History of U.S. military contributions to the study of parasitic diseases

Military Medicine

Volumn 170, Issue 4 SUPPL., 2005, Pages 17-29

  Crum, Nancy F ^a   Aronson, Naomi E ^b   Lederman, Edith R ^c   Rusnak, Janice M ^d   Cross, John H ^b  

^a NAVAL MEDICAL CENTER SAN DIEGO   (United States)

^b UNIFORMED SERVICES UNIVERSITY OF THE HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^c US Naval Medical Research Unit No 2 Jakarta   (Indonesia)

^d Infectious Disease Division ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

7 AMINOQUINOLINE DERIVATIVE; ALLOPURINOL; AMPHOTERICIN B; AMPHOTERICIN B LIPID COMPLEX; ANTIMONY; BENZNIDAZOLE; CHLOROETHANE; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DIETHYLCARBAMAZINE; DIETHYLTOLUAMIDE; EFLORNITHINE; GENTAMICIN; HEPATITIS B VACCINE; IVERMECTIN; MEBENDAZOLE; MEGLUMINE ANTIMONATE; METHYLBENZETHONIUM CHLORIDE; MILTEFOSINE; NICLOSAMIDE; NIFURTIMOX; PAROMOMYCIN; PENTAMIDINE; PHOSPHONIUM DERIVATIVE; PRAZIQUANTEL; PROTRIPTYLINE; PYRROLE; STIBOGLUCONATE SODIUM; STIBOPHEN; STILBAMIDINE; TIABENDAZOLE;

ANGIOSTRONGYLOSIS; ARTHRALGIA; CARDIOTOXICITY; CELL COUNT; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONFERENCE PAPER; FILARIASIS; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; HEMATOLOGIC DISEASE; HUMAN; INTESTINE HEMANGIOMA; INTESTINE PARASITE; LEISHMANIASIS; LIVER FUNCTION; MILITARY MEDICINE; MYALGIA; NONHUMAN; PANCREATITIS; PARASITOSIS; PATHOGENESIS; PROTOZOAL INFECTION; QT PROLONGATION; RASH; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; SIDE EFFECT; T WAVE; TRYPANOSOMIASIS; UNITED STATES; VIRUS REACTIVATION;

EID: 17444403205     PISSN: 00264075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7205/MILMED.170.4S.17     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (228)

1. Magill AJ: Leishmaniasis. In: Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Ed 8, pp 665-87. Edited by Strickland GT. Philadelphia, PA, WB Saunders. 2000.
2. Berman JD: Human leishmaniasis: clinical, diagnostic, and chemotherapeutic developments in the last 10 years. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24: 684-703.
3. Davies CR, Kaye P, Croft SL, Sundar S: Leishmaniasis: new approaches to disease control. BMJ 2003; 326: 377-82.
4. Shattuck GC: Visceral leishmaniasis. In: Diseases of the Tropics, pp 143-58. New York, NY, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1951.
5. Martin S, Gambel J, Jackson J, et al: Leishmaniasis in the United States military. Milit Med 1998; 163: 801-7.
6. Ross R: Note on the bodies recently described by Leishman and Donovan. BMJ 1903; 2: 1261-2.
7. Kenner JR, Aronson NE, Benson PM: The United States military and leishmaniasis. Dermatol Clin 1999; 17: 77-92.
8. Kinnamon KE, Steck EA, Loizeaux PS, et al: Leishmaniasis: military significance and new hope for treatment. Milit Med 1979; 144: 660-4.
9. Ball D, Ryan RC: Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Bull US Army Med Dept 1944; 79:65-73.
10. Most H, Lavietes PH: Kala-azar in American military personnel: report of 30 cases. Medicine 1947; 26: 221-84.
11. Most H: Leishmaniasis. In: Internal Medicine in World War II, Vol III, Infectious Diseases and General Medicine, pp 1-42, Edited by Anderson RS, Washington, DC, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 1968.
12. Kean BH: Cutaneous leishmaniasis on the Isthmus of Panama. Arch Dermal Syph 1944; 50: 237-8.
13. Kranes A: Leishmaniasis among American troops in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations: one case of cutaneous leishmaniasis proved by biopsy at the 17th General Hospital. Historical Division, SGO U.S. Army, 1947.
14. Meleney HE: Leishmaniasis. In: Preventive Medicine in World War II, Vol VII, Communicable Diseases, pp 73-7. Edited by Hoff ED, Washington, DC, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 1964.
15. Magill AJ, Grogl M, Gasser RA Jr, Sun W, Oster CN: Visceral infection caused by Leishmania tropica in veterans of Operation Desert Storm. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1383-7.
16. Kreutzer RD, Grogl M, Neva FA, et al: Identification and genetic comparison of leishmanial parasites causing viscerotropic and cutaneous disease in soldiers returning from Operation Desert Storm. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1993;49:357-63.
17. Takafuji ET, Hendricks LD, Daubek JL, et al: Cutaneous leishmaniasis associated with jungle training. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1980; 29: 516-20.
18. Magill AJ: Epidemiology of leishmaniases. Dermatol Clin 1995; 13: 505-23.
19. Grogl M, Gasser RA, Magill AJ, Johnson SC, Oster CN: Cutaneous leishmaniasis in U.S. rangers and marines associated with jungle warfare training in French Guiana during 1992-1993. Presented at the Joint Annual Meeting of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene and the American Society of Parasitologists. October 31 to November 4, 1993, Atlanta, GA.
