Fate of long-lived trace species near the Northern Hemispheric tropopause: Carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, and sulfur hexafluoride

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 104, Issue D11, 1999, Pages 13923-13942

  Zahn, Andreas ^a,b   Neubert, Rolf ^c   Maiss, Manfred ^b   Platt, Ulrich ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

^b MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMISTRY   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; CARBON DIOXIDE; METHANE; NORTHERN HEMISPHERE; OZONE; TROPOPAUSE;

EID: 17044435384     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/1998JD100106     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Anderson, B.E., G.L. Gregory, J.E. Collins Jr., G.W. Sachse, T.J. Conway, and G.P. Whiting, Airborne observations of spatial and temporal variability of tropospheric carbon dioxide, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1985-1997, 1996.
2. Appenzeller, C., H.C. Davies, and W.A. Norton, Fragmentation of stratospheric intrusions, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1435-1456, 1996a.
3. Appenzeller, C., J.R. Holton, and K.H. Rosenlof, Seasonal variation of mass transport across the tropopause, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 15,071-15,078, 1996b.
4. Arnold, F., J. Schneider, K. Gollinger, H. Schlager, P. Schulte, D.E. Hagen, P.D. Whitefield, and P. van Velthoven, Observation of upper tropospheric sulfur dioxide- and acetone-pollution: potential implications for hydroxyl radical and aerosol formation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 57-60, 1997.
5. Beekmann, M., et al., Regional and global tropopause fold occurence and related ozone flux across the tropopause, J. Atmos. Chem., 28, 29-44, 1997.
6. Bergren, R., The distribution of temperature and wind connected with active tropical air in the higher troposphere and with some remarks concerning clear air turbulence at high altitudes, Tellus, 4, 43-53, 1952.
7. Bethan, S., G. Vaughan, and S.J. Reid, A comparison of ozone and thermal tropopause heights and the impact of tropopause definitions on quantifying the ozone content of the troposphere, Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., 122, 929-944, 1996.
8. Boering, K.A., S.C. Wofsky, B.C. Daube, H.R. Schneider, M. Loewenstein, J.R. Podolske, and T.J. Conway, Stratospheric mean ages and transport rates from observations of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, Science, 274, 1340-1343, 1996.
9. Bolin, B., and W. Bischof, Variations of the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere in the northern hemisphere, Tellus, 22, 431-442, 1970.
10. Borrmann, S., S. Solomon, J.E. Dye, and B. Luo, The potential of cirrus clouds for heterogeneous chlorine activation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2133-2136, 1996.
11. Brasseur, G.P., and S. Solomon, Aeronomy of the Middle Atmosphere, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass., 1986.
12. 2O in the winter arctic lower stratosphere during the Stratosphere-Troposphere Experiment by Aircraft Measurements (STREAM), J. Geophys. Res., 100, 11,245-11,260, 1995.
13. 3 production, J. Atmos. Chem., 26, 275-310, 1997.
14. Browell, E.V., E.F. Danielsen, S. Ismail, G.L. Gregory, S.M. Beck, Tropopause fold structure determined from airborne lidar and in-situ measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 2112-2120, 1987.
15. Browell, E.V., C.F. Butler, S.A. Kool, M.A. Fenn, R.C. Harriss, and G.L. Gregory, Large-scale variability of ozone and aerosols in the summertime Arctic and Subarctic troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 16,433-16,450, 1992a.
16. Browell, E.V., C.F. Butler, M.A. Fenn, S.A. Kooi, and W.B. Grant, Tropospheric ozone and aerosol variability observed at high northern latitudes with an airborne lidar, Proceedings of the 1992 Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, Charlottesville, 4-13 June, 1992b.
17. Browell, E.V., M.A. Fenn, C.F. Butler, W.B. Grant, R.C. Harriss, and M.C. Shipham, Ozone and aerosol distributions in the summertime troposphere over Canada, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 1739-1755, 1994.
18. Chen, P., Isentropic cross-tropopause mass exchange in the extratropics, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16,661-16,673, 1995.
19. Conway, T.J., and L.P. Steele, Carbon dioxide and methane in the arctic atmosphere, J. Atmos. Chem., 9, 81-99, 1989.
20. Conway, T.J., P.P. Tans, L.S. Waterman, K.W. Thoning, K.A. Masarie, and R.H. Gammon, Atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements in the remote global troposphrere, 1981-1984, Tellus, 40, Ser. B, 81-115, 1988.
