메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 89-100

Pneumonia during Mechanical Ventilation

Author keywords

Diagnosis; Pathogenesis; Pneumonia; Potentially pathogenic micro organisms; Ventilation

Indexed keywords

AMPHOTERICIN B; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CEFAZOLIN; CEFOTAXIME; CEFRADINE; COLISTIN; GENTAMICIN; TOBRAMYCIN; VANCOMYCIN;

EID: 1642366223     PISSN: 12142158     EISSN: 18054412     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (3)

References (132)
  • 1
    • 0034960670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • European Task Force on ventilator-associated pneumonia. Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Eur Resp J, 2001; 17: 1034-1045.
    • (2001) Eur Resp J , vol.17 , pp. 1034-1045
  • 2
    • 0034067885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventilator-associated pneumonia: Perspectives on the burden of illness
    • Cook, D. Ventilator-associated pneumonia: perspectives on the burden of illness. Intensive Care Med 2000; 26 Suppl 1: p. S31-S37.
    • (2000) Intensive Care Med , vol.26 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Cook, D.1
  • 3
    • 0032939662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The attributable morbidity and mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the critically ill patient
    • The Canadian Critical Trials Group
    • Heyland DK, Cook DJ, Griffith L, et al. The attributable morbidity and mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the critically ill patient. The Canadian Critical Trials Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: 1249-1256.
    • (1999) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.159 , pp. 1249-1256
    • Heyland, D.K.1    Cook, D.J.2    Griffith, L.3
  • 4
    • 0038662785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcome and attributable cost of ventilator-associated pneumonia among intensive care patients in a suburban medical center
    • Warren DK, Shukla SJ, Olsen MA, et al. Outcome and attributable cost of ventilator-associated pneumonia among intensive care patients in a suburban medical center. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: 1312-1317.
    • (2003) Crit Care Med , vol.31 , pp. 1312-1317
    • Warren, D.K.1    Shukla, S.J.2    Olsen, M.A.3
  • 6
    • 0022553595 scopus 로고
    • Some aspects of the pneumococcal carrier state
    • Austrian R. Some aspects of the pneumococcal carrier state. J Antimicrob Chemother 1986; 18 (Suppl A): 35-45.
    • (1986) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.18 , Issue.SUPPL. A , pp. 35-45
    • Austrian, R.1
  • 7
    • 0022550593 scopus 로고
    • The carrier state: Haemophilus influenzae
    • Moxon ER. The carrier state: Haemophilus influenzae. J Antimicrob Chemother, 1986; 18 (Suppl A): 17-24.
    • (1986) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.18 , Issue.SUPPL. A , pp. 17-24
    • Moxon, E.R.1
  • 8
    • 0025252569 scopus 로고
    • Respiratory tract carrier rates of Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis in adults and children and interpretation of the isolation of M. catarrhalis from sputum
    • van Eechoutte M, Verschraegen G, Claeys G, et al. Respiratory tract carrier rates of Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis in adults and children and interpretation of the isolation of M. catarrhalis from sputum. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28: 2674-2680.
    • (1990) J Clin Microbiol , vol.28 , pp. 2674-2680
    • Van Eechoutte, M.1    Verschraegen, G.2    Claeys, G.3
  • 9
    • 0014664060 scopus 로고
    • The fate of ingested Pseudomonas aeruginosa in normal persons
    • Buck AC, Cooke EM. The fate of ingested Pseudomonas aeruginosa in normal persons. J Med Microbiol 1969; 2: 521-525.
    • (1969) J Med Microbiol , vol.2 , pp. 521-525
    • Buck, A.C.1    Cooke, E.M.2
  • 10
    • 0002474085 scopus 로고
    • Healthy carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: Its prevalence and importance
    • Williams REO. Healthy carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: its prevalence and importance. Bacteriol Rev 1963; 27: 56-71.
    • (1963) Bacteriol Rev , vol.27 , pp. 56-71
    • Williams, R.E.O.1
  • 11
    • 0029784522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency, intensity, species, and strains of oral Candida vary as a function of host age
    • Kleinegger CL, Lockhart SR, Vargas K, Soll DR. Frequency, intensity, species, and strains of oral Candida vary as a function of host age. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 2246-2254.
    • (1996) J Clin Microbiol , vol.34 , pp. 2246-2254
    • Kleinegger, C.L.1    Lockhart, S.R.2    Vargas, K.3    Soll, D.R.4
  • 13
    • 0018206630 scopus 로고
    • Pharyngeal colonisation by Gram-negative bacilli in aspiration prone persons
    • Mackowiak PA, Martin RM, Jones SR, et al. Pharyngeal colonisation by Gram-negative bacilli in aspiration prone persons. Arch Int Med 1978; 138: 1224-1227.
    • (1978) Arch Int Med , vol.138 , pp. 1224-1227
    • Mackowiak, P.A.1    Martin, R.M.2    Jones, S.R.3
  • 14
    • 0018153740 scopus 로고
    • Pharyngeal flora in ambulatory alcoholic patients. Prevalence of Gram-negative bacilli
    • Fuxench-Lopez Z, Ramirez-Ronda CH. Pharyngeal flora in ambulatory alcoholic patients. Prevalence of Gram-negative bacilli. Arch Int Med 1978; 138: 1815-1816.
    • (1978) Arch Int Med , vol.138 , pp. 1815-1816
    • Fuxench-Lopez, Z.1    Ramirez-Ronda, C.H.2
  • 15
    • 0032876642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oropharyngeal Gram-negative bacillary carriage in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Relation to severity of disease
    • Mobbs KJ, van Saene HKF, Sunderland D, Davies PDO. Oropharyngeal Gram-negative bacillary carriage in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: relation to severity of disease. Respir Med 1999; 93: 540-545.
    • (1999) Respir Med , vol.93 , pp. 540-545
    • Mobbs, K.J.1    Van Saene, H.K.F.2    Sunderland, D.3    Davies, P.D.O.4
  • 16
    • 0020315598 scopus 로고
    • Colonization of the oropharynx with Gram-negative bacilli in children with severe protein - Calorie malnutrition
    • Gilman RH, Brown KH, Gilman JB, et al. Colonization of the oropharynx with Gram-negative bacilli in children with severe protein - calorie malnutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 36: 284-289.
    • (1982) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.36 , pp. 284-289
    • Gilman, R.H.1    Brown, K.H.2    Gilman, J.B.3
  • 17
    • 0023692265 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of colonization and infection in critically ill patients: A prospective randomised study
    • Kerver AJH, Rommes JH, Mevissen-Verhage EAE, et al. Prevention of colonization and infection in critically ill patients: a prospective randomised study. Crit Care Med 1988; 16: 1087-1093.
    • (1988) Crit Care Med , vol.16 , pp. 1087-1093
    • Kerver, A.J.H.1    Rommes, J.H.2    Mevissen-Verhage, E.A.E.3
  • 18
    • 0004879322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness and cost of selective decontamination of the digestive tract in critically ill intubated patients
    • Sanchez-Garcia M, Cambronero-Galache JA, Lopez Diaz J. et al. Effectiveness and cost of selective decontamination of the digestive tract in critically ill intubated patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158: 908-916.
