , vol.256 , pp. 77-82
    • Fritz, H.1    Duncan, P.2
  • 44
    • 0034089074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of stocking rate and rainfall on rangeland dynamics and cattle performance in a semi-arid savanna, South Africa
    • R.W.S. Fynn, and T.G. O'Connor Effect of stocking rate and rainfall on rangeland dynamics and cattle performance in a semi-arid savanna, South Africa Journal of Applied Ecology 37 2000 491 507
    • (2000) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.37 , pp. 491-507
    • Fynn, R.W.S.1    O'Connor, T.G.2
  • 45
    • 17644375841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate variability and impacts on East African livestock herders
    • Allsopp, N., Palmer, A.R., Milton, S.J., Kirkman, K.P., Kerley, G.I.H., Hurt, C.R. and Brown, C.J. (Eds.), 26 July-1 August 2003, Durban, South Africa
    • Galvin, K.A., Thornton, P.K., Boone, R.B., Sunderland, J., 2003. Climate variability and impacts on East African livestock herders. In: Allsopp, N., Palmer, A.R., Milton, S.J., Kirkman, K.P., Kerley, G.I.H., Hurt, C.R. and Brown, C.J. (Eds.), Proceedings of the VIIth International Rangelands Congress, 26 July-1 August 2003, Durban, South Africa, pp. 592-600.
    • (2003) Proceedings of the VIIth International Rangelands Congress , pp. 592-600
    • Galvin, K.A.1    Thornton, P.K.2    Boone, R.B.3    Sunderland, J.4
  • 46
    • 0014413249 scopus 로고
    • The tragedy of the commons
    • G. Hardin The tragedy of the commons Science 163 1968 1243 1248
    • (1968) Science , vol.163 , pp. 1243-1248
    • Hardin, G.1
  • 47
    • 84989991362 scopus 로고
    • The cattle complex in East Africa (Parts 1-4)
    • M.J. Herskovits The cattle complex in East Africa (Parts 1-4) American Anthropologist 28 1926 (230-272, 361-388, 494-528, 633-664)
    • (1926) American Anthropologist , vol.28
    • Herskovits, M.J.1
  • 48
    • 0031713436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of grazing on plant species composition and spatial distribution in rangelands of the Sahel
    • P. Hiernaux Effects of grazing on plant species composition and spatial distribution in rangelands of the Sahel Plant Ecology 138 1998 191 202
    • (1998) Plant Ecology , vol.138 , pp. 191-202
    • Hiernaux, P.1
  • 50
    • 0013258052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Challenges and opportunities in integrating ecological knowledge across scales
    • N.T. Hobbs Challenges and opportunities in integrating ecological knowledge across scales Forest Ecology and Management 181 2003 223 238
    • (2003) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.181 , pp. 223-238
    • Hobbs, N.T.1
  • 52
    • 0023467916 scopus 로고
    • Impact of drought on pastoral livestock in Baringo, Kenya 1983-85
    • K. Homewood, and J. Lewis Impact of drought on pastoral livestock in Baringo, Kenya 1983-85 Journal of Applied Ecology 24 1987 615 631
    • (1987) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.24 , pp. 615-631
    • Homewood, K.1    Lewis, J.2
  • 53
    • 0023584743 scopus 로고
    • Pastoralism, conservation and the overgrazing controversy
    • D. Anderson R. Grove Cambridge University Press Cambridge
    • K. Homewood, and W.A. Rodgers Pastoralism, conservation and the overgrazing controversy D. Anderson R. Grove Conservation in Africa People, Policies and Practice 1987 Cambridge University Press Cambridge (355pp)
    • (1987) Conservation in Africa: People, Policies and Practice
    • Homewood, K.1    Rodgers, W.A.2
  • 54
    • 0033178314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the relevance of nonequilibrium concepts to semi-arid grazing systems
    • A.W. Illius, and T.G. O'Connor On the relevance of nonequilibrium concepts to semi-arid grazing systems Ecological Applications 9 1999 798 813
    • (1999) Ecological Applications , vol.9 , pp. 798-813
    • Illius, A.W.1    O'Connor, T.G.2
  • 55
    • 0034068747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resource heterogeneity and ungulate population dynamics