20. Snow JS, Satulsky EM, Kean BH: American cutaneous leishmaniasis: report of 12 cases from Canal Zone. Arch Dermat Syph 1948; 57: 90-101.
21. Walton BC, Person DA, Bernstein R: Leishmaniasis in the U.S. military in the Canal Zone. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1968; 17: 19-24.
22. Langsjoen PH: Cutaneous leishmaniasis: a report of 10 cases. Ann Intern Med 1956; 45: 623-39.
23. Kern F, Pedersen JK: Leishmaniasis in the United States: a report of ten cases in military personnel. JAMA 1973; 226: 872-4.
24. Diniega BM, Small JW, Andujar JM: An outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in U.S. soldiers training at Fort Sherman, Panama. Presented at the 34th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, November 3-7, 1985, Miami, FL.
25. Ballou WR, McClain JB, Gordon DM, et al: Safety and efficacy of high-dose sodium stibogluconate therapy of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Lancet 1987; 2: 13-6.
26. Sanchez JL, Diniega BM, Small JW, et al: Epidemiologic investigation of an outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a defined geographic focus of transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1992; 47: 47-54.
27. Chulay JD, Oster CN, McGreevy PB, Hendricks LD, Kreutzer RD: American cutaneous leishmaniasis: presentation and problems of patient management. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1988; 21: 165-72.
28. Aronson NE, Wortmann GW, Johnson SC, et al: Safety and efficacy of intravenous sodium stibogluconate in the treatment of leishmaniasis: recent U.S. military experience. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 27: 1457-64.
29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Cutaneous leishmaniasis in U.S. military personnel: Southwest/Central Asia, 2002-2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003; 52: 1009-12.
30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Update: cutaneous leishmaniasis in U.S. military personnel: southwest/central Asia, 2002-2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004; 53: 264-5.
31. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Two cases of visceral leishmaniasis in U.S. military personnel: Afghanistan, 2002-2204. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004; 53: 265-8.
32. Wallace MR, Hale BR, Utz GC, et al: Endemic infectious diseases of Afghanistan. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34(Suppl 5): S171-207.
33. Johnson RN, Lawyer PG, Ngumbi PM, et al: Phlebotomine sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) seasonal distribution and infection rates in a defined focus of Leishmania tropica. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999; 60: 854-8.
34. Hoogstraal H, Dietlein DR: Leishmaniasis in the Sudan Republic. 9. Ecological relationships of sandfly species and Leishmania infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1963; 12: 165-74.
35. Gupta RK, Robert LL, Lawyer PG: Arthropods of military importance. In: Military Preventive Medicine: Mobilization and Deployment, pp 469-501. Edited by Kelley PK, Washington, DC, Borden Institute, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 2002.
36. Mebrahtu Y, Lawyer P, Githure J, et al: Indigenous human cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica in Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1988; 39: 267-73.
37. Beach R, Kiilu G, Hendricks L, Oster C, Leeuwenburg J: Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kenya: transmission of Leishmania major to man by the bite of a naturally infected Phlebotomus duboscqi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1984; 78: 747-51.
38. Walton BC, Intermill RW, Hajduk ME: Differences in biological characteristics of three Leishmania isolates from patients with espundia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1977; 26: 850-5.
39. Schnur LF, Walton BC, Bogaert-Diaz H: On the identity of the parasite causing diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Dominican Republic. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1983; 77: 756-62.
40. Cross ER, Newcomb WW, Tucker CJ: Use of weather data and remote sensing to predict the geographic and seasonal distribution of Phlebotomus papatasi in southwest Asia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1996; 54: 530-6.
41. Hoogstraal H, Van Peenen PF, Reid TP, Dietlein DR: Leishmaniasis in the Sudan Republic. 10. Natural infections in rodents. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1963; 12: 175-8.
42. Hoogstraal H: A brief history of the NAMRU-3 Medical Zoology program. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 1968; 43: 70-94.
43. Anderson TF: Kala azar in the East African Forces. East Afr Med J 1943; 20: 172-5.
44. Fryauff DJ, Modi GB, Mansour NS, et al: Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis at a focus monitored by the multinational force and observers in the northeastern Sinai Desert of Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1993; 49: 598-607.
45. Gaskin AA, Schantz P, Jackson J, et al: Visceral leishmaniasis in a New York foxhound kennel. J Vet Intern Med 2002; 16: 34-44.
46. Grogl M, Daugirda JL, Hoover DL, Magill AJ, Berman JD: Survivability and infectivity of viscerotropic Leishmania tropica from Operation Desert Storm participants in human blood products maintained under blood bank conditions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1993; 49: 308-15.
47. Leiby DA, Toro LA, McMahon-Pratt DM, Nacy CA: Identification of Leishmania-infected monocytes by flow cytometric analysis. Presented at the 41st Annual Meeting of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, November 15-19, 1992, Seattle, WA.
48. Berman JD, Neva FA: Effect of temperature on multiplication of Leishmania amastigotes within human monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1981; 30: 318-21.
49. Callahan HL, Portal IF, Bensinger SJ, Grogl M: Leishmania spp.: temperature sensitivity of promastigotes in vitro as a model for tropism in vivo. Exp Parastitol 1996; 84: 400-9.
50. Oster CN, Sanford JP: Febrile illness in a Desert Storm veteran. Hosp Pract 1992; 15: 145-8, 151, 155-60.
51. Ohl CA, Hyams KC, Malone JD, Oldfield E: Leishmaniasis among Desert Storm veterans: a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. Milit Med 1993; 158: 726-9.
