Treatment of atherosclerotic disease at the cervical carotid bifurcation: Current status and review of the literature

American Journal of Neuroradiology

Volumn 21, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 444-450

  Connors III, J J ^a   Seidenwurm, David ^b   Wojak, Joan C ^b   Hurst, Robert W ^b   Jensen, Mary E ^b   Wallace, Robert ^b   Tomsick, Thomas ^b   Barr, John ^b   Kerber, Charles ^b   Russell, Eric ^b   Nesbit, Gary M ^b   Fox, Allan J ^b   Tsai, Fong Y ^b  

^a INOVA FAIRFAX HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANGIOPLASTY; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CAROTID ARTERY OBSTRUCTION; CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY; HUMAN; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; REVIEW; STENT;

ANGIOPLASTY, BALLOON; ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; CAROTID ARTERY DISEASES; CAROTID STENOSIS; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; ENDARTERECTOMY, CAROTID; HUMANS; STENTS;

EID: 17444447375     PISSN: 01956108     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (78)

1. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 1991;325:445-453
2. Barnett HJ, Taylor DW, Eliasziw M, et al. Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. N Engl Med 1998;339:1468-1471
3. European Carotid Trialists Collaborative Group. MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial: interim results for symptomatic patients with severe (70% to 99%) or with mild (0 to 29%) carotid stenosis. Lancet 1991;337:1235-1243
4. European Carotid Surgery Trialists Collaborative Group. Randomized trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis: final results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST). Lancet 1998;351:1379-1387
5. Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study Executive Committee. Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA 1995;273:1421-1428
6. Theron JG, Payelle GG, Coskun O, Huet H, Guimaraens L. Carotid artery stenosis: treatment with protected balloon angioplasty and stent placement. Radiology 1996;201:627-636
7. Kachel R. Results of balloon angioplasty in the carotid arteries. J Endovasc Surg 1996;3:22-30
8. Wholey MH, Wholey M, Bergeron P, et al. Current global status of carotid artery stent placement. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1998;44:1-6
9. Bettman MA, Katzen BT, Whisnant J, et al. Carotid stenting and angioplasty: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Councils on Cardiovascular Radiology, Stroke, Cardiovascular Surgery, Epidemiology and Prevention, and Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1998;9:3-5
10. Moore WS, Barnett HJM, Beebe HG, et al. Guidelines for carotid endarterectomy: a multidisciplinary consensus statement from the Ad Hoc Committee, American Heart Association. Stroke 1995;26:188-201
11. Biller J, Feinberg WM, Castaldo JE, et al. Guidelines for carotid endarterectomy: a statement for Healthcare Professionals from a Special Writing Group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke 1998;29:554-562
12. Fox AJ. How to measure carotid stenosis. Radiology 1993;186: 316-318
13. Frey JL. Asymptomatic carotid stenosis: surgery's the answer, but that's not the question. Ann Neurol 1996;39:405-406
14. McCullough JL, Mentzer RM, Harman PK, et al. Carotid endarterectomy after a completed stroke: reduction in long term neurologic deterioration. J Vasc Surg 1985;2:7-14
15. Hertzer NR, Arison R. Cumulative stroke and survival ten years after carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg 1985;2:661-668
16. Sundt TM Jr., Sandok BA, Whisnant JP. Carotid endarterectomy: complications and preoperative assessment of risk. Mayo Clin Proc 1975;50:301-306
17. Brott T, Thalinger K. The practice of carotid endarterectomy in a large metropolitan area. Stroke 1984;15:950-955
18. Rothwell PM, Slattery J, Warlow CP. A systematic review of the risks of stroke and death due to endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Stroke 1996;27:260-265
19. Hobson RW II, Weiss DG, Fields WS, et al. Efficacy of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis: The Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1993; 328:221-227
20. The CASANOVA Study Group. Carotid surgery versus medical therapy in asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Stroke 1991;22: 1229-1235
21. Mayo Asymptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Study Group. Results of a randomized controlled trial of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Mayo Clin Proc 1992; 67:513-518
22. European Carotid Surgery Trialists Collaborative Group. Risk of stroke in the distribution of an asymptomatic carotid artery. Lancet 1995;345:209-212