    • A.W. Illius, and T.G. O'Connor Resource heterogeneity and ungulate population dynamics Oikos 89 2000 283 294
    • (2000) Oikos , vol.89 , pp. 283-294
    • Illius, A.W.1    O'Connor, T.G.2
  • 56
    • 0032122978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of strategies for tracking climatic variation in semi-arid grazing systems
    • A.W. Illius, J.F. Derry, and I.J. Gordon Evaluation of strategies for tracking climatic variation in semi-arid grazing systems Agricultural Systems 57 1998 381 398
    • (1998) Agricultural Systems , vol.57 , pp. 381-398
    • Illius, A.W.1    Derry, J.F.2    Gordon, I.J.3
  • 57
    • 84971814920 scopus 로고
    • The relation between animal gain and stocking rate: Derivation of the relation from the results of grazing trials
    • R.J. Jones, and R.L. Sandland The relation between animal gain and stocking rate derivation of the relation from the results of grazing trials Journal of Agricultural Science 83 1974 335 341
    • (1974) Journal of Agricultural Science , vol.83 , pp. 335-341
    • Jones, R.J.1    Sandland, R.L.2
  • 58
    • 0000795717 scopus 로고
    • The effects of different forms of land use on the ecology of a semi-arid region in south-eastern Rhodesia
    • R.D. Kelly, and B.H. Walker The effects of different forms of land use on the ecology of a semi-arid region in south-eastern Rhodesia Journal of Ecology 64 1976 553 576
    • (1976) Journal of Ecology , vol.64 , pp. 553-576
    • Kelly, R.D.1    Walker, B.H.2
  • 59
    • 41549156136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of cold temperatures and snowstorms on rangelands and livestock in northern Asia
    • Vetter, S. (Ed.), Rangelands at Equilibrium and Non-equilibrium: Recent Developments in the Debate Around Rangeland Ecology and Management. Papers from the International Workshop on "Rangelands at Equilibrium and Non-equilibrium" 26-27 July 2003. Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies, Bellville.
    • Kerven, C., 2004. The influence of cold temperatures and snowstorms on rangelands and livestock in northern Asia. In Vetter, S. (Ed.), Rangelands at Equilibrium and Non-equilibrium: Recent Developments in the Debate Around Rangeland Ecology and Management. Papers from the International Workshop on "Rangelands at Equilibrium and Non-equilibrium" held at the VIIth International Rangeland Congress in Durban, 26-27 July 2003. Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies, Bellville.
    • (2004) VIIth International Rangeland Congress in Durban
    • Kerven, C.1
  • 60
    • 20244377410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retraction and expansion of flock mobility in Central Asia: Costs and consequences
    • Allsopp, N., Palmer, A.R., Milton, S.J., Kirkman, K.P., Kerley, G.I.H., Hurt, C.R., Brown, C.J. (Eds.), 26 July-August 2003, Durban, South Africa
    • Kerven, C., Alimaev, I.I., Behnke, R., Davidson, G., Franchois, L., Malmakov, N., Mathijs, E., Smailov, A., Temirbekov, S., Wright, I., 2003. Retraction and expansion of flock mobility in Central Asia: costs and consequences. In: Allsopp, N., Palmer, A.R., Milton, S.J., Kirkman, K.P., Kerley, G.I.H., Hurt, C.R., Brown, C.J. (Eds.), Proceedings of the VIIth International Rangelands Congress, 26 July-August 2003, Durban, South Africa, pp. 543-556.
    • (2003) Proceedings of the VIIth International Rangelands Congress , pp. 543-556
    • Kerven, C.1    Alimaev, I.I.2    Behnke, R.3    Davidson, G.4    Franchois, L.5    Malmakov, N.6    Mathijs, E.7    Smailov, A.8    Temirbekov, S.9    Wright, I.10
  • 61
    • 0003196382 scopus 로고
    • Pastoralism yesterday and today: The overgrazing controversy
    • Bourlière, F. (Ed.), Elsevier, Amsterdam
    • Lamprey, H.F., 1983. Pastoralism yesterday and today: the overgrazing controversy. In: Bourlière, F. (Ed.), Tropical Savannas. Ecosystems of the World, vol. 13. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 730pp.