    • (1998) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.158 , pp. 908-916
    • Sanchez-Garcia, M.1    Cambronero-Galache, J.A.2    Lopez Diaz, J.3
  • 19
    • 0030443824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secondary carriage with multi-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae in an adult ICU population: Relationship with nosocomial infection and mortality
    • Garrouste-Orgeas M, Marie O, Rouveau M, et al. Secondary carriage with multi-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae in an adult ICU population: relationship with nosocomial infection and mortality. J Hosp Infect 1996; 34:279-289.
    • (1996) J Hosp Infect , vol.34 , pp. 279-289
    • Garrouste-Orgeas, M.1    Marie, O.2    Rouveau, M.3
  • 21
    • 0032791970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of different routes of tracheal colonization in the development of pneumonia in patients receiving mechanical ventilation
    • Cardenosa Cendrero JA, Solé-Violán J, Bordes Benitez A, et al. Role of different routes of tracheal colonization in the development of pneumonia in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Chest 1999; 116: 462-470.
    • (1999) Chest , vol.116 , pp. 462-470
    • Cardenosa Cendrero, J.A.1    Solé-Violán, J.2    Bordes Benitez, A.3
  • 22
    • 0033023525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are most ICU-infections really nosocomial? A prospective observational cohort study in mechanically ventilated patients
    • Silvestri L, Monti-Bragadin C, Milanese M, et al. Are most ICU-infections really nosocomial? A prospective observational cohort study in mechanically ventilated patients. J Hosp Infect 1999; 42: 125-133.
    • (1999) J Hosp Infect , vol.42 , pp. 125-133
    • Silvestri, L.1    Monti-Bragadin, C.2    Milanese, M.3
  • 23
    • 0034918408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pneumonia in patients with severe burns. A classification according to the concept of the carrier state
    • de la Cal MA, Cerda E, Garcia-Hierro P, et al. Pneumonia in patients with severe burns. A classification according to the concept of the carrier state. Chest 2001; 119: 1160-1165.
    • (2001) Chest , vol.119 , pp. 1160-1165
    • De La Cal, M.A.1    Cerda, E.2    Garcia-Hierro, P.3
  • 24
    • 0027112667 scopus 로고
    • Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in intensive care
    • Thülig B, Hartenauer U, Lawin P. Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in intensive care. Lancet 1992; 340: 604-606.
    • (1992) Lancet , vol.340 , pp. 604-606
    • Thülig, B.1    Hartenauer, U.2    Lawin, P.3
  • 25
    • 0036712487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differing pathways of lower airway colonization and infection according to mode of ventilation, endotracheal vs tracheotomy
    • Morar P, Singh V, Makura Z, et al. Differing pathways of lower airway colonization and infection according to mode of ventilation, endotracheal vs tracheotomy. Arch Otolaryng Head Neck Surg 2002; 128: 1061-1066.
    • (2002) Arch Otolaryng Head Neck Surg , vol.128 , pp. 1061-1066
    • Morar, P.1    Singh, V.2    Makura, Z.3
  • 27
    • 0030719853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oropharyngeal or gastric colonization and nosocomial pneumonia in adult intensive care unit patients. A prospective study based on genomic DNA analysis
    • Garrouste-Orgeas M, Chevret S, Arlet C, et al. Oropharyngeal or gastric colonization and nosocomial pneumonia in adult intensive care unit patients. A prospective study based on genomic DNA analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156:1647-1655.
    • (1997) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.156 , pp. 1647-1655
    • Garrouste-Orgeas, M.1    Chevret, S.2    Arlet, C.3
  • 28
    • 0021125655 scopus 로고
    • Oropharyngeal flora as a source of bacteria colonizing the lower airways in patients on artificial ventilation
    • van Uffelen R, van Saene HKF, Fidler V, Lowenberg A. Oropharyngeal flora as a source of bacteria colonizing the lower airways in patients on artificial ventilation. Intensive Care Med 1984; 10: 233-237.
    • (1984) Intensive Care Med , vol.10 , pp. 233-237
    • Van Uffelen, R.1    Van Saene, H.K.F.2    Fidler, V.3    Lowenberg, A.4
  • 29
    • 0028128429 scopus 로고
    • Invasive diagnostic testing is not needed routinely to manage suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Niederman MS, Torres A, Summer W. Invasive diagnostic testing is not needed routinely to manage suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150:565-569.
    • (1994) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.150 , pp. 565-569
    • Niederman, M.S.1    Torres, A.2    Summer, W.3
  • 30
    • 18144435904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Invasive and non-invasive strategies for management of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. A randomised trial
    • Fagon JY, Chastre J, Wolff M, et al. Invasive and non-invasive strategies for management of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. A randomised trial. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132:621-630.
    • (2000) Ann Intern Med , vol.132 , pp. 621-630
    • Fagon, J.Y.1    Chastre, J.2    Wolff, M.3
  • 31
    • 0033909761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-invasive versus invasive microbial investigation in ventilator-associated pneumonia: Evaluation of outcome
    • Ruiz M, Torres A, Ewig S, et al. Non-invasive versus invasive microbial investigation in ventilator-associated pneumonia: evaluation of outcome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162: 119-125.
    • (2000) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.162 , pp. 119-125
    • Ruiz, M.1    Torres, A.2    Ewig, S.3
  • 32
    • 6844236394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of sucralfate and ranitidine for the prevention of upper gastro-intestinal bleeding in patients requiring mechanical ventilation
    • Cook D, Guyatt G, Marshall J, et al. A comparison of sucralfate and ranitidine for the prevention of upper gastro-intestinal bleeding in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. New Engl J Med 1998; 338: 791-797.
    • (1998) New Engl J Med , vol.338 , pp. 791-797
    • Cook, D.1    Guyatt, G.2    Marshall, J.3
  • 33
    • 0035986117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Most nosocomial pneumonias are not due to nosocomial bacteria in ventilated patients. Evaluation of the accuracy of the 48 h time cut-off using carriage as the gold standard
    • Silvestri L, Sarginson RE, Hughes J, et al. Most nosocomial pneumonias are not due to nosocomial bacteria in ventilated patients. Evaluation of the accuracy of the 48 h time cut-off using carriage as the gold standard. Anaesth Intensive Care 2002;30:275-282.
    • (2002) Anaesth Intensive Care , vol.30 , pp. 275-282
    • Silvestri, L.1    Sarginson, R.E.2    Hughes, J.3
  • 34
    • 1542509849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infection in prolonged pediatric critical illness: A prospective four year study based on knowledge of the carrier state
    • in press
    • Sarginson RE, Taylor N, Reilly N, et al. Infection in prolonged pediatric critical illness: a prospective four year study based on knowledge of the carrier state. Crit Care Med 2004; in press.
    • (2004) Crit Care Med
    • Sarginson, R.E.1    Taylor, N.2    Reilly, N.3
  • 35
    • 0031882104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infections in patients requiring ventilation in intensive care: Application of a new classification
    • Murray AE, Chambers JJ, van Saene HKF. Infections in patients requiring ventilation in intensive care: application of a new classification. Clin Microbiol Infect 1998; 4: 94-99.
    • (1998) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.4 , pp. 94-99
    • Murray, A.E.1    Chambers, J.J.2    Van Saene, H.K.F.3
  • 36
    • 0035089843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic antimicrobials fail to clear multi-resistant Klebsiella from a pediatric intensive care unit
    • Petros AJ, O'Connell M, Roberts C, et al. Systemic antimicrobials fail to clear multi-resistant Klebsiella from a pediatric intensive care unit. Chest 2001; 119: 852-866.