21. Conway, T.J., P.P. Tans, L.S. Waterman, K.W. Thoning, D.R. Kitzis, K.A. Masarie, and N. Zhang, Evidence for interanuual variability of the carbon cycle from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric/Climate Monotoring and Diagnostic Laboratory Global Air Sampling Network, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 22,831-22,855, 1994.
22. 4 in atmospheric chemistry: Sources, sinks and possible reductions in anthropogenic sources, Ambio, 24, 52-55, 1995.
23. Daniel, J.S., S.M. Schauffler, W.H. Pollock, S. Solomon, A. Weaver, L.E. Heidt, P.R. Garcia, E.L. Atlas, and J.F. Vedder, On the age of stratosperic air and inorganic chlorine and bromine release, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 16,757-16,770, 1996.
24. Danielsen, E.F., Stratospheric-Tropospheric Exchange based on radioactivity, ozone and potential vorticity, J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 502-518, 1968.
25. Danielsen, E.F., and V.A. Mohnen, Project Duststorm Report: Ozone transport, in situ measurements and meteorological analyses of tropopause foldings, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 5867-5877, 1977.
26. 2 due to seasonal exchange with land biota, Nature, 376, 240-243, 1995.
27. Dessler, A.E., E.M. Weinstock, J.G. Anderson, and K.R. Chan, Mechanisms controlling water vapor in the lower stratosphere: A tale of two stratospheres, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 23,167-23,172, 1995.
28. Dlugokencky, E.J., L.P. Steele, P.M. Lang, and K.A. Masarie, The growth rate and distribution of atmospheric methane, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 17,021-17,043, 1994.
29. Dlugokencky, E.J., L.P. Steele, P.M. Lang, and K.A. Masarie, Atmospheric methane at Mauna Loa and Barrow observatories: presentation and analysis of in situ measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 23,103-23,113, 1995.
30. Ebel, A., H. Elbern, J. Hendricks, and R. Meyer, Stratosphere-troposphere exchange and its impact on the structure of the lower stratosphere, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr., 46, 135-144, 1996.
31. Elbern, H., J. Kowol, R. Sladkovic, and A. Ebel, Deep stratospheric intrusions: a statistical assessment with model guided analyses, Atmos. Environ., 31, 3207-3226, 1997.
32. 3) in the lower arctic stratosphere during the Stratosphere-Troposphere Experiment by aircarft measurements (STREAM) II campaign in February 1995, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 23,559-23,571, 1997.
33. Fung, I., J. John, J. Lerner, E. Matthews, M. Prather, L.P. Steele, and P.J. Fraser, Three-dimensional model synthesis of the global methane cycle, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 13,033-13,065, 1991.
34. 6: Observed latitudinal distribution and trends, derived emissions and interhemispheric exchange time, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, 675-678, 1997.
35. Gemery, P.A., M. Trolier, and J.W.C. White, Oxygen isotope exchange between carbon dioxide and water following atmospheric sampling using glass flasks, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 14,415-14,420, 1996.
36. Gregory, D.R., B.E. Anderson, L.S. Warren, E.V. Browell, D.R. Bagwell, and C.H. Hudgins, Tropospheric ozone and aerosol observations: The Alaskan Arctic, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 16,451-16,471, 1992.
37. Grewe, V., and M. Dameris, Calculating the global mass exchange between stratosphere and troposphere, Ann. Geophysicae, 14, 431-442, 1996.
38. Hall, T.M., and R.A. Plumb, Age as a diagnostic of stratospheric transport, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 1059-1070, 1994.
39. 6 dated stratospheric air, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 1099-1102, 1996.
40. 2 - due to tropical deep convection, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 63-66, 1998.
41. 6 on Earth, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2401-2404, 1998.
42. Haynes, P.H., C.J. Marks, M.E. McIntyre, T.G. Sheperd, and K.P. Shine, On the 'downward control' of the extratropical diabatic circulations by eddy-induced mean zonal forces, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 651-678, 1991.
43. 4 over the Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 7329-7336, 1980.