    • (1983) Tropical Savannas. Ecosystems of the World , vol.13
    • Lamprey, H.F.1
  • 63
    • 0037216855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal vegetation changes in the Hoanib River catchment, north-western Namibia: A study of a non-equilibrium system
    • K. Leggett, J. Fennessy, and S. Schneider Seasonal vegetation changes in the Hoanib River catchment, north-western Namibia a study of a non-equilibrium system Journal of Arid Environments 53 2003 99 113
    • (2003) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.53 , pp. 99-113
    • Leggett, K.1    Fennessy, J.2    Schneider, S.3
  • 65
    • 0000533876 scopus 로고
    • Grazing as an optimisation process: Grass-ungulate relationships in the Serengeti
    • S.J. McNaughton Grazing as an optimisation process grass-ungulate relationships in the Serengeti The American Naturalist 113 1979 691 703
    • (1979) The American Naturalist , vol.113 , pp. 691-703
    • McNaughton, S.J.1
  • 67
    • 0024254783 scopus 로고
    • A generalized model of the effects of grazing by large herbivores on grassland community structure
    • D.G. Milchunas, O.E. Sala, and W.K. Lauenroth A generalized model of the effects of grazing by large herbivores on grassland community structure The American Naturalist 132 1988 87 106
    • (1988) The American Naturalist , vol.132 , pp. 87-106
    • Milchunas, D.G.1    Sala, O.E.2    Lauenroth, W.K.3
  • 68
    • 0002720576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International aid for rangeland development: Trends and challenges
    • Eldridge, D., Freudenberger, D. (Eds.), People and Rangelands Building the Future.
    • Niamir-Fuller, M., 1999a. International aid for rangeland development: trends and challenges. In: Eldridge, D., Freudenberger, D. (Eds.), People and Rangelands Building the Future. Proceedings of the VI International Rangelands Congress, vol. 1, pp. 147-153.
    • (1999) Proceedings of the VI International Rangelands Congress , vol.1 , pp. 147-153
    • Niamir-Fuller, M.1
  • 71
    • 0034772063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of multiple droughts on cattle in Obbu, Northern Kenya
    • G. Oba The effects of multiple droughts on cattle in Obbu, Northern Kenya Journal of Arid Environments 49 2001 375 386
    • (2001) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.49 , pp. 375-386
    • Oba, G.1
  • 72
    • 0033986696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New perspectives on sustainable grazing management in arid zones of sub-saharan Africa
    • G. Oba, N.C. Stenseth, and W. Lusigi New perspectives on sustainable grazing management in arid zones of sub-saharan Africa BioScience 50 2000 35 51
    • (2000) BioScience , vol.50 , pp. 35-51
    • Oba, G.1    Stenseth, N.C.2    Lusigi, W.3
  • 73
    • 0003982518 scopus 로고
    • A synthesis of field experiments concerning the grass layer in the savanna regions of southern Africa
    • C.S.I.R., Pretoria.
    • O'Connor, T.G., 1985. A synthesis of field experiments concerning the grass layer in the savanna regions of southern Africa. South African National Scientific Programmes Report No. 114. C.S.I.R., Pretoria.
    • (1985) South African National Scientific Programmes Report No. 114
    • O'Connor, T.G.1
  • 74
    • 0026304260 scopus 로고
    • Local extinction in perennial grasslands: A life-history approach
    • T.G. O'Connor Local extinction in perennial grasslands a life-history approach The American Naturalist 137 1991 753 773
    • (1991) The American Naturalist , vol.137 , pp. 753-773
    • O'Connor, T.G.1
  • 75
    • 0028177007 scopus 로고
    • Composition and population responses of an African savanna grassland to rainfall and grazing
    • T.G. O'Connor Composition and population responses of an African savanna grassland to rainfall and grazing Journal of Applied Ecology 31 1994 155 171
    • (1994) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.31 , pp. 155-171
    • O'Connor, T.G.1
  • 76
  • 77
    • 0026540179 scopus 로고
    • The influence of grazing on seed production and seed banks of some African savanna grasslands
    • T.G. O'Connor, and G.A. Pickett The influence of grazing on seed production and seed banks of some African savanna grasslands Journal of Applied Ecology 29 1992 247 260
    • (1992) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.29 , pp. 247-260
    • O'Connor, T.G.1    Pickett, G.A.2
  • 78