    • (2001) Chest , vol.119 , pp. 852-866
    • Petros, A.J.1    O'Connell, M.2    Roberts, C.3
  • 37
    • 0026529853 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of nosocomial pneumonia in intubated patients: Respective role of mechanical subglottic secretions drainage and stress ulcer prophylaxis
    • Mahul P, Auboyer C, Jospe R, et al. Prevention of nosocomial pneumonia in intubated patients: respective role of mechanical subglottic secretions drainage and stress ulcer prophylaxis. Intensive Care Med 1992; 18: 20-25.
    • (1992) Intensive Care Med , vol.18 , pp. 20-25
    • Mahul, P.1    Auboyer, C.2    Jospe, R.3
  • 38
    • 0028833778 scopus 로고
    • Continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Valles J, Artigas A, Rello J, et al. Continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122: 179-186.
    • (1995) Ann Intern Med , vol.122 , pp. 179-186
    • Valles, J.1    Artigas, A.2    Rello, J.3
  • 39
    • 0032723899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomised clinical trial of continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions in cardiac surgery patients
    • Kollef MH, Skubas NJ, Sundt TM. A randomised clinical trial of continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions in cardiac surgery patients. Chest 1999; 116: 1339-1346.
    • (1999) Chest , vol.116 , pp. 1339-1346
    • Kollef, M.H.1    Skubas, N.J.2    Sundt, T.M.3
  • 40
    • 0036202886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomised clinical trial of intermittent subglottic secretion drainage in patients receiving mechanical ventilation
    • Smulders K, van der Hoeven H, Weers-Pothoff I, et al. A randomised clinical trial of intermittent subglottic secretion drainage in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Chest 2002; 121: 858-862.
    • (2002) Chest , vol.121 , pp. 858-862
    • Smulders, K.1    Van Der Hoeven, H.2    Weers-Pothoff, I.3
  • 41
    • 0033610663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Supine body position as a risk factor for nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients: A randomised trial
    • Drakulovic MB, Torres A, Bauer TT, et al. Supine body position as a risk factor for nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 354:1851-1858.
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.354 , pp. 1851-1858
    • Drakulovic, M.B.1    Torres, A.2    Bauer, T.T.3
  • 42
    • 1642310716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of semi-recumbent position on development of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
    • Abstract no 585
    • van Nieuwenhoven CA, van Tiel FH, Vandenbroucke-Grauls C, et al. The effect of semi-recumbent position on development of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Intensive Care Med 2002; 27 (Suppl 2): S285: Abstract no 585.
    • (2002) Intensive Care Med , vol.27 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Van Nieuwenhoven, C.A.1    Van Tiel, F.H.2    Vandenbroucke-Grauls, C.3
  • 43
    • 0037598802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • All great truths are iconoclastic: Selective decontamination of the digestive tract moves from heresy to level 1 truth
    • van Saene HKF, Petros AJ, Ramsay G, Baxby D. All great truths are iconoclastic: selective decontamination of the digestive tract moves from heresy to level 1 truth. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29: 677-690.
    • (2003) Intensive Care Med , vol.29 , pp. 677-690
    • Van Saene, H.K.F.1    Petros, A.J.2    Ramsay, G.3    Baxby, D.4
  • 44
    • 9344239309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modification of empiric antibiotic treatment in patients with pneumonia acquired in the intensive care unit
    • Alvarez-Lerma F and the ICU-acquired pneumonia group. Modification of empiric antibiotic treatment in patients with pneumonia acquired in the intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 1996; 22: 387-394.
    • (1996) Intensive Care Med , vol.22 , pp. 387-394
    • Alvarez-Lerma, F.1
  • 45
    • 0031050963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decrease in nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients by selective oropharyngeal decontamination (SOD)
    • Abele-Horn M, Dauber A, Bauernfeind A, et al. Decrease in nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients by selective oropharyngeal decontamination (SOD). Intensive Care Med 1997; 23: 187-195.
    • (1997) Intensive Care Med , vol.23 , pp. 187-195
    • Abele-Horn, M.1    Dauber, A.2    Bauernfeind, A.3
  • 46
    • 0026092023 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic prophylaxis of respiratory tract infection in mechanically ventilated patients. A prospective, blinded, randomized trial of the effect of a novel regimen
    • Aerdts SJ, van Dalen R, Clasener HA, Festen J, van Lier HJ, Vollaard EJ. Antibiotic prophylaxis of respiratory tract infection in mechanically ventilated patients. A prospective, blinded, randomized trial of the effect of a novel regimen. Chest 1991; 100: 763-791.
    • (1991) Chest , vol.100 , pp. 763-791
    • Aerdts, S.J.1    Van Dalen, R.2    Clasener, H.A.3    Festen, J.4    Van Lier, H.J.5    Vollaard, E.J.6
  • 47
    • 0029778948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized controlled trial of selective bowel decontamination for prevention of infections following liver transplantation
    • Arnow PM, Carandang GC, Zabner R, Irwin ME. Randomized controlled trial of selective bowel decontamination for prevention of infections following liver transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 22: 997-1003.
    • (1996) Clin Infect Dis , vol.22 , pp. 997-1003
    • Arnow, P.M.1    Carandang, G.C.2    Zabner, R.3    Irwin, M.E.4
  • 48
    • 0034937650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in severely burned pediatric patients
    • Barret JP, Jeschke MG, Herndon DN. Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in severely burned pediatric patients. Bums 2001; 27: 439-445.
    • (2001) Bums , vol.27 , pp. 439-445
    • Barret, J.P.1    Jeschke, M.G.2    Herndon, D.N.3
  • 49
    • 0035422606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia by oral decontamination: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
    • Bergmans DC, Bonten MJ, Gaillard CA, Paling JC, van der Geest S, van Tiel FH, et al. Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia by oral decontamination: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164: 382-388.
    • (2001) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.164 , pp. 382-388
    • Bergmans, D.C.1    Bonten, M.J.2    Gaillard, C.A.3    Paling, J.C.4    Van Der Geest, S.5    Van Tiel, F.H.6
  • 50
    • 0027985907 scopus 로고
    • Selective decontamination of the digestive tract reduces gram-negative pulmonary colonization but not systemic endotoxemia in patients undergoing elective liver transplantation
    • Bion JF, Badger I, Crosby HA, Hutchings P, Kong KL, Baker J, et al. Selective decontamination of the digestive tract reduces gram-negative pulmonary colonization but not systemic endotoxemia in patients undergoing elective liver transplantation. Crit Care Med 1994; 22: 40-49.
    • (1994) Crit Care Med , vol.22 , pp. 40-49
    • Bion, J.F.1    Badger, I.2    Crosby, H.A.3    Hutchings, P.4    Kong, K.L.5    Baker, J.6
  • 51
    • 0026333273 scopus 로고
    • Selective decontamination of the digestive tract: A stratified, randomized, prospective study in a mixed intensive care unit
    • Blair P, Rowlands BJ, Lowry K, Webb H, Armstrong P, Smilie J. Selective decontamination of the digestive tract: a stratified, randomized, prospective study in a mixed intensive care unit. Surgery 1991; 110: 303-309.