52. Berger TG, Meltzer MS, Oster CN: Lymph node involvement in leishmaniasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985; 12: 993-6.
53. Walton BC, Valverde L: Evidence for trauma as a precipitating factor of American leishmaniasis after occult infection. Presented at the 3rd International Congress of Parasitology, August 25-31, 1974, Munich, Germany.
54. Wortmann GW, Aronson NE, Miller RS, Blazes D, Oster CN: Cutaneous leishmaniasis following local trauma: a clinical pearl. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31: 199-201.
55. Kalter DC: Laboratory tests for the diagnosis and evaluation of leishmaniasis. Dermatol Clin 1994; 12: 37-50.
56. Chulay JD, Bryceson AD: Quantitation of amastigotes of Leishmania donovani in smears of splenic aspirates from patients with visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1983; 32: 475-9.
57. Mebrahtu YB, Hendricks LD, Oster CN, et al: Leishmania donovani parasites in the asal secretions, tonsillopharyngeal mucosa, and urine centrifugates of visceral leishmaniasis patients in Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1993; 48: 530-5.
58. Abalos FM, Kassen MK, Marty AM, Neafie RC: Brown-Hopps stain for Leishmania amastigotes. Presented at the 1998 Annual Meeting of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, February 28 to March 6, 1998, Boston, MA.
59. Anthony RL, Grogl M, Sacci JB, Ballou RW: Rapid detection of Leishmania amastigotes in fluid aspirates and biopsies of human tissues. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1987; 37: 271-6.
60. Kenner JR, Aronson NE, Bratthauer GL, et al: Immunohistochemistry to identify Leishmania parasites in fixed tissues. J Cutan Pathol 1999; 26: 130-6.
61. Wortmann G, Sweeney C, Houng HS, et al: Rapid diagnosis of leishmaniasis by fluorogenic polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001; 65: 583-7.
62. Nuzum E, White F, Thakur C, et al: Diagnosis of symptomatic visceral leishmaniasis by use of the polymerase chain reaction on patient blood. J Infect Dis 1995; 171: 751-4.
63. Polhemus ME, Hochberg L, Ryan J, et al: Polymerase chain reaction using urine: a rapid diagnostic test for visceral leishmaniasis. Presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, December 3-7, 2003, Philadelphia, PA.
64. Sundar S, Sahu M, Mehta H, et al: Noninvasive management of Indian visceral leishmaniasis: clinical application of diagnosis by K39 antigen strip testing at a kala-azar referral unit. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35: 581-6.
65. Pappas MG, McGreevy PB, Hajkowski R, et al: Evaluation of promastigote and amastigote antigens in the indirect fluorescent antibody test for American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1983; 32: 1260-7.
66. Dillon DC, Day CH, Whittle JA, Magill AJ, Reed SG: Characterization of a Leishmania tropica antigen that detects immune responses in Desert Storm viscerotropic leishmaniasis patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 7981-5.
67. Martin SK, Thuita-Harun L, Adoyo-Adoyo M, Wasunna KM: A diagnostic ELISA for visceral leishmaniasis, based on an antigen from media conditioned by Leishmania donovani promastigotes. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1998; 92: 571-7.
68. Ryan JR, Smithyman AM, Rajasekariah GH, et al: ELISA based on soluble promastigote antigen detects immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies in sera from cases of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 1037-43.
69. Rajasekariah GH, Ryan JR Hillier SR, et al: Optimisation of an ELISA for the serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis using in vitro derived promastigote antigens. J Immunol Methods 2001; 252: 105-19.
70. Moran K, Aronson N, Nesterova G, et al: A phase 1 trial of Leishmania tropica skin test antigen in U.S. volunteers. Presented at the 40th Interscience Conference of Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, September 17-20, 2000, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
71. Berman J: Current treatment approaches to leishmaniasis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2003; 16: 397-401.
72. Berman JD, Waddell D, Hanson BD: Biochemical mechanisms of the antileishmanial activity of sodium stibogluconate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1985; 27: 916-20.
73. Berman JD, Chulay JD, Hendricks LD, Oster CN: Susceptibility of clinically sensitive and resistant Leishmania to pentavalent antimony in vitro. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1982; 31: 459-65.
74. Jackson JE, Tally JD, Ellis WY, et al: Quantitative in vitro drug potency and drug susceptibility evaluation of Leishmania spp. from patients unresponsive to pentavalent antimony therapy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1990; 43: 464-80.
75. Chulay JD, Fleckenstein L, Smith DH: Pharmacokinetics of antimony during treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with sodium stibogluconate or meglumine antimoniate. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1988; 82: 69-72.
76. Oster CN, Chulay JD, Hendricks LD, et al: American cutaneous leishmaniasis: a comparison of three sodium stibogluconate treatment schedules. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1985; 34: 856-60.
77. Herwaldt BL, Berman JD: Recommendations for treating leishmaniasis with sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam) and review of pertinent clinical studies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1992; 46: 296-306.
78. Arana BA, Navin TR, Arana FE, Berman JD, Rosenkaimer F: Efficacy of a short course (10 days) of high-dose meglumine antimonite with or without interferon-γ in treating cutaneous leishmaniasis in Guatemala. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 18: 381-4.
79. Wortmann G, Miller RS, Oster C, Jackson J, Aronson N: A randomized, double-blind study of the efficacy of a 10- or 20-day course of sodium stibogluconate for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in United States military personnel. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35: 261-7.