    • 0028975841 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation changes (1949-71) in a semi-arid, grassy dwarf shrubland in the Karoo, South Africa: Influence of rainfall variability and grazing by sheep
    • T.G. O'Connor, and P.W. Roux Vegetation changes (1949-71) in a semi-arid, grassy dwarf shrubland in the Karoo, South Africa influence of rainfall variability and grazing by sheep Journal of Applied Ecology 32 1995 612 626
    • (1995) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.32 , pp. 612-626
    • O'Connor, T.G.1    Roux, P.W.2
  • 80
    • 0027770318 scopus 로고
    • Spreading deserts or spatially confined environmental impacts? Land degradation and cattle ranching in the Kalahari desert of Botswana
    • J.J. Perkins, and D.S.G. Thomas Spreading deserts or spatially confined environmental impacts? Land degradation and cattle ranching in the Kalahari desert of Botswana Land Degradation and Rehabilitation 4 1993 179 194
    • (1993) Land Degradation and Rehabilitation , vol.4 , pp. 179-194
    • Perkins, J.J.1    Thomas, D.S.G.2
  • 81
    • 17644421813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A qualitative state and transition model for the Mitchell grasslands of central Western Queensland
    • D.G. Phelps, and O.J.H. Bosch A qualitative state and transition model for the Mitchell grasslands of central Western Queensland Rangeland Journal 24 2002 242 267
    • (2002) Rangeland Journal , vol.24 , pp. 242-267
    • Phelps, D.G.1    Bosch, O.J.H.2
  • 82
    • 17644389171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loss and fragmentation of habitat for pastoral people and wildlife in East Africa: Concepts and issues
    • Allsopp, N., Palmer, A.R., Milton, S.J., Kirkman, K.P., Kerley, G.I.H., Hurt, C.R., Brown, C.J. (Eds.), 26 July - 1 August 2003, Durban, South Africa
    • Reid, R.S., Thornton, P.K., Kruska, R.L., 2003. Loss and fragmentation of habitat for pastoral people and wildlife in East Africa: concepts and issues. In: Allsopp, N., Palmer, A.R., Milton, S.J., Kirkman, K.P., Kerley, G.I.H., Hurt, C.R., Brown, C.J. (Eds.), Proceedings of the VIIth International Rangelands Congress, 26 July - 1 August 2003, Durban, South Africa, pp. 557-568.
    • (2003) Proceedings of the VIIth International Rangelands Congress , pp. 557-568
    • Reid, R.S.1    Thornton, P.K.2    Kruska, R.L.3
  • 85
    • 0020335726 scopus 로고
    • Pastoral strategies and desertification: Opportunism and conservatism in dry lands
    • B. Spooner H.S. Mann Academic Press London
    • S. Sandford Pastoral strategies and desertification opportunism and conservatism in dry lands B. Spooner H.S. Mann Desertification and Development Dryland Ecology in Social Perspective 1982 Academic Press London (407pp)
    • (1982) Desertification and Development: Dryland Ecology in Social Perspective
    • Sandford, S.1
  • 87
    • 0002893321 scopus 로고
    • Improving the efficiency of opportunism: New directions for pastoral development
    • Scoones, I. 1994 (Ed.), Intermediate Technology Publications, London
    • Sandford, S., 1994. Improving the efficiency of opportunism: new directions for pastoral development. In: Scoones, I. 1994 (Ed.), Living with Uncertainty. New Directions in Pastoral Development in Africa. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, 210pp.
    • (1994) Living with Uncertainty. New Directions in Pastoral Development in Africa
    • Sandford, S.1
  • 88
    • 84984533289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting the economic assessment of opportunistic and conservative stocking strategies in African livestock systems
    • Vetter, S. (Ed.), Rangelands at Equilibrium and Non-equilibrium: Recent Developments in the Debate Around Rangeland Ecology and Management. Papers from the International Workshop on "Rangelands at Equilibrium and Non-equilibrium" 26-27 July 2003. Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies, Bellville.
    • Sandford, S., 2004. Factors affecting the economic assessment of opportunistic and conservative stocking strategies in African livestock systems. In: Vetter, S. (Ed.), Rangelands at Equilibrium and Non-equilibrium: Recent Developments in the Debate Around Rangeland Ecology and Management. Papers from the International Workshop on "Rangelands at Equilibrium and Non-equilibrium" held at the VIIth International Rangeland Congress in Durban, 26-27 July 2003. Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies, Bellville.
