Technical note: The libRadtran software package for radiative transfer calculations - Description and examples of use

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 5, Issue 7, 2005, Pages 1855-1877

  Mayer, Bernhard ^a   Kylling, A ^b,c  

^a GERMAN AEROSPACE CENTER DLR   (Germany)

^b TRONDHEIM UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

^c NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR AIR RESEARCH   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MEASUREMENT METHOD; RADIATIVE TRANSFER; SOFTWARE;

EID: 17344370390     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-5-1855-2005     Document Type: Review

References (101)

1. Anderson, G., Clough, S., Kneizys, F., Chetwynd, J., and Shettle, E.: AFGL atmospheric constituent profiles (0-120 km), Tech. Rep. AFGL-TR-86-0110, Air Force Geophys. Lab., Hanscom Air Force Base, Bedford, Mass., 1986.
2. Arpag, K. H., Johnston, P. V., Miller, H. L., Sanders, R. W., and Solomon, S.: Observations of the stratospheric BrO column over Colorado, 40° N, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 8175-8181, 1994.
3. Bais, A. F., Madronich, S., Crawford, J., Hall, S. R., Mayer, B., van Weele, M., Lenoble, J., Calvert, J. G., Cantrell, C. A., Shetter, R. E., Hofzumahaus, A., Koepke, P., Monks, P. S., Frost, G., McKenzie, R., Krotkov, N., Kylling, A., Swartz, W. H., Lloyd, S., Pfister, G., Martin, T. J., Roeth, E.-P., Griffioen, E., Ruggaber, A., Krol, M., Kraus, A., Edwards, G. D., Mueller, M., Lefer, B. L., Johnston, P., Schwander, H., Flittner, D., Gardiner, B. G., Barrick, J., and Schmitt, R.: International Photolysis Frequency Measurement and Model Intercomparison (IPMMI): Spectral actinic solar flux measurements and modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 108, doi:10.1029/2002JD002891, 2003.
4. Barker, H. W., Curtis, T. J., Leontieva, E., and Stamnes, K.: Optical depth of overcast cloud across Canada: estimates based on surface pyranometer and satellite measurements, J. Climate, 11, 2980-2994, 1998.
5. Bass, A. M. and Paur, R. J.: The ultraviolet cross-section of ozone, I, The measurements, in: Atmospheric Ozone: Proceedings of the Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, edited by: Zerefos, C. S. and Ghazi, A., D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass., 601-606, 1985.
6. Bernhard, G. and Seckmeyer, G.: Uncertainty of measurements of spectral solar UV irradiance, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 14 321-14 345, 1999.
7. Bernhard, G., Booth, C. R., and McPeters, R. D.: Calculation of total column ozone from global UV spectra at high latitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 108, doi:10.1029/2003JD003450, 2003.
8. Blanco-Muriel, M., Alarcón-Padilla, D. C., López-Moratella, T., and Lara-Coira, M.: Computing the solar vector, Solar Energy, 70, 431-441, 2001.
9. Bodhaine, B. A., Wood, N. B., Dutton, E. G., and Slusser, J. R.: On Rayleigh optical depth calculations, J. Atm. Ocean Technol., 16, 1854-1861, 1999.
10. 2 in the 231-794 nm range, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 60, 1025-1031, 1998.
11. Cahalan, R., Ridgway, W., Wiscombe, W., and Bell, T.: The albedo of fractal stratocumulus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2434-2455, 1994a.
12. Cahalan, R., Ridgway, W., Wiscombe, W., Gollmer, S., and Harshvardhan: Independent pixel and Monte Carlo estimates of stratocumulus albedo, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3776-3790, 1994b.
13. Cahalan, R., Oreopoulos, L., Marshak, A., Evans, K., Davis, A., Pincus, R., Yetzer, K., Mayer, B., Davies, R., Ackerman, T.P., Barker, H.W., Clothiaux, E.E., Ellingson, R.G., Garay, M.J., Kassianov, E., Kinne, S., Macke, A., O'Hirok, W., Partain, P.T., Prigarin, S.M., Rublev, A.N., Stephens, G.L., Szczap, F., Takara, E.E., Varnai, T., Wen, G. and Zhuraleva, T.B.: The International Intercomparison of 3-D Radiation Codes (I3RC): Bringing together the most advanced radiative transfer tools for cloudy atmospheres, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, in press, 2005.