    • (1991) Surgery , vol.110 , pp. 303-309
    • Blair, P.1    Rowlands, B.J.2    Lowry, K.3    Webb, H.4    Armstrong, P.5    Smilie, J.6
  • 52
    • 20344391562 scopus 로고
    • Reduction of nosocomial respiratory infections in multiple trauma patients requiring mechanical ventilation by selective parenteral and enteral antisepsis regimen (SPEAR) in the intensive care
    • abstract no 0465
    • Boland JP, Sadler DL, Stewart W, Wood DJ, Zerick W, Snodgras KR. Reduction of nosocomial respiratory infections in multiple trauma patients requiring mechanical ventilation by selective parenteral and enteral antisepsis regimen (SPEAR) in the intensive care. Seventeenth international congress of chemotherapy Berlin [1991], abstract no 0465.
    • (1991) Seventeenth International Congress of Chemotherapy Berlin
    • Boland, J.P.1    Sadler, D.L.2    Stewart, W.3    Wood, D.J.4    Zerick, W.5    Snodgras, K.R.6
  • 53
    • 0036152703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No effect of preoperative selective gut decontamination on endotoxemia and cytokine activation during cardiopulmonary bypass: A randomized, placebo-controlled study
    • Bouter H, Schippers EF, Luelmo SA, Versteegh MI, Ros P, Guiot HF, et al. No effect of preoperative selective gut decontamination on endotoxemia and cytokine activation during cardiopulmonary bypass: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Crit Care Med 2002; 30: 38-43.
    • (2002) Crit Care Med , vol.30 , pp. 38-43
    • Bouter, H.1    Schippers, E.F.2    Luelmo, S.A.3    Versteegh, M.I.4    Ros, P.5    Guiot, H.F.6
  • 55
    • 1642409691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survival benefit in severely burned patients receiving selective decontamination of the digestive tract: A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial
    • Abstract 028 bis
    • de la Cal MA, Cerda E, Garcia-Hierro P, et al. Survival benefit in severely burned patients receiving selective decontamination of the digestive tract: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial. Med Intens 2002; 26: 152: Abstract 028 bis.
    • (2002) Med Intens , vol.26 , pp. 152
    • De La Cal, M.A.1    Cerda, E.2    Garcia-Hierro, P.3
  • 56
    • 0026576281 scopus 로고
    • Selective gut decontamination reduces nosocomial infections and length of stay but not mortality or organ failure in surgical intensive care unit patients
    • Cerra FB, Madadus MA, Dunn DL, Wells CL, Konstantinides NN, Lehman SL, et al. Selective gut decontamination reduces nosocomial infections and length of stay but not mortality or organ failure in surgical intensive care unit patients. Arch Surg 1992; 127: 163-169.
    • (1992) Arch Surg , vol.127 , pp. 163-169
    • Cerra, F.B.1    Madadus, M.A.2    Dunn, D.L.3    Wells, C.L.4    Konstantinides, N.N.5    Lehman, S.L.6
  • 57
    • 0026737284 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of infection in critically ill patients by selective decontamination of the digestive tract
    • Cockerill FR, III, Muller SR, Anhalt JP, Marsh HM, Farnell MB, Mucha P, et al. Prevention of infection in critically ill patients by selective decontamination of the digestive tract. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 545-553.
    • (1992) Ann Intern Med , vol.117 , pp. 545-553
    • Cockerill III, F.R.1    Muller, S.R.2    Anhalt, J.P.3    Marsh, H.M.4    Farnell, M.B.5    Mucha, P.6
  • 60
    • 0025202521 scopus 로고
    • Pilot trial of selective decontamination for prevention of bacterial infection in an intensive care unit
    • Flaherty J, Nathan C, Kabins SA, Weinstein RA. Pilot trial of selective decontamination for prevention of bacterial infection in an intensive care unit. J Infect Dis 1990; 162: 1393-1397.
    • (1990) J Infect Dis , vol.162 , pp. 1393-1397
    • Flaherty, J.1    Nathan, C.2    Kabins, S.A.3    Weinstein, R.A.4
  • 61
    • 0026543599 scopus 로고
    • A controlled trial in intensive care units of selective decontamination of the digestive tract with non-absorbable antibiotics
    • Gastinne H, Wolff M, Delatour F, Faurisson F, Chevret S. A controlled trial in intensive care units of selective decontamination of the digestive tract with non-absorbable antibiotics. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 594-599.
    • (1992) N Engl J Med , vol.326 , pp. 594-599
    • Gastinne, H.1    Wolff, M.2    Delatour, F.3    Faurisson, F.4    Chevret, S.5
  • 62
    • 0025875054 scopus 로고
    • Efficacité de la décontamination digestive sur la survenue des bactériémies nosocomiales chez les patients sous ventilation méchanique et recevant des betamimétiques
    • Gaussorgues P, Salord F, Sirodot M, Tigaud S, Cagnin S, Gerard M, et al. Efficacité de la décontamination digestive sur la survenue des bactériémies nosocomiales chez les patients sous ventilation méchanique et recevant des betamimétiques. Réanimation Soins Intensifs Médecin d'Urgence 1991; 7: 169-174.
    • (1991) Réanimation Soins Intensifs Médecin d'Urgence , vol.7 , pp. 169-174
    • Gaussorgues, P.1    Salord, F.2    Sirodot, M.3    Tigaud, S.4    Cagnin, S.5    Gerard, M.6
  • 64
    • 0026732629 scopus 로고
    • Double-blind study of selective decontamination of the digestive tract in intensive care
    • Hammond JM, Potgieter PD, Saunders GL, Forder AA. Double-blind study of selective decontamination of the digestive tract in intensive care. Lancet 1992; 340: 5-9.
    • (1992) Lancet , vol.340 , pp. 5-9
    • Hammond, J.M.1    Potgieter, P.D.2    Saunders, G.L.3    Forder, A.A.4
  • 65
    • 0037182875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, prospective, double-blinded evaluation of selective bowel decontamination in liver transplantation
    • Hellinger WC, Yao JD, Alvarez S, Blair JE, Cawley JJ, Paya CV, et al. A randomized, prospective, double-blinded evaluation of selective bowel decontamination in liver transplantation. Transplantation 2002; 73: 1904-1909.
    • (2002) Transplantation , vol.73 , pp. 1904-1909
    • Hellinger, W.C.1    Yao, J.D.2    Alvarez, S.3    Blair, J.E.4    Cawley, J.J.5    Paya, C.V.6
  • 66
    • 0026747769 scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) in an ICU with a policy encouraging a low gastric pH
    • Jacobs S, Foweraker JE, Roberts SE. Effectiveness of selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) in an ICU with a policy encouraging a low gastric pH. Clin Intensive Care 1992; 3: 52-58.