44. Held, I.M., On the height of the tropopause and the static stability of the tropopause, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 412-417, 1982.
45. 3, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2655-2658, 1998.
46. Hoerling, M.P., T.K. Schaack, and A.J. Lenzen, A global analysis of stratospheric-tropospheric exchange during northern winter, Mon. Weather Rev., 121, 162-172, 1993.
47. Holton, J.R., P.H. Haynes, M.E. McIntyre, A.R. Douglass, R.B. Rodd, and L. Pfister, Stratosphere-troposphere exchange, Rev. Geophys., 33, 403-439, 1995.
48. Hoskins, B.J., Towards a PV-theta view of the general circulation, Tellus, 43, Ser. AB, 27-35, 1991.
49. Hoskins, B.J., M.E. McIntyre, A.W. Robertson, On the use and significance of isentropic potential vorticity maps, Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., 111, 877-946, 1985.
50. 85Kr simulated with a general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 6614-6626, 1987.
51. Juckes, M., The mass flux across the tropopause: quasi-geostrophic theory, Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., 123, 71-99, 1997.
52. 2 measurements, Nature, 382, 146-149, 1996.
53. Langford, A.O., C.D. Masters, M.H. Proffitt, E.-Y. Hsie, and A.F. Tuck, Ozone measurements in a tropopause fold associated with a cut-off low system, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2501-2504, 1996.
54. Lelieveld, J., B. Bregman, F. Arnold, V. Bürger, P.J. Crutzen, H. Fischer, A. Waibel, P. Siegmund, P.F.J. van Velthoven, Chemical pertubation of the lowermost stratosphere through exchange with the troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 603-606, 1997.
55. 85Kr and sulfur hexafluoride, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 16,745-16,755, 1996.
56. Maiss, M., P. Steele, R.J. Francey, P.J. Fraser, R.L. Langenfelds, N.B.A. Trivett, and I. Levin, Sulfur hexafluoride: A powerful new atmospheric tracer, Atmos. Environ., 30, 1621-1639, 1996.
57. 4 distributions in the backgrpund troposphere (70°N, 60°S, 0-12 km altitude) from scientific aircraft measurements during the STRATOZ III experiment (June 1984), Atmos. Environ., 23, 185-200, 1989.
58. Matsueda, H., H.Y. Inoue, and M. Ishii, Latitudinal distributions of methane in the upper troposphere and marine boundary layer over the Pacific in 1990, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 695-698, 1993.
59. Mauzerall, D.L., D.J. Jacob, S.-M. Fan, J.D. Bradshaw, G.L. Gregory, G.W. Sachse, and D.R. Blake, Origin of tropospheric ozone at remote high northern latitudes in summer, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 4175-4188, 1996.
60. Mote, P.W., J.R. Holton, and B.A. Boville, Characteristics of stratosphere-troposphere exchange in a general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 16,815-16,829, 1994.
61. Nakazawa, T., K. Miyashita, S. Aoki, and M. Tanaka, Temporal and spatial variations of upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric carbon dioxide, Tellus, 43, Ser. B, 106-117, 1991.
62. Nakazawa, T., S. Morimoto, S. Aoki, and M. Tanaka, Time and space variations of the carbon isotopic ratio of tropospheric carbon dioxide over Japan, Tellus, 45, Ser. B, 258-274, 1993.
63. Nakazawa, T., T. Machida, S. Sugawara, S. Murayama, S. Morimoto, G. Hashida, H. Honda, and T. Itoh, Measurements of the stratospheric carbon dioxide concentration over Japan using a balloon-borne cryogenic sampler, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 1229-1232, 1995.
64. Nakazawa, T., S. Morimoto, S. Aoki, and M. Tanaka, Temporal and spatial variations of the carbon dioxide ratio of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the western Pacific region, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 1271-1285, 1997a.
65. 2 in the troposphere over Russia, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 3843-3859, 1997b.
66. Newman, P.A. and M.R. Schoeberl, A reinterpretation of the data from the NASA stratosphere-troposphere exchange project, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2501-2504, 1995.
67. Oltmans, S. J., Climatology of Arctic and Antarctic tropospheric ozone, in NATO ASI Ser., vol. 17, Springer, 25-40, 1993.