14. Cantrell, C. A., Davidson, J. A., McDaniel, A. H., Shetter, R. E., and Calvert, J. G.: Temperature-dependent formaldehyde cross sections in the near-ultraviolet spectral region, J. Chem. Phys., 94, 3902-3908, 1990.
15. Chandrasekhar, S.: Radiative Transfer, Dover, Mineola, N. Y., 1960.
16. Cox, C. and Munk, W.: Measurement of the roughness of the sea surface from photographs of the sun's glitter, Journal of the Optical Society of America, 44, 838-850, 1954a.
17. Cox, C. and Munk, W.: Statistics of the sea surface derived from sun glitter, J. Marine Res., 13, 198-227, 1954b.
18. Cox, R. A., Sheppard, D. W., and Stevens, M. P.: Absorption coefficients and kinetics of the BrO radical using molecular modulation, J. Photochem., 19, 189-207, 1982.
19. Dahlback, A.: Measurements of biologically effective UV doses, total ozone abundances, and cloud effects with multichannel, moderate bandwidth filter instruments, Appl. Opt., 35, 6514-6521, 1996.
20. Dahlback, A. and Stamnes, K.: A new spherical model for computing the radiation field available for photolysis and heating at twilight, Planet. Space Sci., 39, 671-683, 1991.
21. DeBacker, H., Koepke, P., Bais, A., de Cabo, X., Frei, T., Gillotay, D., Haite, C., Heikkilä, A., Kazantzidis, A., Koskela, T., Kyrö, E., Lapeta, B., Lorente, J., Masson, K., Mayer, B., Plets, H., Redondas, A., Renaud, A., Schauberger, G., Schmalwieser, A., Schwander, H., and Vanicek, K.: Comparison of measured and modelled UV indices, Meteorological Applications, 8, 267-277, 2001.
22. Edwards, D. P.: GENLN2: A general line-by-line atmospheric transmittance and radiance model: Version 3.0 description and users guide, National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), NCAR/TN-367+STR, Boulder, Colorado, 1992.
23. Evans, K.: The spherical harmonics discrete ordinate method for three-dimensional atmospheric radiative transfer, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 429-446, 1998.
24. Evans, K. F. and Stephens, G. L.: A new polarized atmospheric radiative transfer model, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 46, 413-423, 1991.
25. Forster, P. M. D. F., Shine, K. P., and Webb, A. R.: Modelling ultaviolet radiation at the Earth's surface, Part II: Model and Instrument Comparison, J. Appl. Meteorology, 34, 2426-2439, 1995.
26. Fu, Q.: An accurate parameterization of the solar radiative properties of cirrus clouds for climate models, J. Climate, 9, 2058-2082, 1996.
27. Fu, Q. and Liou, K.: On the correlated k-distribution method for radiative transfer in nonhomogeneous atmospheres, J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 2139-2156, 1992.
28. Fu, Q., Yang, P., and Sun, W. B.: An accurate parameterization of the infrared radiative properties of cirrus clouds for climate models, J. Climate, 11, 2223-2237, 1998.
29. Gonzalez, A., Wendling, P., Mayer, B., Gayet, J.-F., and Rother, T.: Remote sensing of cirrus cloud properties in the presence of lower clouds: An ATSR-2 case study during the Interhemispheric Differences in Cirrus Properties From Anthropogenic Emissions (INCA) experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 107, doi:10.1029/2002JD002535, 2002.
30. Grant, R. and Heisler, G.: Obscured overcast sky radiance distributions for ultraviolet and photsyntetically active radiation, J. Appl. Meteorology, 36, 1336-1345, 1997.
31. Gu, Y. and Liou, K. N.: Interactions of radiation, microphysics, and turbulence in the evolution of cirrus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 2463-2479, 2000.
32. Gueymard, C.: The sun's total and spectral irradiance for solar energy applications and solar radiation models, Solar energy, 76, 423-453, 2003.
33. Hofzumahaus, A., Kraus, A., Kylling, A., and Zerefos, C.: Solar actinic radiation (280-420 nm) in the cloud-free troposphere between ground and 12 km altitude: Measurements and model results, J. Geophys. Res., 107, doi:10.1029/2001JD900142, 2002.