80. Franke ED, Wignall FS, Cruz ME, et al: Efficacy and toxicity of sodium stibogluconate for mucosal leishmaniasis. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113: 934-40.
81. Gasser RA, Magill AJ, Oster CN, et al: Pancreatitis induced by pentavalent antimonial agents during treatment of leishmaniasis. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 18: 83-90.
82. Chulay JD, Spencer HC, Mugambi M: Electrocardiographic changes during treatment of leishmaniasis with pentavalent antimony (sodium stibogluconate). Am J Trop Med Hyg 1985; 34: 702-9.
83. Sundar S, Sinha PR, Agrawal NK, et al: A cluster of cases of severe cardiotoxicity among kala-azar patients treated with a high-osmolarity lot of sodium antimony gluconate. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998; 59: 139-43.
84. Wortmann GW, Aronson NE, Byrd JC, Grever MR, Oster CN: Herpes zoster and lymphopenia associated with sodium stibogluconate therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 27: 509-12.
85. Berman JD, Hanson WL, Chapron WL, Alving CR, Lopez-Berestein G: Antileishmanial activity of liposome encapsulated amphotericin B in hamsters and monkeys. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1986; 30: 847-51.
86. Alving CR, Steck EA, Chapman WL, et al: Therapy of leishmaniasis: superior efficacies of liposome-encapsulated drugs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1978: 75: 2959-63.
87. Berman JD: Editorial response: U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of AmBisome (liposomal amphotericin B) for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28: 49-51.
88. Berman JD, Badaro R, Thakur CP, et al: Efficacy and safety of liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) for visceral leishmaniasis in endemic developing countries. Bull World Health Organ 1998; 76: 25-32.
89. Sundar S, Agrawal NK, Sinha PR, Horwith GS, Murray HW: Short-course, low-dose amphotericin B lipid complex therapy for visceral leishmaniasis unresponsive to antimony. Ann Intern Med 1997; 127: 133-7.
90. Wortmann GW, Fraser SL, Aronson NE, et al: Failure of amphotericin B lipid complex in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 1006-7.
91. Berman JD, Lee LS: Activity of oral drugs against Leishmania tropica in human macrophages in vitro. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1983; 32: 947-51.
92. Jha TK, Sundar S, Thakur CP, et al: Miltefosine, an oral agent, for the treatment of Indian visceral leishmaniasis. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1795-1800.
93. Llanos-Cuentas A, Echevarria J, Cruz M, et al: Efficacy of sodium stibogluconate alone and in combination with allopurinol for treatment of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25: 677-84.
94. Chunge CN, Gachihi G, Muigai R, et al: Visceral leishmaniasis unresponsive to antimonial drugs. III. Successful treatment using a combination of sodium stibogluconate plus allopurinol. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1985; 79: 715-8.
95. Velez I, Agudelo S, Hendrickx E, et al: Inefficacy of allopurinol as monotherapy for Columbian cutaneous leishmaniasis: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126: 232-6.
96. Navin TR Arana BA, Arana FE, Berman JD, Chajon JF: Placebo controlled clinical trial of sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam) versus ketoconazole for treating cutaneous leishmaniasis in Guatemala. J Infect Dis 1992; 165: 528-34.
97. Grogl M, Schuster BG, Ellis WY, Berman JD: Successful topical treatment of murine cutaneous leishmaniasis with a combination of paromomycin (Aminosidine) and gentamicin. J Parasitol 1999; 85: 354-9.
98. Soto JM, Toledo JT, Gutierrez P, et al: Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with a topical antileishmanial drug (WR279396): phase 2 pilot study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2002; 66: 147-51.
99. Soto J, Fuya P, Herrera R, Berman J: Topical paromyomycin/ methylbenzethonium chloride plus parenteral meglumine antimonite as treatment for American cutaneous leishmaniasis: controlled study. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 56-8.
100. Farquhar LR: Tropical diseases. In: Advances in Military Medicine, Vol 1, pp 65-72. Edited by Andrus EC. Boston, MA, Little Brown, 1948.
101. Hanson WL, Chapman WL, Kinnamon KE: Testing drugs for antileishmanial activity in golden hamsters infected with Leishmania donovani. Int J Parasitol 1977; 7: 443-7.
102. Callahan HL, Portal AC, Devereaux R, Grogl M: An axenic amastigote system for drug screening. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 818-22.
103. Soto J, Medina F, Dember N, Berman J: Efficacy of permethrin-impregnated uniforms in the prevention of malaria and leishmaniasis in Columbian soldiers. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21: 599-602.
104. Gambel JM, Brundage JF, Burge RJ, et al: Survey of U.S. Army soldiers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding personal protection measures to prevent arthropod-related diseases and nuisance bites. Milit Med 1998; 163: 695-701.
105. Hertig M, Fairchild GB: The control of Phlebotomus in Peru with DDT. Am J Trop Med 1948; 28: 207-30.
106. Hertig M, Fisher RA: Control of sandflies with DDT. Bull US Army Med Dept 1945; 3: 97-101.
107. Robert LL, Perich MJ: Phlebotomine sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) control using a residual pyrethroid insecticide. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1995; 11: 195-9.
108. Hyams KC, Hanson K, Wignall FS, Escamilla J, Oldfield EC: The impact of infectious diseases on the health of U.S. troops deployed to the Persian Gulf during operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20: 1497-504.