    • (2004) VIIth International Rangeland Congress in Durban
    • Sandford, S.1
  • 93
    • 0028976087 scopus 로고
    • Exploiting heterogeneity: Habitat use by cattle in dryland Zimbabwe
    • I. Scoones Exploiting heterogeneity habitat use by cattle in dryland Zimbabwe Journal of Arid Environments 29 1995 221 237
    • (1995) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.29 , pp. 221-237
    • Scoones, I.1
  • 94
    • 0001631963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New ecology and the social sciences: What prospects for a fruitful engagement?
    • I. Scoones New ecology and the social sciences what prospects for a fruitful engagement? Annual Review of Anthropology 28 1999 479 507
    • (1999) Annual Review of Anthropology , vol.28 , pp. 479-507
    • Scoones, I.1
  • 95
    • 0002919051 scopus 로고
    • Has intensive grazing by domestic livestock degraded the Old World Mediterranean rangelands?
    • M. Arianoutsou R.H. Groves Kluwer Dordrecht
    • N.G. Seligman, and A. Perevolosky Has intensive grazing by domestic livestock degraded the Old World Mediterranean rangelands? M. Arianoutsou R.H. Groves Plant-Animal Interactions in Mediterranean-type Ecosystems 1994 Kluwer Dordrecht (184pp)
    • (1994) Plant-Animal Interactions in Mediterranean-type Ecosystems
    • Seligman, N.G.1    Perevolosky, A.2
  • 96
    • 0000779927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Re-valuing the communal lands of southern Africa: New understandings of rural livelihoods
    • Overseas development Institute, London
    • Shackleton, S., Shackleton, C., Cousins, B., 2000. Re-valuing the communal lands of southern Africa: new understandings of rural livelihoods. ODI Natural Resource Perspectives No. 62. Overseas development Institute, London, 4pp.
    • (2000) ODI Natural Resource Perspectives No. 62
    • Shackleton, S.1    Shackleton, C.2    Cousins, B.3
  • 98
    • 0002880606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of rangelands: Paradigms at their limits
    • J. Hodgson A.W. Illius CAB International Wallingford
    • D.M. Stafford Smith Management of rangelands paradigms at their limits J. Hodgson A.W. Illius The Ecology and Management of Grazing Systems 1996 CAB International Wallingford (480pp)
    • (1996) The Ecology and Management of Grazing Systems
    • Stafford Smith, D.M.1
  • 99
    • 1642427926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Desertification: A new paradigm for an old problem
    • J.F. Reynolds D.M. Stafford Smith Dahlem University Press Berlin
    • D.M. Stafford Smith, and J.F. Reynolds Desertification a new paradigm for an old problem J.F. Reynolds D.M. Stafford Smith Global Desertification Do Humans Cause Deserts? 2002 Dahlem University Press Berlin (437pp)
    • (2002) Global Desertification: Do Humans Cause Deserts?
    • Stafford Smith, D.M.1    Reynolds, J.F.2
  • 101
    • 0002239284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards a non-equilibrium ecology: Perspectives from an arid land
    • S. Sullivan Towards a non-equilibrium ecology perspectives from an arid land Journal of Biogeography 23 1996 1 5
    • (1996) Journal of Biogeography , vol.23 , pp. 1-5
    • Sullivan, S.1
  • 102
    • 0033502210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impacts of people and livestock on topographically diverse open wood and shrublands in arid north-west Namibia
    • S. Sullivan The impacts of people and livestock on topographically diverse open wood and shrublands in arid north-west Namibia Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 8 1999 257 277
    • (1999) Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters , vol.8 , pp. 257-277
    • Sullivan, S.1
  • 103
    • 0036947288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On non-equilibrium in arid and semi-arid grazing systems
    • S. Sullivan, and R. Rohde On non-equilibrium in arid and semi-arid grazing systems Journal of Biogeography 29 2002 1595 1618
    • (2002) Journal of Biogeography , vol.29 , pp. 1595-1618
    • Sullivan, S.1    Rohde, R.2
  • 104
    • 0032865851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A fence-line contrast reveals effects of heavy grazing on plant diversity and community composition in Namaqualand, South Africa
    • S.W. Todd, and M.T. Hoffman A fence-line contrast reveals effects of heavy grazing on plant diversity and community composition in Namaqualand, South Africa Plant Ecology 142 1999 169 178
    • (1999) Plant Ecology , vol.142 , pp. 169-178
    • Todd, S.W.1    Hoffman, M.T.2
  • 105