34. 1D): Measurements and modeling during the International Photolysis Frequency Measurement and Modeling Intercomparison (IPMMI), J. Geophys. Res., 109, D08S90, doi:10.1029/ 2003JD004333, 2004.
35. Hönninger, G. and Platt, U.: Observations of BrO and its vertical distribution during surface ozone depletion at Alert, Atmos. Envir., 36, 2481-2489, 2002.
36. Hu, Y. X. and Stamnes, K.: An accurate parameterization of the radiative properties of water clouds suitable for use in climate models, J. Climate, 6, 728-742, 1993.
37. Huber, M., Blumthaler, M., Ambach, W., and Staehelin, J.: Total atmospheric ozone determined from spectral measurements of direct solar UV irradiance, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 53-56, 1995.
38. Huber, M., Blumthaler, M., Schreder, J., Schallhart, B., and Lenoble, J.: Effect of inhomogeneous surface albedo on diffuse UV sky radiance at a high-altitude site, J. Geophys. Res., 109, doi:10.1029/2003JD004113, 2004.
39. I3RC: Intercomparison of 3D Radiation Codes (I3RC), http:// i3rc.gsfc.nasa.gov, 1999.
40. International Commision on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection: Global Solar UV Index, ISBN 3-9804789-0-4, 1995.
41. Kahnert, F. M.: Numerical methods in electromagnetic scattering theory, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 79-80, 775-824, 2003.
42. Kato, S., Ackerman, T. P., Mather, J. H., and Clothiaux, E.: The k -distribution method and correlated-k approximation for a shortwave radiative transfer model, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 62, 109-121, 1999.
43. Key, J. R., Yang, P., Baum, B. A., and Nasiri, S. L.: Parameterization of shortwave ice cloud optical properties for various particle habits, J. Geophys. Res., 107, doi:10.1029/2001JD000742, 2002.
44. Koepke, P., Bais, A., Balis, D., Buchwitz, M., DeBacker, H., de Cabo, X., Eckert, P., Eriksen, P., Gillotay, D., Heikkilä, A., Koskela, T., Lapeta, B., Litynska, Z., Lorente, J., Mayer, B., Rennaud, A., Ruggaber, A., Schauberger, G., Seckmeyer, G., Seifert, P., Schmalwieser, A., Schwander, H., Vanicek, K., and Weber, M.: Comparison of models used for UV index calculations, Photochemistry and Photobiology, 67, 657-662, 1998.
45. Kratz, D. P. and Varanasi, P.: The correlated k-distribution technique as applied to the AVHRR channels, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 53, 501-517, 1995.
46. Kuchinke, C., Fienberg, K., and Nunez, M.: The angular distribution of UV-B sky radiance under cloudy conditions: A comparison of measurements and radiative transfer calculations using a fractal model, J. Appl. Meteorology, 43, 751-761, 2004.
47. Kurucz, R.: Synthetic infrared spectra, in Proceedings of the 154th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union (IAU); Tucson, Arizona, March 2-6, 1992, Kluwer, Acad., Norwell, MA, 1992.
48. Kylling, A., Stamnes, K., Meier, R. R., and Anderson, D. E.: The 200- to 300-nm radiation field in the stratosphere: Comparison of models with observations, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 2741-2745, 1993.
49. Kylling, A., Stamnes, K., and Tsay, S.-C.: A reliable and efficient two-stream algorithm for spherical radiative transfer: documentation of accuracy in realistic layered media, J. Atmos. Chem., 21, 115-150, 1995.
50. Kylling, A., Bais, A. F., Blumthaler, M., Schreder, J., Zerefos, C. S., and Kosmidis, E.: The effect of aerosols on solar UV irradiances during the Photochemical Activity and Solar Ultraviolet Radiation campaign, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 26 051-26 060, 1998.
51. Kylling, A., Dahlback, A., and Mayer, B.: The effect of clouds and surface albedo on UV irradiances at a high latitude site, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1411-1414, 2000.
52. Kylling, A., Danielsen, T., Blumthaler, M., Schreder, J., and Johnsen, B.: Twilight tropospheric and stratospheric photodissociation rates derived from balloon borne radiation measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 377-385, 2003a, SRef-ID: 1680-7324/acp/2003-3-377.