109. Despommier DD, Gwadz RW, Hotez PJ: Parasitic Diseases, Ed 3. New York, NY, Springer-Verlag, 1995.
110. Kinnamon KE, Engle RR, Poon BT, McCall JW, Dzimianski MT: A new class of anti-filariasis compounds: a preliminary look. Milit Med 1994; 159: 368-72.
111. Swartzwelder JC: Filariasis bancrofti. In: Preventive Medicine in World War II, Vol VII. Communicable Diseases: Arthropodborne Diseases Other than Malaria, pp 63-69. Edited by Coates JB. Washington, DC, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 1964.
112. Winstead DK: Filariasis bancrofti and chronic illness behavior. Milit Med 1978; 143: 869-71.
113. Coggeshall LT: Filariasis in the serviceman: retrospect and prospect. JAMA 1946; 131: 8-12.
114. Hembree SC: Distribution and prevalence of bancroftian filariasis in U.S. Army Special Forces camps in the Republic of Vietnam. Milit Med 1974; 139: 309-12.
115. Pittman FE: Probable filariasis in a Vietnam veteran. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1972; 21: 38-41.
116. Colwell EJ, Armstrong DR, Brown JD, et al: Epidemiologic and serologic investigations of filariasis in indigenous populations and American soldiers in South Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1970; 19: 227-31.
117. Joesoef A, Cross JH: Distribution and prevalence of cases of micromilaraemia in Indonesia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1978; 9: 480-8.
118. Partono F, Cross JH, Borahina, Clarke MD, Oemijati S: Observations on the diurnal diagnosis of filariasis after a single dose of hetrazan. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1972; 3: 366-70.
119. Atmosoedjono S, Pumomo, Ratiwayanto S, Marwoto HA, Bangs MJ: Ecology and infection rates of natural vectors of filariasis in Tanah Intan, South Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia. Bul Penelit Kes 1993; 21: 1-14.
120. Purnomo, Bangs MJ: Paraochoterenella javanensis gen. et ap.n. (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae) from Rana cancrivora (Amphibia: Anura) in West Java, Indonesia. J Helminthol Soc Wash 1999; 66: 187-93.
121. Purnomo, Bangs MJ: Microfilaria sundaicus sp.n., a chabfilaria-like parasite (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae) from the blood of the horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus affinis) in Flores, Indonesia. J Helminthol Soc Wash 1995; 62: 32-4.
122. Partono F, Dennis DT, Atmosoedjono S, Oemijati S, Cross JH: Brugia timori sp.n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from Flores Island, Indonesia. J Parasitol 1977; 63: 540-6.
123. Purnomo, Partono F, Dennis DT, Atmosoedjono S: Development of the Timor filaria in Aedes togoi: preliminary observations. J Parasitol 1976; 62: 881-5.
124. Piessens WF, Partono F, Hoffman SL, et al: Antigen-specific suppressor T lymphocytes in human lymphatic filariasis. N Engl J Med 1982; 307: 144-8.
125. Riberu WA, Atmosoedjono S, Purnomo, et al: Cultivation of sexually mature Brugia malayi in vitro. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1990; 43: 3-5.
126. Franke ED, Riberu W, Wiady I: In vitro cultivation of third stage larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti to the fourth stage. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1987; 37: 370-5.
127. Cross JH, Partono F, Hsu MYK, Ash LR, Oemijati S: Experimental transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti to monkeys. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1979; 28: 56-66.
128. Palmieri JH, Connor DH, Purnomo, Dennis DT, Marwoto H: Experimental infection of Wuchereria bancrofti in the silver leaf monkey Presbytis cristatus Eschscholtz, 1821. J Helminthol 1982; 56: 243-5.
129. Baird JK, Riberu W, Masbar S, Purnomo: Ivermectin inhibits molting of Wuchereria bancrofti third stage larvae in vitro. J Parasitol 1991; 77: 162-3.
130. Kurniawan A, Sartono E, Setiowati WE, et al: Ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine trials in leaf monkeys (Presbytis cristatus) infected with Wuchereria kalimantani. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1992; 23: 288-92.
131. Partono F, Purnomo, Soewarta A: A simple method to control Brugia timori by diethylcarbamazine administration. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1979; 73: 536-42.
132. Partono F, Purnomo, Soewarta A, Oemijati S: Brugia timori eradication with low dose diethylcarbamazine "by the people for the people method." Presented at the Simposium Masalah Penyakit Parasit Dalam Program Pelayanan Kesehatan, September 12-13, 1980, Yogyakarta, Java. Indonesia.
133. Ferguson MS, Bang FB: Schistosomiasis. In: Preventive Medicine in World War II, Vol V, Communicable Diseases Transmitted through Contact or by Unknown Means, pp 45-81. Edited by Coates JB. Washington, DC, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 1960.
134. Leiper RT: Report on the results of the bilharzia mission in Egypt, 1915. J R Army Med Corps 1918; 30: 235-60.
135. Allen AM, Taplin D, Legters LJ, Ferguson JA: Schistosomes in Vietnam [letter]. Lancet 1974; 1: 1175-6.
136. Greenberg JH: Public health problems relating to the Vietnam returnee. JAMA 1969; 207: 697-702.
137. Carney WP, Van Peenen PFD, Sudomo M: A mammalian reservoir of Schistosoma japonicum in the Napu Valley, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. J Parasitol 1978; 64: 1138-9.