    • (1992) Clin Intensive Care , vol.3 , pp. 52-58
    • Jacobs, S.1    Foweraker, J.E.2    Roberts, S.E.3
  • 67
    • 0141537234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of selective decontamination of digestive tract on mortality and acquisition of resistant bacteria in intensive care: A randomised controlled trial
    • de Jonge E, Schultz MJ, Spanjaard L, Bossuyt PPM, Vroom MB, Dankert J, et al. Effects of selective decontamination of digestive tract on mortality and acquisition of resistant bacteria in intensive care: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 362: 1011-1016.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.362 , pp. 1011-1016
    • De Jonge, E.1    Schultz, M.J.2    Spanjaard, L.3    Bossuyt, P.P.M.4    Vroom, M.B.5    Dankert, J.6
  • 69
    • 0027382345 scopus 로고
    • Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in neurosurgical intensive care unit patients: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study
    • Korinek AM, Laisne MJ, Nicolas MH, Raskine L, Deroin V, Sanson-Lepors MJ. Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in neurosurgical intensive care unit patients: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Crit Care Med 1993; 21: 1466-1473.
    • (1993) Crit Care Med , vol.21 , pp. 1466-1473
    • Korinek, A.M.1    Laisne, M.J.2    Nicolas, M.H.3    Raskine, L.4    Deroin, V.5    Sanson-Lepors, M.J.6
  • 70
    • 0037108543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of combined intravenous and topical antibiotic prophylaxis on the incidence of infections, organ dysfunctions, and mortality in critically ill surgical patients: A prospective, stratified, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
    • Krueger WA, Lenhart FP, Neeser G, Ruckdeschel G, Schreckhase H, Eissner HJ, et al. Influence of combined intravenous and topical antibiotic prophylaxis on the incidence of infections, organ dysfunctions, and mortality in critically ill surgical patients: A prospective, stratified, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 1029-1037.
    • (2002) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.166 , pp. 1029-1037
    • Krueger, W.A.1    Lenhart, F.P.2    Neeser, G.3    Ruckdeschel, G.4    Schreckhase, H.5    Eissner, H.J.6
  • 71
    • 0028078687 scopus 로고
    • Oropharyngeal decontamination with gentamicin for long-term ventilated patients on stress ulcer prophylaxis with sucralfate?
    • Laggner AN, Tryba M, Georgopoulos A, Lenz K, Grimm G, Graninger W, et al. Oropharyngeal decontamination with gentamicin for long-term ventilated patients on stress ulcer prophylaxis with sucralfate? Wien Klin Wochenschr 1994; 106: 15-19.
    • (1994) Wien Klin Wochenschr , vol.106 , pp. 15-19
    • Laggner, A.N.1    Tryba, M.2    Georgopoulos, A.3    Lenz, K.4    Grimm, G.5    Graninger, W.6
  • 72
    • 0031002778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective intestinal decontamination in multiple trauma patients: Prospective, controlled trial
    • Lingnau W, Berger J, Javorsky F, Lejeune P, Mutz N, Benzer H. Selective intestinal decontamination in multiple trauma patients: prospective, controlled trial. J Trauma 1997; 42:687-694.
    • (1997) J Trauma , vol.42 , pp. 687-694
    • Lingnau, W.1    Berger, J.2    Javorsky, F.3    Lejeune, P.4    Mutz, N.5    Benzer, H.6
  • 73
    • 0029021395 scopus 로고
    • Controlled clinical trial of selective decontamination for the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis
    • Luiten EJT, Hop WCJ, Lange JF, Bruining HA. Controlled clinical trial of selective decontamination for the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. Ann Surg 1995; 222: 57-65.
    • (1995) Ann Surg , vol.222 , pp. 57-65
    • Luiten, E.J.T.1    Hop, W.C.J.2    Lange, J.F.3    Bruining, H.A.4
  • 74
    • 0027486011 scopus 로고
    • Can selective digestive decontamination avoid the endotoxemia and cytokine activation promoted by cardiopulmonary bypass?
    • Martinez-Pellus AE, Merino P, Bru M, Conejero R, Seller G, Munoz C, et al. Can selective digestive decontamination avoid the endotoxemia and cytokine activation promoted by cardiopulmonary bypass? Crit Care Med 1993; 21: 1684-1691.
    • (1993) Crit Care Med , vol.21 , pp. 1684-1691
    • Martinez-Pellus, A.E.1    Merino, P.2    Bru, M.3    Conejero, R.4    Seller, G.5    Munoz, C.6
  • 75
    • 0031460073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endogenous endotoxemia of intestinal origin during cardiopulmonary bypass. Role of type of flow and protective effect of selective digestive decontamination
    • Martinez-Pellus AE, Merino P, Bru M, Canovas J, Seller G, Sapina J, et al. Endogenous endotoxemia of intestinal origin during cardiopulmonary bypass. Role of type of flow and protective effect of selective digestive decontamination. Intensive Care Med 1997; 23:1251-1257.
    • (1997) Intensive Care Med , vol.23 , pp. 1251-1257
    • Martinez-Pellus, A.E.1    Merino, P.2    Bru, M.3    Canovas, J.4    Seller, G.5    Sapina, J.6
  • 76
    • 0030671489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients: Selective decontamination versus sucralfate
    • Palomar M, Alvarez-Lerma F, Jorda R, Bermejo B, for the Catalan study group of nosocomial pneumonia prevention. Prevention of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients: selective decontamination versus sucralfate. Clin Intensive Care 1997; 8: 228-235.
    • (1997) Clin Intensive Care , vol.8 , pp. 228-235
    • Palomar, M.1    Alvarez-Lerma, F.2    Jorda, R.3    Bermejo, B.4
  • 77
    • 0036220835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective decontamination of subglottic area in mechanically ventilated patients with multiple trauma
    • Pneumatikos I, Koulouras V, Nathanail C, Goe D, Nakos G. Selective decontamination of subglottic area in mechanically ventilated patients with multiple trauma. Intensive Care Med 2002; 28: 432-437.
    • (2002) Intensive Care Med , vol.28 , pp. 432-437
    • Pneumatikos, I.1    Koulouras, V.2    Nathanail, C.3    Goe, D.4    Nakos, G.5
  • 78
    • 0025863441 scopus 로고
    • Oropharyngeal decontamination decreases incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial
    • Pugin J, Auckenthaler R, Lew DP, Suter PM. Oropharyngeal decontamination decreases incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. JAMA 1991; 265: 2704-2710.
    • (1991) JAMA , vol.265 , pp. 2704-2710
    • Pugin, J.1    Auckenthaler, R.2    Lew, D.P.3    Suter, P.M.4
  • 79
    • 0029871633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in multiple trauma patients. A prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study
    • Guinio B, Albanese J, Bues-Charbit M, Viviand X, Martin C. Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in multiple trauma patients. A prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Chest 1996; 109: 765-772.
    • (1996) Chest , vol.109 , pp. 765-772
    • Guinio, B.1    Albanese, J.2    Bues-Charbit, M.3    Viviand, X.4    Martin, C.5
  • 80
    • 0026678006 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of nosocomial infections in critically ill patients by selective decontamination of the digestive tract. A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study
    • Rocha LA, Martin MJ, Pita S, Paz J, Seco C, Margusino L, et al. Prevention of nosocomial infections in critically ill patients by selective decontamination of the digestive tract. A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study. Intensive Care Med 1992; 18: 398-404.