53. Kylling, A., Webb, A. R., Bais, A. F., Blumthaler, M., Gobbi, G.-P., Schmitt, R., Thiel, S., Barnaba, F., Junkermann, W., Kazantzidis, A., Kelly, P., Kift, R., Liberti, G. L., Misslbeck, M., Schallhart, B., Schreder, J., Topaloglou, C., Kazadzis, S., and Rimmer, J.: Actinic flux determination from measurements of irradiance, J. Geophys. Res., 108, doi:10.1029/2002JD003236, 2003b.
54. Kylling, A., Webb, A. R., Kift, R., Gobbi, G. P., Ammannato, L., Barnaba, F., Bais, A., Kazadzis, S., Wendisch, M., Jäkel, E., Schmidt, S., Kniffka, A., Thiel, S., Junkermann, W., Blumthaler, M., Silbernagl, R., Schallhart, B., Schmitt, R., Kjeldstad, B., Thorseth, T. M., Scheirer, R., and Mayer, B.: Spectral Actinic flux in the Lower Troposphere: Measurement and 1-D Simulations for Cloudless, Broken Cloud and Overcast Situations, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 5, 1421-1467, 2005, SRef-ID: 1680-7375/acpd/2005-5-1421.
55. Lacis, A. A. and Oinas, V.: A description of the correlated k distribution method for modeling nongray gaseous absorption, thermal emission, and multiple scattering in vertically inhomogeneous atmospheres, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 9027-9063, 1991.
56. Leontyeva, E. and Stamnes, K.: Estimations of cloud optical thickness from ground-based measurements of incoming solar radiation in the Arctic, J. Climate, 7, 566-578, 1994.
57. Leontyeva, E., Stamnes, K., and Olseth, J. A.: Cloud optical properties at Bergen (Norway) based on the analysis of long-term solar irradiance records, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 50, 73-82, 1994.
58. Malicet, J., Daumont, D., Charbonnier, J., Parisse, C., Chakir, A., and Brion, J.: Ozone UV spectroscopy, II. Absorption cross-sections and temperature dependence, J. Atmos. Chem., 21, 263-273, 1995.
59. Marquard, L. C., Wagner, T., and Platt, U.: Improved air mass factor concepts for scattered radiation differential optical absorption spectroscopy of atmospheric species, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 1315-1327, 2000.
60. Marshak, A., Davis, A., Wiscombe, W., and Cahalan, R.: Radiative smoothing in fractal clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 26 247-26 261, 1995.
61. Mayer, B.: I3RC phase 1 results from the MYSTIC Monte Carlo model, in Intercomparison of three-dimensional radiation codes: Abstracts of the first and second international workshops, University of Arizona Press, ISBN 0-9709609-0-5, 1999.
62. Mayer, B.: I3RC phase 2 results from the MYSTIC Monte Carlo model, in: Intercomparison of three-dimensional radiation codes: Abstracts of the first and second international workshops, University of Arizona Press, ISBN 0-9709609-0-5, 2000.
63. Mayer, B., Seckmeyer, G., and Kylling, A.: Systematic long-term comparison of spectral UV measurements and UVSPEC modeling results, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 8755-8767, 1997.
64. Mayer, B., Kylling, A., Madronich, S., and Seckmeyer, G.: Enhanced absorption of UV radiation due to multiple scattering in clouds: Experimental evidence and theoretical explanation, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31,241-31,254, 1998.
65. Mayer, B., Schröder, M., Preusker, R., and Schüller, L.: Remote sensing of water cloud droplet distributions using the backscatter glory: a case study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1255-1263, 2004, SRef-ID: 1680-7324/acp/2004-4-1255.
66. McFarquhar, G. and Heymsfield, A.: The definition and significance of an effective radius for ice clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2039-2052, 1998.
67. McKinlay, A. F. and Diffey, B. L.: A reference action spectrum for ultraviolet induced erythema in human skin, The CIE Journal, 6, 17-22, 1987.
68. Meloni, D., di Sarra, A., Di Iorio, J. D. T., Fiocco, G., Junkermann, W., and Pace, G.: Tropospheric aerosols in the Mediterranean: 2 Radiative effects through model simulations and measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 108 (D10), doi:10.1029/2002JD002807, 2003.