138. Carney WP, Brown RJ, VanPeenen PF, et al: Schistosoma incognitum from Cikurai, West Java, Indonesia. Int J Parasitol 1977; 7: 361-6.
139. Cross JH: Preliminary observations on the biology of the Indonesian strain of Schistosoma japonicum: animal and oncomelanid snails. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1976; 7: 202-7.
140. Mansour MM, El-Ghorab NM, Salah LH, Dunn MA, Woody JN: T lymphocyte subset modulation of hepatic fibroblast function in murine schistosomiasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1989; 41: 454-9.
141. Mansour MM, Dunn MA, Salah LH, Woody JN: Murine schistosomiasis: selective inhibition in vitro of fibroblast collagen production by mononuclear cells. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1988; 38: 111-7.
142. Dunn MA, Cheever AW, Paglia LM, et al: Reversal of advanced liver fibrosis in rabbits with schistosomiasis japonica. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1994; 50: 499-505.
143. Morcos SH, Khayyal MT, Mansour MM, et al: Reversal of hepatic fibrosis after praziquntel therapy of murine schistosomiasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1985; 34: 314-21.
144. Weller TH, Dammin GJ: An improved method of examination of feces for the diagnosis of intestinal schistosomiasis. Am J Clin Pathol 1945; 15: 486-500.
145. Farid Z, Higashi GI, Bassily S, Young SW, Sparks HA: Chronic salmonellosis, urinary schistosomiasis, and massive proteinuria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1972;21: 578-81.
146. Higashi GI, Farid Z, Bassily S, Miner WF: Nephrotic syndrome in Schistosomiasis mansoni complicated by chronic salmonellosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1975; 24: 713-4.
147. Barsoum RS, Bassily S, Baligh OK, et al: Renal disease in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis: a clinicopathological study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1977; 71: 387-91.
148. Barsoum RS, Bassily S, Soliman MM, et al: Renal amyloidosis and schistosomiasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1979; 73: 367-74.
149. Mansour MM, Farid Z, Bassily S, Salah LH, Watten RH: Serum enzyme tests in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1982; 76: 109-11.
150. Lehman JS, Farid Z, Smith JH, Bassily S, el-Masry NA: Urinary schistosomiasis in Egypt: clinical, radiological, bacteriological and parasitological correlations. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1973; 67: 384-99.
151. Laughlin LW, Farid Z, Mansour M, Edman DC, Higashi GI: Bacteruria in urinary schistosomiasis in Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1978; 27: 916-8.
152. Farid Z, el-Masry NA, Bassily S, Trabolisi B, Wallace CK: Treatment of bilharzial obstructive uropathy with praziquantel. J Infect Dis 1984; 150: 307-8.
153. Bassily S, Farid Z, Dunn M, el-Masry NA, Stek M: Praziquantel for the treatment of schistosomiasis in patients with advanced hepatosplenomegaly. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1985; 79: 629-34.
154. Abu-Elyazeed RR, Youssef FG, Merrell BR, et al: Praziquantel in the treatment of Schistosoma mansoni infection: comparison of 40 and 60 mg/kg bodyweight regimens. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1997; 56: 404-7.
155. van Lieshout L, de Jonge N, el-Masry N, et al: Monitoring the efficacy of different doses of praziquantel by quantification of circulating antigens in serum and urine of schistosomiasis patients. Parasitology 1994; 108: 519-26.
156. McCarthy MC, Hyams KC, el-Tigani el-Hag A, et al: HIV-1 and hepatitis B transmission in Sudan. AIDS 1989; 3: 725-9.
157. Hyams KC, Mansour MM, Massoud A, Dunn MA: Parenteral antischistosomal therapy: a potential risk factor for hepatitis B infection. J Med Virol 1987; 23: 109-14.
158. Bassily S, Hyams KC, el-Ghorab N, el-Masry NA: Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in patients infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1990; 42: 449-52.
159. Bassily S, Kotkat A, Hyams KC, et al: Immunogenicity of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine among infants of mothers with active schistosomiasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1997; 57: 197-9.
160. Ritchie LS, McMullen DB: A review of the molluscacide trials conducted in the Orient under the auspices of the U.S. Army. Milit Med 1961; 126: 733-43.
161. Ingalls JW: The control of schistosomiasis japonica. III. Studies on the longevity of cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum in saline solutions. J Parasitol 1946; 32: 521-4.
162. Hunter GW, Dillahunt JA, Dalton HC: The epidemiology of schistosomiasis japonica in the Philippine Islands and Japan. I. Surveys for schistosomiasis japonica on Mindoro, P.I. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1950; 30: 411-29.
163. Abu-Elyazeed RR, Podgore JK, Mansour NS, Kilpatrick ME: Field trial of 1% niclosamide as a topical antipenetrant to Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1993; 49: 403-9.
164. Pepin J: African trypanosomiasis. In: Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Disease, Ed 8, pp 643-53. Edited by Strickland GT. Philadelphia, PA, WB Saunders, 2000.
165. Magill AJ, Reed SG: American trypanosomiasis. In: Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Disease, Ed 8, pp 653-65. Edited by Strickland GT. Philadelphia, PA, WB Saunders, 2000.
166. Coates JB, Hoff EC, Hoff PM, Heaton LD: Communicable diseases: malaria. In: Preventive Medicine in World War II, Vol 6, p 59. Edited by Coates JB, Hoff EC, Hoff PM. Washington, DC, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 1963.