    • (1992) Intensive Care Med , vol.18 , pp. 398-404
    • Rocha, L.A.1    Martin, M.J.2    Pita, S.3    Paz, J.4    Seco, C.5    Margusino, L.6
  • 81
    • 0025013242 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of nosocomial lung infection in ventilated patients: Use of an antimicrobial pharyngeal nonabsorbable paste
    • Rodriguez-Roldan JM, Altuna-Cuesta A, Lopez A, Carrillo A, Garcia J, Leon J, et al. Prevention of nosocomial lung infection in ventilated patients: use of an antimicrobial pharyngeal nonabsorbable paste. Crit Care Med 1990; 18: 1239-1242.
    • (1990) Crit Care Med , vol.18 , pp. 1239-1242
    • Rodriguez-Roldan, J.M.1    Altuna-Cuesta, A.2    Lopez, A.3    Carrillo, A.4    Garcia, J.5    Leon, J.6
  • 82
    • 0027511970 scopus 로고
    • Prospective controlled trial of selective parenteral and enteral antimicrobial regimen in fulminant liver failure
    • Rolando N, Gimson A, Wade J, Philpott-Howard J, Casewell M, Williams R. Prospective controlled trial of selective parenteral and enteral antimicrobial regimen in fulminant liver failure. Hepatology 1993; 17: 196-201.
    • (1993) Hepatology , vol.17 , pp. 196-201
    • Rolando, N.1    Gimson, A.2    Wade, J.3    Philpott-Howard, J.4    Casewell, M.5    Williams, R.6
  • 83
    • 0030064439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective study comparing the efficacy of prophylactic parenteral antimicrobials, with or without enteral decontamination, in patients with acute liver failure
    • Rolando N, Wade JJ, Stangou A, Gimson AE, Wendon J, Philpott-Howard J, et al. Prospective study comparing the efficacy of prophylactic parenteral antimicrobials, with or without enteral decontamination, in patients with acute liver failure. Liver Transpl Surg 1996; 2: 8-13.
    • (1996) Liver Transpl Surg , vol.2 , pp. 8-13
    • Rolando, N.1    Wade, J.J.2    Stangou, A.3    Gimson, A.E.4    Wendon, J.5    Philpott-Howard, J.6
  • 84
    • 0031765941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of nosocomial infection in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) through the use of selective digestive decontamination
    • Ruza F, Alvarado F, Herruzo R, Delgado MA, Garcia S, Dorao P, et al. Prevention of nosocomial infection in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) through the use of selective digestive decontamination. Eur J Epidemiol 1998; 14: 719-727.
    • (1998) Eur J Epidemiol , vol.14 , pp. 719-727
    • Ruza, F.1    Alvarado, F.2    Herruzo, R.3    Delgado, M.A.4    Garcia, S.5    Dorao, P.6
  • 85
    • 0004879322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness and cost of selective decontamination of the digestive tract in criticaly ill intubated patients. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial
    • Sanchez GM, Cambornero Galache JA, Lopez DJ, Cerda CE, Rubio BJ, Gomez Aguinaga MA, et al. Effectiveness and cost of selective decontamination of the digestive tract in criticaly ill intubated patients. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158: 908-916.
    • (1998) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.158 , pp. 908-916
    • Sanchez, G.M.1    Cambornero Galache, J.A.2    Lopez, D.J.3    Cerda, C.E.4    Rubio, B.J.5    Gomez Aguinaga, M.A.6
  • 86
    • 0031043896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prevention of anastomotic leakage after total gastrectomy with local decontamination. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial
    • Schardey HM, Joosten U, Finke U, Staubach KH, Schauer R, Heiss A, et al. The prevention of anastomotic leakage after total gastrectomy with local decontamination. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Ann Surg 1997; 225: 172-180.
    • (1997) Ann Surg , vol.225 , pp. 172-180
    • Schardey, H.M.1    Joosten, U.2    Finke, U.3    Staubach, K.H.4    Schauer, R.5    Heiss, A.6
  • 88
    • 0007882634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of multiple organ system failure by selective decontamination of the digestive tract in multiple trauma patients
    • Faist EBAE, Schildberg FW, editors. Lengerich: Pabst Science Publishers
    • Stoutenbeek CP, van Saene HKF, Zandstra DF. Prevention of multiple organ system failure by selective decontamination of the digestive tract in multiple trauma patients. In: Faist EBAE, Schildberg FW, editors. Immune consequences of trauma, shock and sepsis. Lengerich: Pabst Science Publishers 1996: 1055-1066.
    • (1996) Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock and Sepsis , pp. 1055-1066
    • Stoutenbeek, C.P.1    Van Saene, H.K.F.2    Zandstra, D.F.3
  • 89
    • 1642383931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of selective decontamination of the digestive tract on mortality in multiple trauma patients
    • submitted
    • Stoutenbeek CP, van Saene H, Little RA, Whitehead A. The effect of selective decontamination of the digestive tract on mortality in multiple trauma patients. J Trauma 2004; submitted.
    • (2004) J Trauma
    • Stoutenbeek, C.P.1    Van Saene, H.2    Little, R.A.3    Whitehead, A.4
  • 90
    • 0025273420 scopus 로고
    • Selective decontamination to reduce gram-negative colonisation and infections after oesophageal resection
    • Tetteroo GW, Wagenvoort JH, Castelein A, Tilanus HW, Ince C, Bruining HA. Selective decontamination to reduce gram-negative colonisation and infections after oesophageal resection. Lancet 1990; 335: 704-707.
    • (1990) Lancet , vol.335 , pp. 704-707
    • Tetteroo, G.W.1    Wagenvoort, J.H.2    Castelein, A.3    Tilanus, H.W.4    Ince, C.5    Bruining, H.A.6
  • 91
    • 0024306660 scopus 로고
    • Selective decontamination of the digestive tract with norfloxacin in the prevention of ICU-acquired infections: A prospective, randomized study
    • Ulrich C, Harinck-de Weerd JE, Bakker NC, Jacz K, Doornbos L, de Rider VA. Selective decontamination of the digestive tract with norfloxacin in the prevention of ICU-acquired infections: a prospective, randomized study. Intensive Care Med 1989; 15: 424-431.
    • (1989) Intensive Care Med , vol.15 , pp. 424-431
    • Ulrich, C.1    Harinck-De Weerd, J.E.2    Bakker, N.C.3    Jacz, K.4    Doornbos, L.5    De Rider, V.A.6
  • 92
    • 0023154422 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of colonization and respiratory infections in long-term ventilated patients by local antimicrobial prophylaxis
    • Unertl K, Ruckdeschel G, Selbmann HK, Jensen U, Forst H, Lenhart FP, et al. Prevention of colonization and respiratory infections in long-term ventilated patients by local antimicrobial prophylaxis. Intensive Care Med 1987; 13: 106-113.
    • (1987) Intensive Care Med , vol.13 , pp. 106-113
    • Unertl, K.1    Ruckdeschel, G.2    Selbmann, H.K.3    Jensen, U.4    Forst, H.5    Lenhart, F.P.6
  • 93
    • 0031012348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized controlled trial of selective digestive decontamination in 600 mechanically ventilated patients in a multi-disciplinary intensive care unit
    • Verwaest C, Verhaegen J, Ferdinande P, Schets M, Berghe G, Verbist L. Randomized controlled trial of selective digestive decontamination in 600 mechanically ventilated patients in a multi-disciplinary intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 1997; 25: 63-71.