23. Rockman CB, Riles TS, Lamparello PJ, Giangola G, Adelman MA. Natural history and management of the asymptomatic, moderately stenotic internal carotid artery. J Vasc Surg 1997; 25:423-431
24. Hennerici M, Hulsbomer HB, Hefter H, Lammerts D, Rautenberg W. Natural history of symptomatic extracranial arterial disease: results of a long term prospective study. Brain 1987;110: 777-791
25. Olin JW, Fonseca C, Childs MB, et al. The natural history of asymptomatic moderate internal carotid artery stenosis by duplex ultrasound. Vasc Med 1998;3:101-108
26. Irvine CD, Cole SE, Foley PX. Unilateral asymptomatic carotid disease does not require surgery. Eur J Vasc Surg 1998;16:245-253
27. Chambers BR, Norris JW. Outcome in patients with asymptomatic neck bruits. N Engl J Med 1986;315:860-865
28. Perry JR, Szalai JP, Norris JW. Consensus against both endarterectomy and routine screening for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis: Canadian Stroke Consortium. Arch Neurol 1996; 54:25-28
29. Chaturvedi S, Halliday A. Is another clinical trial warranted regarding endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis? Cerebrovasc Dis 1998;8:210-213
30. Wennberg DE, Lucas FL, Birkmeyer JD, Bredenberg CE, Fisher ES. Variation in carotid endarterectomy mortality in the Medicare population: trial hospitals, volume, and patient characteristics. JAMA 1998;279:1278-1281
31. Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. Official Protocol and Operative Manual. Winston-Salem, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, 1989
32. Marcinczyk MJ, Nicholas GG, Reed JF, Nastasee SA. Asymptomatic carotid endarterectomy: patient and surgeon selection. Stroke 1997;28:291-296
33. Stein JH, McBride PE. Hyperhomocysteinemia and atherosclerotic vascular disease: pathophysiology, screening, and treatment. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:1301-1306
34. Robinson K, Arheart K, Refsum H, et al. Low circulating folate and vitamin B6 concentrations: risk factors for stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and coronary artery disease: European COMAC Group. Circulation 1998;97:437-443
35. Cattaneo M. Hyperhomocysteinemia: a risk factor for arterial and venous thrombotic disease. Int J Clin Lab Res 1997;27: 139-144
36. Graham IM, Daly LE, Refsum HM, et al. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease: The European Concerted Action Project. JAMA 1997;277:1775-1781
37. Evers S, Koch HG, Grotemeyer KH, Lange B, Deufel T, Ringelstein EB. Features, symptoms, and neurophysiological findings in stroke associated with hyperhomocysteinemia. Arch Neurol 1997;54:1276-1282
38. Selhub J, Jacques PF, Bostom AG, D'Agostino RB, et al. Association between plasma homocysteine concentrations and extracranial carotid-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 1995;332:286-291
39. Furberg CD for the Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Progression Study (ACAPS). Effect of Lovastatin on early carotid atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. Circulation 1994;90:1679-1687
40. Hass WK, Easton JD, Adams HP, et al. A randomized trial comparing ticlopidine hydrochloride with aspirin for the prevention of stroke in high-risk patients: Ticlopidine Aspirin Stroke Study Group. New Engl J Med 1989;321:501-507
41. Becquemin JP, Qvarfordt P, Castier Y, Mellière D. Carotid angioplasty: is it safe? J Endovasc Surg 1995;3:35-41
42. Roubin GS, Yadav S, Iyer SS, Vitek J. Carotid stent-supported angioplasty: a neurovascular intervention to prevent stroke. Am J Cardiol 1996;78:8-12
43. Ferguson RDG, Lee LI, Connors JJ, Ferguson JG. Angioplasty in the extracranial and intracranial vasculature. Semin Interv Radiol 1994;2:64-82
44. Russell EJ. Carotid artery balloon angioplasty and stenting (CABAS): a neuroradiologic perspective. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1998;19:1535-1539
45. Hurst RW. Carotid angioplasty. Radiology 1996;201:613-616
46. Diethrich EB, Ndiaye M, Reid DB, et al. Stenting in the carotid artery: initial experience in 110 patients. J Endovasc Surg 1996; 3:42-62
47. Yadav JS, Roubin GS, Iyer S, et al. Elective stenting of the extracranial carotid arteries. Circulation 1997;95:376-381
48. Ohki T, Marin ML, Lyon RT, et al. Ex vivo human carotid artery bifurcation stenting: correlation of lesion characteristics with embolie potential. J Vasc Surg 1998;27:463-471
49. Taylor KM. Brain damage during cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 1998;65 (Suppl):S20-S26
50. Sotaniemi KA. Long-term neurologic outcome after cardiac operation. Ann Thorac Surg 1995;59:1336-1339
51. The International Study of unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Investigators. Unruptured intracranial aneurysms: risk of rupture and risks of surgical intervention. New Engl J Med 1998; 339:1725-1733