68. Parrish, D.D., M. Trainer, J.S. Holloway, J.E. Yee, M.S. Warshawsky, F.C. Fehsenfeld, G.L. Forbes, and J.L. Moody, Relationships between ozone and carbon monoxide at surface sites in the North Atlantic region, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13,357-13,376, 1998.
69. 6) and its atmospheric applications, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 8855-8859, 1997.
70. Pollock, W., L.E. Heidt, R.A. Lueb, J.F. Vedder, M.J. Mills, and S. Solomon, On the age of stratospheric air and ozone depletion potentials in the polar regions, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 12,993-12,999, 1992.
71. Reed, R.J., A study of a characteristic type of upper level frontogenesis, J. Meteorol., 12, 226-237, 1955.
72. Rosenlof, K.H., Seasonal cycle of the residual mean meridional circulation in the stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 5173-5191, 1995.
73. Rosenlof, K.H., A.F. Tuck, K.K. Kelly, J.M. Russell III, and M.P. McCormick, Hemispheric asymetries in water vapor and inferences about transport in the lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 12,213-13,234, 1997.
74. Schmidt, U., and A. Khedim, In-situ measurements of carbon dioxide in the winter arctic and at midlatitudes: an indicator of the age of stratospheric air, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 763-766, 1991.
75. Schmidt, M., R. Horchers, P. Fabian, G. Flentje, W.A. Matthews, A. Sabo, and S. Lal, Trace gas measurements during aircraft flights in the tropopause region over Europe and North Africa, J. Atmos. Chem., 2, 133-143, 1984.
76. Shapiro, M.A., T. Hampel, and A.J. Krueger, The arctic tropopause fold, Mon. Weather Rev., 115, 444-454, 1987.
77. Siegmund, P.C., P.F.J. van Velthoven, and H. Kelder, Cross-tropopause transport in the extratropical northern winter hemisphere, diagnosed from high-resolution ECMWF data, Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., 122, 1921-1941, 1996.
78. Solomon, S., S. Borrmann, R.R. Garcia, R. Portman, L. Thomason, L.R. Poole, D. Winker, and M.P. McCormick, Heterogenous chlorine chemistry in the tropopause region, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 21,411-21,429, 1997.
79. Staley, D.O., Evaluation of potential-vorticity changes near the tropopause and the related vertical motions, vertical advection of vorticity, and transfer of radioactive debris from stratosphere to troposphere, J. Meteorol., 17, 591-620, 1960.
80. 2 seasonal cycle as a tracer of transport, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13,729-13,741, 1998.
81. Tanaka, M., T. Nakazawa, and S. Aoki, Time and space variations of tropospheric carbon dioxide over Japan, Tellus, 39, Ser. B, 3-12, 1987.
82. Thuburn, J., and G.c. Craig, GCM tests of theories for the height of the tropopause, J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 869-882, 1997.
83. 2: Measurements from the NOAA Global Air Sampling Network, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 25,897-25,916, 1996.
84. VanHaver, P., D. DeMuer, M. Beekmann, and C. Mancier, Climatology of tropopause folds at midlatitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 1033-1036, 1996.
85. Van Velthoven, P.F.J., and H. Kelder, Estimates of stratosphere-troposphere exchange: sensitivity to model formulation and horizonatal resolution, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1429-1434, 1996.
86. Waugh, D.W., et al., Mixing of polar air into middle latitudes as revealed by tracer-tracer scatterplots, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 13,119-13,134, 1997.
87. Woodbridge, E.L., et al., Estimates of total organic and inorganic chlorine in the lower stratosphere from in situ and flask measurements during AASE II, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 3057-3064, 1995.
88. Yang, H., and K.K. Tung, Cross-isentropic stratosphere-troposphere exchange of mass and water vapor, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 9413-9423, 1996.
89. Zahn, A., V. Barth, K. Pfeilsticker, and U. Platt, Deuterium, Oxygen-18, and Tritium as tracers for water vapour transport in the lower stratosphere and tropopause region, J. Atmos. Chem., 30, 25-47, 1998a.
90. Zahn, A., V. Barth, K. Pfeilsticker, and U. Platt, Airborne high-resolution ozone and potential vorticity to study stratospheric-tropospheric exchange, in: Proceedings of the XVIII Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, L'Aquila (Italien), 12-21 Sept. 1996, 1998b.