    • 0010281219 scopus 로고
    • Tracking through drought: Options for destocking and restocking
    • I. Scoones New Directions in Pastoral Development in Africa. Intermediate Technology Publications London
    • C. Toulmin Tracking through drought options for destocking and restocking I. Scoones Living with Uncertainty 1994 New Directions in Pastoral Development in Africa. Intermediate Technology Publications London (210pp)
    • (1994) Living with Uncertainty
    • Toulmin, C.1
  • 106
    • 0002502678 scopus 로고
    • Development of a technique for assessing veld condition in the Kruger National Park
    • W.S.W. Trollope Development of a technique for assessing veld condition in the Kruger National Park Journal of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa 7 1990 46 51
    • (1990) Journal of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa , vol.7 , pp. 46-51
    • Trollope, W.S.W.1
  • 107
    • 0031743236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term effects of daily grazing orbits on nutrient availability in Sahelian West Africa. 1: Gradients in the chemical composition of rangeland soils and vegetation
    • M.D. Turner Long-term effects of daily grazing orbits on nutrient availability in Sahelian West Africa. 1 gradients in the chemical composition of rangeland soils and vegetation Journal of Biogeography 25 1998 669 682
    • (1998) Journal of Biogeography , vol.25 , pp. 669-682
    • Turner, M.D.1
  • 108
    • 0033059623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal scaling of grazing impact on the species composition and productivity of Sahelian annual grasslands
    • M.D. Turner Spatial and temporal scaling of grazing impact on the species composition and productivity of Sahelian annual grasslands Journal of Arid Environments 41 1999 277 297
    • (1999) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.41 , pp. 277-297
    • Turner, M.D.1
  • 110
    • 17644420685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What are the costs of environmental degradation to communal livestock farmers?
    • Eldridge, D., Freudenberger, D. (Eds.), People and Rangelands Building the Future.
    • Vetter, S., Bond, W.J., 1999. What are the costs of environmental degradation to communal livestock farmers? In: Eldridge, D., Freudenberger, D. (Eds.), People and Rangelands Building the Future. Proceedings of the VIth International Rangelands Congress, vol. 1, pp. 537-538.
    • (1999) Proceedings of the VIth International Rangelands Congress , vol.1 , pp. 537-538
    • Vetter, S.1    Bond, W.J.2
  • 113
    • 0013451290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of communal and commercial pastoralism on vegetation and soils in an arid and a semi-arid region of Namibia
    • White, P.S., Mucina, L., Leps, J., van der Maarel, E. (Eds.), Vegetation Science in Retrospect and Perspective. 26 July-1 August 1998. Opulus Press, Uppsala
    • Ward, D., Ngairorue, B.T., Karamata, J., Kapofi, I., 2000a. The effects of communal and commercial pastoralism on vegetation and soils in an arid and a semi-arid region of Namibia. In: White, P.S., Mucina, L., Leps, J., van der Maarel, E. (Eds.), Vegetation Science in Retrospect and Perspective. Proceedings of the 41st IAVS Symposium 26 July-1 August 1998. Opulus Press, Uppsala, pp. 344-347.
    • (2000) Proceedings of the 41st IAVS Symposium , pp. 344-347
    • Ward, D.1    Ngairorue, B.T.2    Karamata, J.3    Kapofi, I.4
  • 114
  • 116
    • 0000491578 scopus 로고
    • On competition and variable environments
    • J.A. Wiens On competition and variable environments American Scientist 65 1977 590 597
    • (1977) American Scientist , vol.65 , pp. 590-597
    • Wiens, J.A.1
  • 117
    • 0001857812 scopus 로고
    • On understanding a non-equilibrium world: Myth and reality in community patterns and processes
    • D.R. Strong D. Simberloff L.G. Abele A.B. Thistle Princeton University Press Princeton, NJ
    • J.A. Wiens On understanding a non-equilibrium world myth and reality in community patterns and processes D.R. Strong D. Simberloff L.G. Abele A.B. Thistle Ecological Communities Conceptual Issues and the Evidence 1984 Princeton University Press Princeton, NJ (613pp)
    • (1984) Ecological Communities: Conceptual Issues and the Evidence
    • Wiens, J.A.1
  • 119
    • 0024939275 scopus 로고
    • Spatial scaling in ecology
    • J.A. Wiens Spatial scaling in ecology Functional Ecology 3 1989 385 397
    • (1989) Functional Ecology , vol.3 , pp. 385-397
    • Wiens, J.A.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.