52. Block PC. Restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty - anatomic and pathophysiological mechanisms: strategies for prevention. Circulation 1990;81:IV2-IV4
53. Foley JB, Brown RIG, Penn IM. Thrombosis and restenosis after stenting in failed angioplasty: comparison with elective stenting. Am Heart J 1994;128:12-20
54. Bray AE, Liu WG, Lewis WA, Harrison C, Maullin A. Strecker stents in the femoropopliteal arteries: value of duplex ultrasonography in restenosis assessment. J Endovasc Surg 1995;2: 150-160
55. Bergeron P, Pinot JJ, Poyen V, et al. Long term results with the Palmaz stent in the superficial femoral artery. J Endovasc Surg 1995;2:161-167
56. Rogers C, Edelman ER. Endovascular stent design dictates experimental restenosis and thrombosis. Circulation 1995;91: 2995-3001
57. Frericks H, Kievit J, van Baalen JM, van Bockel JH. Carotid recurrent stenosis and risk of ipsilateral stroke: a systematic review of the literature. Stroke 1998;29:244-250
58. Lattimer CR, Burnand KG. Recurrent carotid stenosis after carotid endarterectomy. Br J Surg 1997;84:1206-1219
59. Ricotta JJ, O'Brien-Irr MS. Conservative management of residual and recurrent lesions after carotid endarterectomy: long term results. J Vasc Surg 1997;26:963-970
60. Sivaguru A, Venables GS, Beard JD, Gaines PA. European carotid angioplasty trial. J Endovasc Surg 1996;3:16-20
61. Jordan WD Jr, Voellinger DC, Fisher WS, Redden D, McDowell HA. A comparison of carotid angioplasty with stenting versus endarterectomy with regional anesthesia. J Vasc Surg 1998;28: 397-403
62. Naylor AR, Bolia A, Abbott RJ, et al. Randomized study of carotid angioplasty and stenting versus carotid endarterectomy: a stopped trial. J Vasc Surg 1998;28:326-334
63. Goldstein LB, Samsa GP, Matchar DB, Oddone EZ. Multicenter review of preoperative risk factors for endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Stroke 1998;29:750-753
64. Day MV, Hertz NR, Ratliffe NB, O'Hara PJ, Beven FG. Recurrent carotid stenosis: a five year series of 65 reoperations. Ann Surg 1985;202:28-35
65. Waksman R. Local catheter-based intracoronary radiation therapy for restenosis. Am J Cardiol 1996;78:23-28
66. Verin V, Urban P, Popowski Y, et al. Feasibility of intracoronary beta-irradiation to reduce restenosis after balloon angioplasty, a clinical pilot study. Circulation 1997;95:1138-1144
67. Carter AJ, Laird JR. Experimental results with endovascular irradiation via a radioactive stent. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1996;36:797-803
68. Fischell TA, Carter AJ, Laird JR. The beta-particle-emitting radioisotope stent (isostent): animal studies and planned clinical trials. Am J Cardiol 1996;78:45-50
69. Tardif JC, Côté, Lespérance J, et al. Probucol and multivitamins in the prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. N Engl J Med 1997;337:365-372
70. Polak JF, Shemanski L, O'Leary DH, et al. Hypoechoic plaque at US of the carotid artery: an independent risk factor for incident stroke in adults aged 65 years or older: Cardiovascular Health Study. Radiology 1998;208:649-654
71. el-Barghouti N, Nicolaides AN, Tegos T, Geroulakos G. The relative effect of carotid plaque heterogeneity and echogenicity on ipsilateral cerebral infarction and symptoms of cerebrovascular disease. Int Angiol 1996;15:300-306
72. el-Barghouti N, Nicolaides A, Bahal V, Geroulakos G, Androulakis A. The identification of the high risk carotid plaque. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1996;11:470-478
73. Handa N, Matsumoto M, Maeda H, Hougaku H, Kamada T. Ischemic stroke events and carotid atherosclerosis: results of the Osaka Follow-up Study for Ultrasonographic Assessment of Carotid Atherosclerosis (the OSACA Study). Stroke 1995;26: 1781-1786
74. Geroulakos G, Domjan J, Nicolaides A, et al. Ultrasonic carotid artery plaque structure and the risk of cerebral infarction on computed tomography. J Vasc Surg 1994;20:263-266
75. Eliasziw M, Streifler JY, Fox AJ, Hachinski VC, Ferguson GG, Barnett HJ. Significance of plaque ulceration in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis: North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial. Stroke 1994;25: 304-308
76. Langsfeld M, Gray-Weale AC, Lusby RJ. The role of plaque morphology and diameter reduction in the development of new symptoms in asymptomatic carotid arteries. J Vasc Surg 1989;9:548-557
77. O'Holleran LW, Kennelly MM, McClurken M, Johnson JM. Natural history of asymptomatic carotid plaque: Five year follow-up study. Am J Surg 1987;154:659-662
78. Hobson RW II, Brott T, Ferguson R, et al. CREST: Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stent Trial [editorial]. Cardiovasc Surg 1997;5:457-458