Drug Treatment of Epilepsy: When Does It Fail and How to Optimize Its Use?

CNS Spectrums

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 110-119

  Kwan, Patrick ^a   Brodie, Martin J ^b,c  

^a CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

^c WESTERN INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; CARBAMAZEPINE; ETHOSUXIMIDE; ETIRACETAM; FELBAMATE; LAMOTRIGINE; OXCARBAZEPINE; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENYTOIN; PRIMIDONE; TIAGABINE; TOPIRAMATE; VALPROIC ACID; VIGABATRIN; ZONISAMIDE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; COMORBIDITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; EPILEPSY; FAMILY HISTORY; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; MONOTHERAPY; NEUROTOXICITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REMISSION; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY; TERATOGENICITY; TREATMENT FAILURE;

EID: 1642419717     PISSN: 10928529     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1092852900008476     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. Sander JW, Shorvon SD. Epidemiology of the epilepsies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996;61:433-43.
2. Zarrelli MM, Beghi E, Rocca WA, Hauser WA. Incidence of epileptic syndromes in Rochester, Minnesota: 1980-1984. Epilepsia. 1999;40:1708-1714.
3. Gowers WR. Epilepsy and Other Chronic Convulsive Diseases. London, England: Churchill; 1881.
4. Rodin E. The Prognosis of Patients with Epilepsy. Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas; 1968,
5. Annegers JF, Rocca WA, Hauser WA. Causes of epilepsy: contributions from the Rochester epidemiology project. Mayo Clin Proc. 1996;71:570-575,
6. Hauser WA, Kurland LT. The epidemiology of epilepsy in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935 through 1967. Epilepsia. 1975;16:1-66.
7. Hauser WA, Annegers JF, Kurland LT. Prevalence of epilepsy in Rochester, Minnesota: 1940-1980. Epilepsia. 1991;32:429-445.
8. Hauser WA, Annegers JF, Kurland LT. Incidence of epilepsy and unprovoked seizures in Rochester, Minnesota: 1935-1984. Epilepsia. 1993;34:453-468.
9. Hauser WA, Annegers JF, Rocca WA. Descriptive epidemiology of epilepsy: contributions of population-based studies from Rochester, Minnesota. Mayo Clin Proc. 1996;71:576-586.
10. Annegers JF, Hauser WA, Elverback LR. Remission of seizures and relapse in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1979;20:729-737.
11. Shafer SQ, Hauser WA, Annegers JF, Klaus DW. EEG and other early predictors of epilepsy remission: a community study. Epilepsia. 1988;29:590-600.
12. Hart YM, Sander JW, Shorvon SD. National General Practice Study of Epilepsy and Epileptic Seizures: objectives and study methodology of the largest reported prospective cohort study of epilepsy. Neuroepidemiology. 1989;8:221-227.
13. Cockerell OC, Johnson AL, Sander JW, Hart YM, Shorvon SD. Remission of epilepsy: results from the National General Practice Study of Epilepsy. Lancet. 1995;346:140-144.
14. MacDonald BK, Johnson AL, Goodridge DM, Cockerell OC, Sander JW, Shorvon SD. Factors predicting prognosis of epilepsy after presentation with seizures. Ann Neurol. 2000;48:833-841.
15. Elwes RD, Johnson AL, Shorvon SD, Reynolds EH. The prognosis for seizure control in newly diagnosed epilepsy. N EnglJ Med. 1984;311;944-947.
16. Collaborative Group for the Study of Epilepsy. Prognosis of epilepsy in newly referred patients: a multicenter prospective study of the effects of monotherapy on the long-term course of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1992;33:45-51.
17. Sillanpää M, Jalava M, Kaleva O, Shinnar S. Long-term prognosis of seizures with onset in childhood. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1715-1722.
18. Perucca E. Pharmacoresistance in epilepsy: how should it be defined? CNS Drugs. 1998;10:171-179.
19. Regesta G, Tanganelli P. Clinical aspects and biological bases of drug-resistant epilepsies. Epilepsy Res. 1999;34:109-122.
20. Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Early identification of refractory epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:314-319.
21. Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Effectiveness of first antiepileptic drug. Epilepsia. 2001;42:1255-1260.
22. Dlugos DJ, Sammel MD, Strom BL, Farrar JT. Response to first drug trial predicts outcome in childhood temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 2001;57:2259-2264.