69. Mishchenko, M., Lacis, A., and Travis, L.: Errors induced by the neglect of polarization in radiance calculations for Rayleigh-scattering atmospheres, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 51, 491-510, 1994.
70. Mishchenko, M. I., Rossow, W. B., Macke, A., and Lacis, A. A.: Sensitivity of cirrus cloud albedo, bidirectional reflectance and optical thickness retrieval accuracy to ice particle shape, Geophys. Res. Lett., 101, 16 973-16 985, 1996.
71. Molina, L. T. and Molina, M. J.: Absolute absorption cross sections of ozone in the 185- to 350-nm wavelength range, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 14 501-14 508, 1986.
72. Nakajima, T. and Tanaka, M.: Effect of wind-generated waves on the transfer of solar radiation in the atmosphere-ocean system, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 29, 521-537, 1983.
73. Petritoli, A., Ravegnani, F., Giovanelli, G., Bortoli, D., Bonafé, U., Kostadinov, I., and Oulanosky, A.: Off-axis measurements of atmospheric trace gases by use of an airborne ultraviolet-visible spectrometer, Appl. Opt., 41, 5593-5599, 2002.
74. 4, J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 934-939, 1997.
75. Pierluissi, J. and Peng, G.-S.: New molecular transmission band models for LOWTRAN, Optical Engineering, 24, 541-547, 1985.
76. Rahman, H., Pinty, B., and Verstraete, M. M.: Coupled surface-atmosphere reflectance (CSAR) model 2. semiempirical surface model usable with NOAA advanced very high resolution radiometer data, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 20 791-20 801, 1993.
77. Ricchiazzi, P., Yang, S., Gautier, C., and Sowle, D.: SBDART: A research and Teaching software tool for plane-parallel radiative transfer in the Earth's atmosphere, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79, 2101-2114, 1998.
78. Sanders, R. W., Solomon, S., Smith, J. P., Miller, H. L., Mount, G. H., Keys, J. G., and Schmeltekopf, A. L.: Visible and near-ultraviolet spectroscopy at McMurdo station, Antarctica 9. Observations of OClO from April to October 1991, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 7219-7228, 1993.
79. Scheirer, R. and Macke, A.: Cloud inbomogeneity and broadband solar fluxes, J. Geophys Res., 108 doi:10.1029/2002JD003321, 2003.
80. Schwander, H., Koepke, P., and Ruggaber, A.: Uncertainties in modeled UV irradiances due to limited accuracy and availability of input data, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 9419-9429, 1997.
81. Shetter, R. E., Junkermann, W., Swartz, W. H., Frost, G. J., Crawford, J. H., Lefer, B. L., Barrick, J. D., Hall, S. R., Hofzumahaus, A., Bais, A., Calvert, J. G., Cantrell, C. A., Madronich, S., Müller, M., Kraus, A., Monks, P. S., Edwards, G. D., McKenzie, R., Johnston, P., Schmitt, R., Griffioen, E., Krol, M., Kylling, A., Dickerson, R. R., Lloyd, S. A., Martin, T., Gardiner, B., Mayer, B., Pfister, G., Röth, E. P., Koepke, P., Ruggaber, A., Schwander, H., and van Weele, M.: Photolysis frequency of NO2: Measurement and modeling during the International Photolysis Frequency Measurement and Modeling Intercomparison (IPMMI), J. Geophys. Res., 108, doi:10.1029/ 2002JD002932, 2003.
82. Shettle, E. P.: Models of aerosols, clouds and precipitation for atmospheric propagation studies, paper presented at Conference on Atmospheric Propagation in the UV, Visible, IR and MM-Region and Related System Aspects, NATO Adv. Group for Aerosp. Res. and Dev., Copenhagen, 1989.
83. Sobolev, V.: Light Scattering in Planetary Atmospheres, Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York, Toronto, Sydney, Braunschweig, 1975.
84. Solomon, S., Schmeltekopf, A. L., and Sanders, R. W.: On the interpretation of zenith sky absorption measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 8311-8319, 1987.
85. Stamnes, K., Tsay, S., Wiscombe, W., and Jayaweera, K.: A numerically stable algorithm for discrete-ordinate-method radiative transfer in multiple scattering and emitting layered media, Appl. Opt., 27, 2502-2509, 1988.
