The Influence of Attitudes and Affect on Willingness to Communicate and Second Language Communication

Language Learning

Volumn 54, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 119-152

  Yashima, Tomoko ^a,c   Zenuk Nishide, Lori ^b,d   Shimizu, Kazuaki ^a,e  

^a KANSAI UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b Kyoto Gaidai Nishi High School   (Japan)

^c Inst of For Lang Educ/Research   (Japan)

^d Inst of For Lang Educ/Research ^*

^e Faculty of Sociology

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 1642602550     PISSN: 00238333     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9922.2004.00250.x     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Adler, P. (1987). Culture shock and the cross-cultural learning experience. In L. F. Luce & E. C. Smith (Eds.), Toward internationalism: Readings in cross cultural communication (pp. 24-35). Cambridge, MA: Newbury House.
2. Arbuckle, J. L. (1995). AMOS user's guide. Chicago: Smallwaters.
3. Baker, S. C., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2000). The role of gender and immersion in communication and second language orientation. Language Learning, 50, 311-341.
4. Clément, R., & Kruidenier, B. (1985). Aptitude, attitude, and motivation in second language proficiency: A test of Clément's model. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 4, 21-37.
5. Daly, J. A., & McCroskey, J. C. (Eds.). (1984). Avoiding communication: Shyness, reticence, and communication apprehension. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
6. Dörnyei, Z. (1990). Conceptualizing motivation in foreign language learning. Language Learning, 40, 45-78.
7. Dörnyei, Z. (2001). Teaching and researching motivation. Harlow, UK: Pearson Education.
8. Dörnyei, Z. (2003). Some dynamics of language attitudes and motivation: Results of a longitudinal nationwide survey. Applied Linguistics, 23, 421-462.
9. Gardner, R. C. (1985). Social psychology and second language learning: The role of attitudes and motivation. London: Arnold.
10. Gardner, R. C., & Lambert, W. E. (1972). Attitudes and motivation in second language learning. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
11. Gardner, R. C., & MacIntyre, P. D. (1993). On the measurement of affective variables in second language learning. Language Learning, 43, 157-194.
12. Gorsuch, G. J. (2000). EFL educational policies and educational cultures: Influence on teachers' approval of communicative activities. TESOL Quarterly, 34, 675-710.
13. Gouran, D. S., & Nishida, T. (1996). Bunkato komyunikeshon [Culture and communication], Tokyo: Hassakusha.
14. Gudykunst, W. B. (1991). Bridging differences. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
15. Gudykunst, W. B., & Kim, Y. Y. (1984). Communicating with strangers: An approach to intercultural communication. New York: Random House.
16. Horwitz, E. K., Horwitz, M. B., & Cope, J. (1986). Foreign language class-room anxiety. Modern Language Journal, 70, 125-132
17. Kim, Y. Y. (1988). Communication and cross-cultural adaptation. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
18. Kim, Y. Y. (1991). Intercultural communication competence: A systems-theoretic view. In S. Ting-Toomey & F. Korzenny (Eds.), Cross-cultural interpersonal communication (pp. 259-275). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
19. Kim, Y. Y. (2001). Becoming intercultural. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
20. Kimura, Y., Nakata, Y., & Okumura, T. (2001). Language learning motivation of EFL learners in Japan: A cross sectional analysis of various learning milieus. JALT Journal, 23, 47-68.
21. Kitagawa, T., & Minoura, Y. (1991, October). Kokoseino kaigai homusutei koka (III): Taido to ninshiki niokeru henka [Effects of high school students' overseas homestay (III): Changes in attitude and cognition]. Paper presented at the 32nd annual meeting of the Japanese Society of Social Psychology, Tokyo.
22. Little, T. D., Lindenberger, U., & Nesselroade, J. R. (1999). On selecting indicators for multivariate measurement and modeling with latent variables: When "good" indicators are bad and "bad" indicators are good. Psychological Methods, 4, 192-211.
23. MacIntyre, P. D. (1994). Variables underlying willingness to communicate: A causal analysis. Communication Research Reports, 11, 135-142.
24. MacIntyre, P. D., Baker, S. C., Clément, R., & Conrod, S. (2001). Willingness to communicate, social support, and language-learning orientations of immersion students. Studies on Second Language Acquisition, 23, 369-388.
25. MacIntyre, P. D., & Charos, C. (1996). Personality, attitudes, and affect as predictors of second language communication. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 5, 3-26.