23. Mohanraj R, Brodie MJ. Prediction of refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2003;44(suppl 8):156.
24. Brodie MJ, Mohanraj R. Pharmacological outcomes in newly diagnosed epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2003;44(suppl 8):84.
25. Brodie MJ, Kwan P. Staged approach to epilepsy management. Neurology 2002;58(suppl 5):S2-S8.
26. Arts WF, Geerts AT, Brouwer OF, Peters ACB, Stroink H, van Donselaar CA. The early prognosis of epilepsy in childhood: the prediction of a poor outcome. The Dutch study of epilepsy in childhood. Epilepsia. 1999;40:726-734.
27. Berg AT, Shinnar S, Levy SR, Testa FM, Smith-Rapaport S, Beckerman B. Early development of intractable epilepsy in children: a prospective study. Neurology. 2001;56:1445-1452.
28. Engel J Jr. Surgery for seizures. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:647-652.
29. Engel J Jr. Introduction to temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1996;26:141-150.
30. Berg AT, Shinnar S, Levy SR, et al. Defining seizure outcomes in pediatric epilepsy: the good, the bad and the in-between. Epilepsy Res. 2001;43:75-84.
31. Berg AT, Shinnar S, Levy SR, et al. Two-year remission and subsequent relapse in children with newly diagnosed epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2001;42:1553-1562.
32. Semah F, Picot M-C, Adam C, et al. Is the underlying cause of epilepsy a major prognostic factor for recurrence? Neurology. 1998;51:1256-1262.
33. Stephen LJ, Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Does the cause of localization-related epilepsy influence the response to antiepileptic drug treatment? Epilepsia. 2001;42:357-362.
34. Fuerst D, Shah J, Shah A, Watson C. Hippocampal sclerosis is a progressive disorder: a longitudinal volumetric MRI study. Ann Neurol. 2003;53:413-416.
35. Kobayashi E, Lopes-Cendes I, Guerreiro CA, Sousa SC, Guerreiro MM, Cendes F. Seizure outcome and hippocampal atrophy in familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 2001;56:166-172.
36. Berg AT, Langfitt J, Shinnar S, et al. How long does it take for partial epilepsy to become intractable? Neurology. 2003;60:186-190.
37. Meldrum BS. Why and when are seizures bad for the brain? TIPS. 2001;22:445-446.
38. Sutula TP, Hagen J, Pitkanen A. Do epileptic seizures damage the brain? Curr Opin Neurol. 2003;16:189-195.
39. Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Refractory epilepsy: a progressive, intractable but preventable condition? Seizure 2002;11:77-84.
40. Shorvon SD, Reynolds EH. Reduction in polypharmacy for epilepsy. Br Med J. 1979;2:1023-1025.
41. Schmidt D. Reduction of two-drug therapy in intractable epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1983;24:368-376.
42. Mohanraj R, Brodie MJ. Measuring the efficacy of antiepileptic drugs. Seizure. 2003;12:413-443.
43. Brodie MJ, French JA. Management of epilepsy in adolescents and adults. Lancet. 2000;356:323-329.
44. Appleton RE, Peters AC, Mumford JP, Shaw DE. Randomised, placebo-controlled study of vigabatrin as first-line treatment of infantile spasms. Epilepsia. 1999;40:1627-1633.
45. Taylor S, Tudur Smith C, Williamson PR, Marson AG. Phenobarbitone versus phenytoin monotherapy for partial onset seizures and generalized onset tonic-clonic seizures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;4:CD002217.
46. Marson AG, Williamson PR, Hutton JL, et al. Carbamazepine versus valproate monotherapy for epilepsy: a meta-analysis. Epilepsia. 2002;43:505-513.
47. Tudur Smith C, Marson AG, Williamson PR. Phenytoin versus valproate monotherapy for partial onset seizures and generalized onset tonic-clonic seizures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;4:CD0017690.
48. Tudur Smith C, Marson AG, Clough HE, Williamson PR. Carbamazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;2:CD001911.
49. Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Clinical trials of antiepileptic medications in newly diagnosed patients with epilepsy. Neurology. 2003;60(suppl 4):S2-S12.
50. Chadwick D. Safety and efficacy of vigabatrin and carbamazepine in newly diagnosed epilepsy: a multicenter randomised double-blind study. Vigabatrin European Monotherapy Study Group. Lancet. 1999;354:13-19.
51. Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Neuropsychological effects of epilepsy and antiepileptic drugs. Lancet. 2001;357:216-222.