86. Stamnes, K., Slusser, J., and Bowen, M.: Derivation of Total Ozone Abundance and Cloud Effects from Spectral Irradiance Measurements Appl. Opt., 30, 4418-4426, 1991.
87. Stamnes, K., Tsay, S.-C., Wiscombe, W., and Laszlo, I.: DISORT, a General-Purpose Fortran Program for Discrete-Ordinate-Method Radiative Transfer in Scattering and Emitting Layered Media: Documentation of Methodology, Tech. rep., Dept. of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, 2000.
88. Stephens, G. L., Tsay, S.-C., Stackhouse Jr., P. W., and Flatau, P. J.: The relevance of the microphysical and radiative properties of cirrus clouds to climate and climatic feedback, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1742-1753, 1990.
89. Thomas, G. and Stamnes, K.: Radiative transfer in the Atmosphere and Ocean, Cambridge University Press, 1999.
90. Van Weele, M., Martin, T. J., Blumthaler, M., Brogniez, C., den Onter, P. N., Engelsen, O., Lenoble, J., Mayer, B., Pfister, G., Ruggaber, A., Walravens, B., Weihs, P., Gardiner, P. G., Gillotay, D., Haferl, D., Kylling, A., Seckmeyer, G., and Wauben, W. M. F.: From model intercomparison towards benchmark UV spectra for six real atmospheric cases, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 4916-4925, 2000.
91. Vermote, E. F., Tanré, D., Deuzé, J. L., Herman, M., and Mocrette, J.-J.: Second simulation of the satellite signal in the solar spectrum, 6S: and overview, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 35, 675-686, 1997.
92. Wahner, A., Tyndall, G. S., and Ravishankara, A. R.: Absorption cross sections for OClO as a function of temperature in the wavelength range 240-480 nm, J. Phys. Chem., 91, 2734-2738, 1987.
93. Wahner, A., Ravishankara, A. R., Sander, S. P., and Friedl, R. R.: Absorption cross-section of BrO between 312 and 385 nm at 298 and 223 K, Chem. Phys. Lett., 152, 507-512, 1988.
94. Webb, A. R., Bais, A. F., Blumthaler, M., Gobbi, G.-P., Kylling, A., Schmitt, R., Thiel, S., Barnaba, F., Danielsen, T., Junkermann, W., Kazantzidis, A., Kelly, P., Kift, R., Liberti, G. L., Misslbeck, M., Schallhart, B., Schreder, J., and Topaloglou, C.: Measuring spectral actinic flux and irradiance: Experimental results from the ADMIRA (Actinic Flux Determination from Measurements of Irradiance), J. Atm. Ocean Technol., 19, 1049-1062, 2002.
95. Weihs, P. and Webb, A. R.: Accuracy of spectral UV model calculations, 1, Consideration of uncertainties in input parameters, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 1541-1550, 1997.
96. Wendisch, M. and Mayer, B.: Vertical distribution of spectral solar irradiance in the cloudless sky: A case study, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30 (4), 1183, doi:10.1029/2002GL016529, 2003.
97. Wiscombe, W. J. and Evans, J. W.: Exponential-sum fitting of radiative transmission functions, J. Chem. Phys., 24, 416-444, 1977.
98. Wiscombe, W. J. and Warren, S. G.: A model for the spectral albedo of snow, I, Pure snow, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2712-2733, 1980.
99. Wittrock, F., Oetjen, H., Richter, A., Fietkau, S., Medeke, T., Rozanov, A., and Burrows, J. P.: MAX-DOAS measurements of atmospheric trace gases in Ny-Ålesund - Radiative transfer studies and their application, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 955-966, 2004, SRef-ID: 1680-7324/acp/ 2004-4-955.
100. Woods, T. N., Prinz, D. K., Rottmann, G. J., London, J., Crane, P. C., Cebula, R. P., Hilsenrath, E., Brueckner, G. E., Andrews, M. D., White, O. R., VanHoosier, M. E., Floyd, L. E., Herring, L. C., Knapp, B. G., Pankrantz, C. K., and Reiser, P. A.: Validation of the UARS solar ultraviolet irradiances: Comparison with the Atlas 1 and 2 measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 9541-9569, 1996.
101. Yang, P., Liou, K., Wyser, K., and Mitchell, D.: Parameterization of the scattering and absorption properties of individual ice crystals, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 4699-4718, 2000.