    • (1997) Crit Care Med , vol.25 , pp. 63-71
    • Verwaest, C.1    Verhaegen, J.2    Ferdinande, P.3    Schets, M.4    Berghe, G.5    Verbist, L.6
  • 94
    • 0028901061 scopus 로고
    • A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial of selective digestive decontamination in a medical, surgical intensive care unit
    • Wiener J, Itokazu G, Nathan C, Kabins SA, Weinstein RA. A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial of selective digestive decontamination in a medical, surgical intensive care unit. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20: 861-867.
    • (1995) Clin Infect Dis , vol.20 , pp. 861-867
    • Wiener, J.1    Itokazu, G.2    Nathan, C.3    Kabins, S.A.4    Weinstein, R.A.5
  • 95
    • 0026769019 scopus 로고
    • A controlled trial of selective decontamination of the digestive tract in intensive care and its effect on nosocomial infection
    • Winter R, Humphreys H, Pick A, MacGowan AP, Willatts SM, Speller DC. A controlled trial of selective decontamination of the digestive tract in intensive care and its effect on nosocomial infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 1992; 30: 73-87.
    • (1992) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.30 , pp. 73-87
    • Winter, R.1    Humphreys, H.2    Pick, A.3    MacGowan, A.P.4    Willatts, S.M.5    Speller, D.C.6
  • 96
    • 0025999222 scopus 로고
    • Reduction of colonization and infection rate during pediatric intensive care by selective decontamination of the digestive tract
    • Zobel G, Kuttnig M, Grubbauer HM, Semmelrock HJ, Thiel W. Reduction of colonization and infection rate during pediatric intensive care by selective decontamination of the digestive tract. Crit Care Med 1991; 19: 1242-1246.
    • (1991) Crit Care Med , vol.19 , pp. 1242-1246
    • Zobel, G.1    Kuttnig, M.2    Grubbauer, H.M.3    Semmelrock, H.J.4    Thiel, W.5
  • 97
    • 0036273495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective decontamination of the digestive tract to prevent postoperative infection: A randomized placebo-controlled trial in liver transplant patients
    • Zwaveling JH, Maring JK, Klompmaker IJ, Haagsma EB, Bottema JT, Laseur M, et al. Selective decontamination of the digestive tract to prevent postoperative infection: a randomized placebo-controlled trial in liver transplant patients. Crit Care Med 2002; 30: 1204-1209.
    • (2002) Crit Care Med , vol.30 , pp. 1204-1209
    • Zwaveling, J.H.1    Maring, J.K.2    Klompmaker, I.J.3    Haagsma, E.B.4    Bottema, J.T.5    Laseur, M.6
  • 98
    • 0027202258 scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of selective decontamination of the digestive tract
    • Selective Decontamination of the Digestive Tract Trialists Collaborative Group. Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of selective decontamination of the digestive tract. Br Med J 1993; 307: 525-532.
    • (1993) Br Med J , vol.307 , pp. 525-532
  • 100
    • 0028268933 scopus 로고
    • The role of selective digestive tract decontamination on mortality and respiratory tract infections
    • Kollef M. The role of selective digestive tract decontamination on mortality and respiratory tract infections. Chest 1994; 105: 1101-1108.
    • (1994) Chest , vol.105 , pp. 1101-1108
    • Kollef, M.1
  • 101
    • 0032565412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in critically ill adult patients: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials
    • D'Amico R, Pifferi S, Leonetti C, Torri V, Tinazzi A, Liberati A. Effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in critically ill adult patients: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Br Med J 1998; 316: 1275-1285.
    • (1998) Br Med J , vol.316 , pp. 1275-1285
    • D'Amico, R.1    Pifferi, S.2    Leonetti, C.3    Torri, V.4    Tinazzi, A.5    Liberati, A.6
  • 102
    • 0032988992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in surgical patients. A systematic review of the evidence
    • Nathens AB, Marshall JC. Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in surgical patients. A systematic review of the evidence. Arch Surg 1999; 134: 170-176.
    • (1999) Arch Surg , vol.134 , pp. 170-176
    • Nathens, A.B.1    Marshall, J.C.2
  • 103
    • 1642343186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of respiratory and non-respiratory infections in published trials of selective decontamination
    • abstract no 586
    • Redman R, Ludington E, Crocker M, Wittes J, Bellm J, Carlet J and the VAP advisory group. Analysis of respiratory and non-respiratory infections in published trials of selective decontamination. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27(suppl): abstract no 586: S285.
    • (2001) Intensive Care Med , vol.27 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Redman, R.1    Ludington, E.2    Crocker, M.3    Wittes, J.4    Bellm, J.5    Carlet, J.6
  • 104
    • 0028942903 scopus 로고
    • Long-term effects of selective decontamination on antimicrobial resistance
    • Hammond JMJ, Potgieter PD. Long-term effects of selective decontamination on antimicrobial resistance. Crit Care Med 1995;23:637-645.
    • (1995) Crit Care Med , vol.23 , pp. 637-645
    • Hammond, J.M.J.1    Potgieter, P.D.2
  • 105
    • 0023123298 scopus 로고
    • The effect of oral non-absorbable antibiotics on the emergence of resistant bacteria in patients in an intensive care unit
    • Stoutenbeek CP, van Saene HKF, Zandstra DF. The effect of oral non-absorbable antibiotics on the emergence of resistant bacteria in patients in an intensive care unit. J Antimicrob Chemother 1987; 19: 513-520.
    • (1987) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.19 , pp. 513-520
    • Stoutenbeek, C.P.1    Van Saene, H.K.F.2    Zandstra, D.F.3
  • 106
    • 0041778292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term (6-year) effect of selective digestive decontamination on antimicrobial resistance in intensive care multiple-trauma patients
    • Leone M, Albanese J, Antonini F, et al. Long-term (6-year) effect of selective digestive decontamination on antimicrobial resistance in intensive care multiple-trauma patients. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: 2090-2095.
    • (2003) Crit Care Med , vol.31 , pp. 2090-2095
    • Leone, M.1    Albanese, J.2    Antonini, F.3
  • 107
  • 108
    • 0036846427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enteral vancomycin to control methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus outbreak in mechanically ventilated patients
    • Silvestri L, Milanese M, Oblach L, et al. Enteral vancomycin to control methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus outbreak in mechanically ventilated patients. Am J Infect Control 2002; 30: 391-399.
    • (2002) Am J Infect Control , vol.30 , pp. 391-399
    • Silvestri, L.1    Milanese, M.2    Oblach, L.3
  • 109
    • 1342286310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness and safety of enteral vancomycin to control endemicity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a medical/surgical intensive care unit
    • March issue
    • de la Cal MA, Cerda E, van Saene HKF et al. Effectiveness and safety of enteral vancomycin to control endemicity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a medical/surgical intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 2004; March issue.
    • (2004) J Hosp Infect
    • De La Cal, M.A.1    Cerda, E.2    Van Saene, H.K.F.3
  • 110
    • 0032910543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The incidence of a clinical variables associated with vancomycin-resistant enterococcal colonisation in mechanically ventilated patients
    • Bhorade SM, Christenson J, Pohlman AS, et al. The incidence of a clinical variables associated with vancomycin-resistant enterococcal colonisation in mechanically ventilated patients. Chest 1999; 115: 1085-1091.