26. MacIntyre, P. D., & Clément, R. (1996, August). A model of willingness to communicate in a second language: The concept, its antecedents, and implications. Paper presented at the 11th World Congress of Applied Linguistics, Jyväskylä, Finland.
27. MacIntyre, P. D., Clément, R., & Donovan, L. A. (2002, October). Willingness to communicate in the L2 among French immersion students. Paper presented at the Second Language Research Forum, Toronto.
28. MacIntyre, P. D., Clément, R., Dörnyei, Z., & Noels, K. (1998). Conceptualizing willingness to communicate in a L2: A situational model of L2 confidence and affiliation. Modern Language Journal, 82, 545-562.
29. MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1991). Language anxiety: Its relation to other anxieties and to processing in native and second languages. Language Learning, 41, 513-534.
30. MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1994). The subtle effects of language anxiety on cognitive processing in the second language. Language Learning, 44, 283-305.
31. Markus, H., & Nurius, P. (1986). Possible selves. American Psychologist, 41, 954-969.
32. Martin, J. N., & Nakayama, T. K. (2000). Intercultural communication in contexts. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.
33. McCroskey, J. C. (1977). Oral communication apprehension: A summary of recent theory and research. Human Communication Research, 4, 78-96.
34. McCroskey, J. C. (1992). Reliability and validity of the Willingness to Communicate Scale. Communication Quarterly, 40, 16-25.
35. McCroskey, J. C., & Richmond, V. P. (1987). Willingness to communicate. In J. C. McCroskey & J. A. Daly (Eds.), Personality and interpersonal communication (pp. 129-156). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
36. McCroskey, J. C., & Richmond, V. P. (1991). Willingness to communicate: A cognitive view. In M. Both-Butterfield (Ed.), Communication, cognition and anxiety (pp. 19-44). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
37. Noels, K. A. (2001). New orientations in language learning motivation: Toward a model of intrinsic, extrinsic, and integrative orientations and motivation (pp. 43-68). In Z. Dörnyei & R. Schmidt (Eds.), Motivation and second language acquisition. Honolulu: Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center, University of Hawai'i.
38. Noels, K. A., Clément, R., & Pelletier, L. G. (1999). Perceptions of teacher communicative style and students' intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Modern Language Journal, 83, 23-34.
39. Noels, K. A., Pelletier, L. G., Clément, R., & Vallerand, R. J. (2000). Why are you learning a second language? Motivational orientations and self-determination theory. Language Learning, 50, 57-85.
40. Searl, W., & Ward, C. (1990). The prediction of psychological and sociocultural adjustment during cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 14, 449-464.
41. Tanaka, T., Kohyama, T., & Fujiwara, T. (1991). Tanki kaigaikenshuniokeru nihonjingakuseino sosharu sukirunikansuru chosateki kenkyu [A study of the social skills of Japanese students in a short-term overseas language seminar]. Memoirs of the Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences III, 15, 87-102.
42. Ting-Toomey, S. (1999). Communicating across cultures. New York: Guilford Press.
43. Yashima, T. (2000). Orientations and motivation in foreign language learning: A study of Japanese college students. JACET Bulletin, 31, 121-133.
44. Yashima, T. (2002a). Willingness to communicate in a second language: The Japanese EFL context. Modern Language Journal, 86, 55-66.
45. Yashima, T. (2002b). Taibei Nihonjin koukouseino shakaibunkateki tekio: Dainigengo kodo no kantenkara [Sociocultural adaptation of Japanese high school students studying in the United States: From a perspective of L2 communication behavior]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Okayama University, Okayama City, Japan.
46. Yashima, T., & Tanaka, T. (1996). English teaching for intercultural adjustment using social skill training techniques. Intercultural/Transcultural Education, 10, 150-166.
47. Yashima, T., & Tanaka, T. (2001). Roles of social support and social skills in the intercultural adjustment of Japanese adolescent sojourners in the USA. Psychological Reports, 88, 1201-1210.
48. Yashima, T., & Viswat, L. (1993). An analysis of communication problems of Japanese high school students and their host families. Human Communication Studies, 21, 181-196.
49. Ward, C., & Kennedy, A. (1999). The measurement of sociocultural adaptation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23, 659-677.