167. Lejon V, Boelaert M, Jannin J, Moore A, Buscher P: The challenge of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness diagnosis outside Africa. Lancet Infect Dis 2003; 3: 804-8.
168. Seed JR: African trypanosomiasis research: 100 years of progress, but questions and problems still remain. Int J Parasitol 2001; 31: 434-42.
169. Barrett MP: The fall and rise of sleeping sickness. Lancet 1999; 353: 1113-4.
170. Faria R, Vasconcellos F, Rosenfield G: Contribuicao ao estudo da doenca de Chagas na 2. regiao military. Rev Med Milit (Rio de Janeiro) 1948; 37: 229-50.
171. Packchanian A: Chagas' disease can happen here. Res Rev 1949; 2: 1-5.
172. Pletcher JM, Casey HW: Case for diagnosis. Milit Med 1978; 143: 689, 693-4.
173. Kinnamon KE, Poon BT, Scovill JP, Hanson WL, Waits VB: Chagas' disease: a search for treatment and a question: should the disease be of military concern? Milit Med 1997; 162: 527-32.
174. Wellde BT, Chumo DA, Waema D, Reardon MJ, Smith DH: A history of sleeping sickness in Kenya. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1989; 83(Suppl 1): 1-11.
175. Wellde BT, Waema D, Chumo DA, et al: The Lambwe Valley and its people. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1989; 83(Suppl 1): 13-20.
176. Wellde BT, Chumo DA, Hockmeyer WT, et al: Sleeping sickness in the Lambwe Valley in 1978. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1989; 83(Suppl 1): 21-7.
177. Wellde BT, Reardon MJ, Chumo DA: Demographic characteristics of the Lambwe Valley population. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1989; 83(Suppl 1): 29-42.
178. Wellde BT, Chumo DA, Reardon MJ, et al: Epidemiology of Rhodesian sleeping sickness in the Lambwe Valley, Kenya. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1989; 83(Suppl 1): 43-62.
179. Wellde BT, Chumo DA, Reardon MJ, et al: Diagnosis of Rhodesian sleeping sickness in the Lambwe Valley (1980-1984). Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1989; 83(Suppl 1): 63-71.
180. Wellde BT, Chumo DA, Reardon MJ, et al: Presenting features of Rhodesian sleeping sickness patients in the Lambwe Valley, Kenya. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1989; 83(Suppl 1): 73-89.
181. Smith DH, Bailey JW, Wellde BT: Immunodiagnostic tests on CSF in the diagnosis of meningoencephalitic Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1989; 83(Suppl 1): 91-7.
182. Wellde BT, Chumo DA, Reardon MJ, et al: Treatment of Rhodesian sleeping sickness in Kenya. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1989; 83(Suppl 1): 99-109.
183. Kariuki DP, Injairo R, Boyce WL, Wellde BT, Ngethe S: Parasite survey of eight wild animals in the Ruma National Park. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1989; 83(Suppl 1): 115-8.
184. Wellde BT, Waema D, Chumo DA, et al: Review of tsetse control measures taken in the Lambwe Valley in 1980-1984. Ann Trap Med Parasitol 1989; 83(Suppl 1): 119-25.
185. Roberts LW, Wellde BT, Reardon MJ, Onyango FK: Mechanical transmission of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense by Glossina morsitans morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae). Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1989; 83(Suppl 1): 127-31.
186. Wellde BT, Reardon MJ, Chumo DA, et al: Cerebral trypanosomiasis in naturally-infected cattle in the Lambwe Valley, south Nyanza, Kenya. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1989; 83(Suppl 1): 151-60.
187. Wellde BT, Reardon MJ, Chumo DA, et al: Experimental infection of goats with Trypanosoma brucei ssp. and effects of treatment with suramin and Mel-B. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1989; 83(Suppl 1): 161-9.
188. Reardon MJ, Wellde BT, Muriithi RM, et al: Effectiveness of WR 163577 against animal trypanosomes in goats and mice. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1989; 83(Suppl 1): 171-5.
189. Wellde BT, Reardon MJ, Onyango F, et al: Natural and acquired resistance to Trypanosoma vivax in cattle. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1989; 83(Suppl 1): 185-94.
190. Kinnamon KE, Rane DS: Greater than one year protection of mice from lethal Trypanosoma rhodesiense infections by prophylactic drugs and active immunity. Int J Parasitol 1978; 8: 515-23.
191. Kinnamon KE, Steck EA, Rane DS: A new chemical series active against African trypanosomes: benzyltriphenylphosphonium salts. J Med Chem 1979; 22: 452-5.
192. Kinnamon DE, Steck EA, Rane DS: Activity of antitumor drugs against African trypanosomes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1979; 15: 157-60.
193. Steck EA, Kinnamon KE, Rane DS, Hanson WL: Leishmania, donovani, Plasmodium gerghei Trypanosoma rhodesiense: antiprotozoal effects of some amidine types. Exp Parasitol 1981; 52: 404-13.
194. Steck EA, Kinnamon KE, Davidson DE, et al: Trypanosoma rhodesiense: evaluation of the antitrypanosomal action of 2,5-bis(4-guanylphenyl)furan dihydrochloride. Exp Parasitol 1982; 53: 133-44.
195. Esser KM, Schoenbechler MJ: Expression of two variant surface glycoproteins on individual African trypanosomes during antigen switching. Science 1985; 220: 190-3.
196. Kinnamon KE, Poon BT, Hanson WL, Waits VB: Primaquine analogues that are potent anti-Trypanosoma cruzi agents in a mouse model. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1996; 90: 467-74.