52. Brodie MJ, Richens A, Yuen AW. Double-blind comparison of lamotrigine and carbamazepine in newly diagnosed epilepsy. UK Lamotrigine/Carbamazepine Monotherapy Trial Group. Lancet. 1995;345:476-479.
53. Brodie MJ, Overstall PW, Giorgi L. Multicentre, double-blind, randomised comparison between lamotrigine and carbamazepine in elderly patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy. The UK Lamotrigine Elderly Study Group. Epilepsy Res. 1999;37:81-87.
54. Guerreiro MM, Vigonius U, Pohlmann H, et al. A double-blind controlled clinical trial of oxcarbazepine versus phenytoin in children and adolescents with epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1997;27:205-213.
55. Arroya S, De la Morena A. Life-threatening adverse events of antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsy Res. 2001;47:155-174.
56. Schmidt D, Gram L. Monotherapy versus polytherapy in epilepsy. A reappraisal. CNS Drugs. 1995;3:194-208.
57. Lammers MW, Hekster YA, Keyser A, Meinardi H, Renier WO, van Lier H. Monotherapy polytherapy for epilepsy revisited: a quantitative assessment. Epilepsia. 1995;36:440-446.
58. Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Epilepsy after the first drug fails: substitution or add-on? Seizure. 2000;9:464-468.
59. Deckers CLP, Hekster YA, Keyser A, van Lier HJ, Memardi H, Renier WO. Monotherapy versus polytherapy for epilepsy: a multicenter double-blind randomized study. Epilepsia. 2001;42:1387-1394.
60. Lindberger M, Alenius M, Frisen L, et al. Gabapentin versus vigabatrin as first add-on for patients with partial seizures that failed to respond to monotherapy: a randomized, double-blind, dose titration study. GREAT Study Investigators Group. Gabapentin in Refractory Epilepsy Add-on Treatment. Epilepsia. 2000;41:1289-1295.
61. Marson AG, Kadir ZA, Hutton JL, et al. The new antiepileptic drugs: a systematic review of their efficacy and tolerability. Epilepsia. 1997;38:859-880.
62. Marson AG, Hutton JL, Leach JP, et al. Levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, remacemide and zonisamide for drug resistant localization-related epilepsy: a systematic review. Epilepsy Res. 2001;46:259-270.
63. Deckers CLP, Czuczwar SJ, Hekster YA, et al. Selection of antiepileptic drug polytherapy based on mechanisms of action: the evidence reviewed. Epilepsia. 2000;41:1364-1374.
64. Kwan P, Sills GJ, Brodie MJ. The mechanisms of action of commonly used antiepileptic drugs. Pharmacol Ther. 2001;90:21-34.
65. Sills GJ, Brodie MJ. Update on the mechanisms of action of antiepileptic drugs. Epileptic Disord. 2001;3:165-172.
66. Sun M, van Rijn CM, Liu Y, Wang M. Combination of carbamazepine and valproate in different dose proportions in maximal electroshock seizure model in mice. Epilepsy Res. 2002;51:5-11.
67. Luszczki JJ, Borowicz KK, Swiader M, Czuczwar SJ. Interactions between oxcarbazepine and conventional antiepileptic drugs in the maximal electroshock test in mice: an isobolographic analysis. Epilepsia. 2003;44:489-499.
68. Brodie MJ, Yuen AW. Lamotrigine substitution study: synergism with sodium valproate? The 105 Study Group. Epilepsy Res. 1997;26:423-432.
69. Pisani F, Otero G, Russo MF, Di Perri R, Perucca E, Richens A. The efficacy of valproate-lamotrigine comedicatoin in refractory complex partial seizures: evidence for a pharmacodynamic interaction. Epilepsia. 1999;40:1141-1146.
70. Brodie MJ. Management strategies for refractory localization-related seizures. Epilepsia. 2001;42(suppl 3):27-30.
71. Rowan AJ, Meijer JW, de Beer-Pawlikowski N, et al. Valproate ethosuximide combination therapy for refractory absence seizures. Arch Neurol. 1983;40:797-802.
72. Brodie MJ, Mumford JP. Double-blind substitution of vigabatrin and valproate in carbamazepine-resistant partial epilepsy. The 012 Study Group. EpilepsyRes. 1999;34:199-205
73. Stephen LJ, Sills GJ, Brodie MJ. Lamotrigine and topiramate may be a useful combination. Lancer. 1998;351:958-959.
74. Brodie MJ, Kwan P. The star systems: overview and use in determining antiepileptic drug choice. CNS Drugs. 2001;15:1-12.
75. Stephen LJ, Brodie MJ. Seizure freedom with more than one antiepileptic drug. Seizure. 2002;11:349-351.
76. Brodie MJ, Leach JP. Success or failure with antiepileptic drug therapy: beyond empiricism? Neurology. 2003;60:162-163.
77. Siddiqui A, Kerb R, Weale, ME, et al. Association of multidrug resistance in epilepsy with a polymorphism in the drug-transporter gene ABCB1. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1442-1448.