    • (1999) Chest , vol.115 , pp. 1085-1091
    • Bhorade, S.M.1    Christenson, J.2    Pohlman, A.S.3
  • 111
    • 0343893748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome
    • The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Eng J Med 2000; 342: 1301-1308.
    • (2000) N Eng J Med , vol.342 , pp. 1301-1308
  • 112
    • 0035826096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis
    • Bernard GR, Vincent JL, Laterre PF, et al. Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 699-709.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.344 , pp. 699-709
    • Bernard, G.R.1    Vincent, J.L.2    Laterre, P.F.3
  • 113
    • 0035829852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients
    • van den Berge G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Eng J Med 2001; 345: 1359-1367.
    • (2001) N Eng J Med , vol.345 , pp. 1359-1367
    • Van Den Berge, G.1    Wouters, P.2    Weekers, F.3
  • 114
    • 0037151571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fluorocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock
    • Annane D, Sebille V, Charpentier C, et al. Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fluorocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA 2002; 288: 862-871.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.288 , pp. 862-871
    • Annane, D.1    Sebille, V.2    Charpentier, C.3
  • 116
    • 0025102886 scopus 로고
    • Incidence, risk and prognosis factors of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients
    • Torres A, Aznar R, Gatell JM, et al. Incidence, risk and prognosis factors of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142: 523-528.
    • (1990) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.142 , pp. 523-528
    • Torres, A.1    Aznar, R.2    Gatell, J.M.3
  • 117
    • 0030725185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empirical antimicrobial therapy of mechanically ventilated patients with nosocomial pneumonia
    • Brown EM. Empirical antimicrobial therapy of mechanically ventilated patients with nosocomial pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997; 40: 463-468.
    • (1997) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.40 , pp. 463-468
    • Brown, E.M.1
  • 118
    • 0029148673 scopus 로고
    • Treatment and prevention of nosocomial pneumonia
    • Bergogne-Bérézin E. Treatment and prevention of nosocomial pneumonia. Chest 1995; 108: 26S-34S.
    • (1995) Chest , vol.108
    • Bergogne-Bérézin, E.1
  • 119
    • 0021854774 scopus 로고
    • Ceftazidime versus tobramycin/ticarcillin in the treatment of pneumonia and bacteremia
    • Clone LA, Woodward DR, Stolzman DS. Ceftazidime versus tobramycin/ticarcillin in the treatment of pneumonia and bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1985; 28: 33-36.
    • (1985) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.28 , pp. 33-36
    • Clone, L.A.1    Woodward, D.R.2    Stolzman, D.S.3
  • 120
    • 0032943961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial colonization patterns in mechanically ventilated patients with traumatic and medical head injury
    • Ewig S, Torres A, El-Ebiary M, et al. Bacterial colonization patterns in mechanically ventilated patients with traumatic and medical head injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: 188-198.
    • (1999) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.159 , pp. 188-198
    • Ewig, S.1    Torres, A.2    El-Ebiary, M.3
  • 121
    • 0028274211 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of severe pneumonia in hospitalised patients: Results of a multicenter, randomised, double-blind trial comparing intravenous ciprofloxacin with imipenem/cilastin
    • Fink MP, Snydman DR, Niederman MS, et al. Treatment of severe pneumonia in hospitalised patients: results of a multicenter, randomised, double-blind trial comparing intravenous ciprofloxacin with imipenem/cilastin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 547-557.
    • (1994) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.38 , pp. 547-557
    • Fink, M.P.1    Snydman, D.R.2    Niederman, M.S.3
  • 122
    • 0025001541 scopus 로고
    • Approach to therapy of respiratory infections in the critical care setting
    • Pennington JE. Approach to therapy of respiratory infections in the critical care setting. Sem Respir Infect 1990; 5: 226-232.
    • (1990) Sem Respir Infect , vol.5 , pp. 226-232
    • Pennington, J.E.1
  • 123
    • 0031975321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aerolized antibiotics in mechanically ventilated patients: Delivery and response
    • Palmer LB, Smaldone GC, Simon SR, et al. Aerolized antibiotics in mechanically ventilated patients: delivery and response. Crit Care Med 1998; 26: 31-39.
    • (1998) Crit Care Med , vol.26 , pp. 31-39
    • Palmer, L.B.1    Smaldone, G.C.2    Simon, S.R.3
  • 124
    • 0025069904 scopus 로고
    • Double-blind study of endotracheal tobramycin in the treatment of gram-negative pneumonia
    • Brown RB, Kruse JA, Counts GW. Double-blind study of endotracheal tobramycin in the treatment of gram-negative pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34: 269-272.
    • (1990) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.34 , pp. 269-272
    • Brown, R.B.1    Kruse, J.A.2    Counts, G.W.3
  • 125
    • 0027445283 scopus 로고
    • Microbiological lung surveillance in mechanically ventilated patients, using non-directed bronchial lavage and quantitative culture
    • A'Court CHD, Garrard CS, Crook D, et al. Microbiological lung surveillance in mechanically ventilated patients, using non-directed bronchial lavage and quantitative culture. QJM 1993;86:635-648.
    • (1993) QJM , vol.86 , pp. 635-648
    • A'Court, C.H.D.1    Garrard, C.S.2    Crook, D.3
  • 126
    • 0027389565 scopus 로고
    • Follow-up protected specimen brushes to assess treatment in nosocomial pneumonia
    • Montravers P, Fagon JY, Chastre J, et al. Follow-up protected specimen brushes to assess treatment in nosocomial pneumonia. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147: 38-44.
    • (1993) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.147 , pp. 38-44
    • Montravers, P.1    Fagon, J.Y.2    Chastre, J.3
  • 127
    • 0033837067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short course empiric antibiotic therapy for patients with pulmonary infiltrates in the intensive care unit
    • Singh N, Rogers P, Atwood CW, et al. Short course empiric antibiotic therapy for patients with pulmonary infiltrates in the intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162: 505-511.
    • (2000) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.162 , pp. 505-511
    • Singh, N.1    Rogers, P.2    Atwood, C.W.3
  • 128
    • 0034987587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resolution of infections parameters after antimicrobial therapy in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Dennesen PJW, van der Ven AJAM, Kessels AGH, et al. Resolution of infections parameters after antimicrobial therapy in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 1371-1375.
    • (2001) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.163 , pp. 1371-1375
    • Dennesen, P.J.W.1    Van Der Ven, A.J.A.M.2    Kessels, A.G.H.3
  • 129
    • 0034979537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experience with a clinical guideline for the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Ibrahim EH, Ward S, Sherman G, et al. Experience with a clinical guideline for the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med 2001; 29: 1109-1115.
    • (2001) Crit Care Med , vol.29 , pp. 1109-1115
    • Ibrahim, E.H.1    Ward, S.2    Sherman, G.3
  • 132
    • 0029007248 scopus 로고
    • Is there a role for selective decontamination of the digestive tract in primarily infected patients in the ICU?
    • Hammond JMJ, Potgieter PD. Is there a role for selective decontamination of the digestive tract in primarily infected patients in the ICU? Anaesth Intens Care 1995; 23: 168-174.
    • (1995) Anaesth Intens Care , vol.23 , pp. 168-174
    • Hammond, J.M.J.1    Potgieter, P.D.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.