197. Kinnamon KE, Steck EA, Hanson WL, Chapman WL: In search of anti-Tryponosoma cruzi drugs: new leads from a mouse model. J Med Chem 1977; 20:741-4.
198. Kinnamon KE, Poon BT, Hanson WL, Waits VB: Evidence that certain 8-aminoquinolines are potentially effective drugs against Chagas disease. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1997; 91: 147-52.
199. Kinnamon KE, Poon BT, Hanson WL, Waits VB: In pursuit of drugs for American trypanosomiasis: evaluation of some "standards" in a mouse model. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1997; 216: 424-8.
200. Kinnamon KE, Poon BT, Hanson WL, Waits VB: Activity of anticancer compounds against Trypanosoma cruzi-infected mice. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998; 58: 804-6.
201. Kinnamon KE, Poon BT, Hanson WL, Waits VB: Trypanosoma cruzi a novel chemical class (nitrobenzofurans) active against infections of mice (Mus muscuius). Exp Parasitol 1998; 89: 251-6.
202. Trouiller P, Olliaro P, Torreele E, et al: Drug development for neglected diseases: a deficient market and a public-health policy failure. Lancet 2002; 359: 2188-94.
203. Barrett MP, Burchmore RJS, Such A, et al: The trypanosomiases. Lancet 2003; 362: 1469-80.
204. Chan MS: The global burden of nematode infections: fifty years on. Parasitol Today 1997; 13: 438-43.
205. Takafuji CT, Kelley PW, Weiner H, Milhous N, Miller R: An Outbreak of Hookworm Infection in the 82nd Airborne Division following Operation Urgent Fury in Grenada, November 1983 to January 1984. Washington, DC, Epidemiology Consultant Service (EPICON) Report, 1984.
206. Forman DW, Tong MJ, Murrell KD, Cross JH: Etiologic study of diarrheal diseases in Vietnam. Am J Trap Med Hyg 1971; 20: 598-601.
207. Ashford BK, Igaravidez PG: Summary of 10 years' campaign against hookworm disease in Puerto Rico. JAMA 1910; 54: 1757-61.
208. Obituary: Colonel Bailey K. Ashford. Milit Surg 1934; 75: 405.
209. Amster LJ: Bailey Ashford: 'prophet of tropical medicine.' Hosp Pract 1985; 20: 183-206.
210. Craig CF: Amebiasis and amebic dysentery. Proc Inst Med Chic 1934; 10: 21-38.
211. Craig CF: The complications of amoebic and specific dysentery, as observed at autopsy. Am J Med Sci 1904; 128: 145-56.
212. Craig CF: Amebiasis and Amebic Dysentery, pp 267-304. Springfield, IL, Charles C Thomas, 1934.
213. Vedder EB: Origin and present status of the emetin treatment of amebic dysentery. JAMA 1914; 62: 501-6.
214. Cross JH, Basaca-Sevilla V: Intestinal parasitic infection in Southeast Asia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1981; 12: 262-74.
215. Cross JH, Basaca-Sevilla V: Biomedical Surveys in the Philippines. Manila, Republic of the Philippines, U.S. Naval Research Unit #2, 1984.
216. Manning GS, Lertpraser P: Studies on the life cycle of Phaneropsolus bonnie and Prosthodendrium molenkampi in Thailand. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1973; 67: 361-5.
217. Cross JH, Sherchand JB, Shresta MP, Escheverria P: Cyclosporiasis at the Kanti Children's Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal: a cursory survey. J Trop Med Parasitol 1997; 20: 30-2.
218. Hoge C, Shlim DR, Ghimire M, et al: Placebo-controlled trial of co-trimoxazole for cyclospora infections among travelers and foreign residents in Nepal. Lancet 1995; 345: 691-3.
219. Cross JH, Bhaibulaya M: Intestinal capillariasis in the Philippines and Thailand. In: Human Ecology and Infectious. Diseases, pp 103-36. Edited by Croll NA, Cross JH. New York, NY, Academic Press, 1983.
220. Cross JH: Intestinal capillariasis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1992; 5: 120-9.
221. Singson CN, Banzon TC, Cross JH: Mebendazole in the treatment of intestinal capillariasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1975; 24: 932-4.
222. Cross JH, Basaca-Sevilla V: Albendazole in the treatment of intestinal capillariasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1987; 18: 507-10.
223. Cross JH: Angiostrongylosis. In: Zoonoses: Biology, Clinical Practice, and Public Health Control, pp 773-83. Edited by Palmer SR, Soulsby EJL, Simpson DIH. Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford University Press, 1998.
224. Bhaibulaya M, Cross JH: Angiostrongylus malaysiensis (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae), a new species of rat-lung worm from Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1971; 2: 527-33.
225. Cross JH, Bhaibulaya M: Validity of Angiostrongylus malaysiensis Bhaibulaya and Cross, 1971. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1974; 5: 374-8.
226. Cross JH: Experimental studies on Angiostrongylus species and strains in monkeys and laboratory animals. In: Studies on Angiostrongyliasis in Eastern Asia and Australia, pp 118-137. Edited by Cross JH. Taipei, Taiwan, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 2, 1979.
227. Cross JH, Chi JHC: ELISA for the detection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis antibodies in patients with eosinophilic meningitis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1982; 5: 374-6.
228. Cross JH: Public health importance of Angiostrongylus cantonensis and its relatives. Parasitol Today 1987; 3: 367-9.