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Sediment was digested in 1 M acetic acid (pH ≈ 3) to dissolve the carbonate. The remaining sediment was repeatedly rinsed with distilled water, dried, manually ground to powder, and sieved to 200 μm. We suspended the powder in a 2.85 g/cc lithium poly-tungstate solution to separate barite from clays. All higher density material was extracted and rinsed with distilled water. Residual organic matter was oxidized in sodium hypochlorite warmed to 50°C and acidified with HCl. We washed the residue in 0.02 M hydroxylamine hydrochloride in 10 volume percent acetic acid to clear the barite of transition metal oxyhydroxides. All samples were measured for purity on an x-ray diffractometer (XRD), and samples that had nonbarite XRD lines were further purified or reextracted. All samples run for oxygen isotope analysis were assumed to be 97% pure. Oxygen isotopes were measured through pyrolysis in a Thermal Combustion Element Analyzer coupled to a Delta Plus mass spectrometer, then corrected to Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW). NB5127 (NBS) barite was measured at 9.73 ± 0.42‰, indicating the measurement technique was sufficiently accurate and precise. Two separate barite standards were run with all samples for internal verification and drift correction. All samples were corrected to an NBS barite value of 9.3‰.
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1642326418
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note
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18O in benthic foraminifera curve from (30). Sea level change between today and the last glacial maximum was assumed to be 130 m.
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36
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1642324812
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note
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We thank L. Derry and one anonymous reviewer for suggestions that greatly improved this manuscript. Supported by a Department of Defense American Society for Engineering Education Graduate Fellowship (A.V.T.) and NSF grant no. OCE-0096909 (D.P.S).
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