An update on sex in magazine advertising: 1983 to 2003

Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly

Volumn 81, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 823-837

  Reichert, Tom ^a   Carpenter, Courtney ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADVERTISING;

EID: 16344383558     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769900408100407     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Adam Bryant and Anjali Arora, "Fashion's Frat Boy," Newsweek, 13 September 1999, 40.
2. Eric Gillin and Greg Lindsay, "The New Puritanism," Advertising Age 5 April 2004, 1;
3. Ira Teinowitz, "Media Crackdown Chills Marketers," Advertising Age 22 March 2004, 1.
4. Tom Reichert, Jacqueline Lambiase, Susan Morgan, Meta Carstarphen, and Susan Zavoina, "Cheesecake and Beefcake: No Matter How You Slice It, Sexual Explicitness in Advertising Continues to Increase," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 76 (spring 1999): 7-20.
5. Juliann Sivulka, "Historical and Psychological Perspectives on the Erotic Appeal in Advertising," in Sex in Advertising: Perspectives on the Erotic Appeal, ed. Tom Reichert and Jacqueline Lambiase (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2003), 39-64;
6. Tom Reichert, The Erotic History of Advertising (Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 2003).
7. Alice Courtney and Thomas Whipple, Sex Stereotyping in Advertising (Lexington, MA: Heath, 1983), 103.
8. Tom Reichert, Susan E. Heckler, and Sally Jackson, "The Effects of Sexual Social Marketing Appeals on Cognitive Processing and Persuasion," Journal of Advertising 30 (spring 2001): 13-27.
9. Larry Percy and John R. Rossiter, "Advertising Stimulus Effects: A Review," Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising 14 (spring 1992): 75-90;
10. Tom Reichert, "Sex in Advertising: A Review of Content, Effects, and Functions of Sexual Information in Consumer Advertising Research," Annual Review of Sex Research 13 (2002): 241-73.
11. William Grazer and G. Keesling, "The Effect of Print Advertising's Use of Sexual Themes on Brand Recall and Purchase Intention: A Product Specific Investigation of Male Responses," Journal of Applied Business Research 11 (summer 1995): 47-58;
12. Len N. Reid and Larry C. Soley, "Decorative Models and the Readership of Magazine Ads," Journal of Advertising Research 23 (April/May 1983): 27-32;
13. Jessica Severn, George E. Belch, and Michael A. Belch, "The Effects of Sexual and Non-Sexual Advertising Appeals and Information Level on Cognitive Processing and Communication Effectiveness," Journal of Advertising 19 (1, 1990): 14-22.
14. Michael S. LaTour, "Female Nudity in Print Advertising: An Analysis of Gender Differences in Arousal and Ad Response," Psychology & Marketing 7 (spring 1990): 65-81.
15. M. Wayne Alexander and Ben B. Judd, "Differences in Attitudes Toward Nudity in Advertising," Psychology, A Quarterly Journal of Human Behavior 23 (1, 1986): 26-29;
16. John Fetto, Where's the Lovin'?" American Demographics 23 (February 2001): 10;
17. B. Mittal and Walfried M. Lassar, "Sexual Liberalism as a Determinant of Consumer Response to Sex in Advertising," Journal of Business and Psychology 15 (fall 2000): 111-27;
18. Gordon L. Wise, Alan L. King, and J. Paul Merenski, "Reactions to Sexy Ads Vary With Age," Journal of Advertising Research 14 (August 1974): 11-16.
19. Carolyn A. Lin, "Uses of Sexual Appeals in Prime-Time Television Commercials," Sex Roles 38 (March 1998): 461-75.
20. Jami Fullerton and Alice Kendrick, "Comparing Content of Commercials from General Market and Spanish-Language Television," Southwestern Mass Communication Journal 17 (2001): 53-62.
21. Larry Soley and Len Reid, "Taking It Off: Are Models in Magazine Ads Wearing Less?" Journalism Quarterly 65 (winter 1988): 960-66.
22. Reichert et al., "Cheesecake and Beefcake."
23. Lin, "Uses of Sexual Appeals";
24. Reichert et al., "Cheesecake and Beefcake."
25. Fullerton and Kendrick, "Comparing Content";
26. Reichert et al., "Cheesecake and Beefcake."
27. Soley and Reid, "Taking It Off."
28. Linda J. Busby and Greg Leichty, "Feminism and Advertising in Traditional and Nontraditional Women's Magazines 1950s-1980s," Journalism Quarterly 7 (summer 1993): 247-64.
29. Linda Lazier-Smith, "Advertising: Women's Place and Image," in Women in Mass Communication, ed. Pamela J. Creedon (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989), 247-62;
30. Gerald U. Skelly and William J. Lundstrom, "Male Sex Roles in Magazine Advertising: 1959-1979," Journal of Communication 31 (autumn 1981): 52-57;
31. Jill H. Ferguson, Peggy Kreshel, and Spencer Tinkham, "In the Pages of Ms.: Sex Role Portrayals of Women in Advertising," Journal of Advertising 19 (March 1990): 40-51;
32. Busby and Leichty, "Feminism and Advertising."
33. Dolf Zillmann and Jennings Bryant, "Shifting Preferences in Pornography Consumption," Communication Research 13 (October 1986): 560-78.
34. Dolf Zillmann, "Television Viewing and Physiological Arousal," in Responding to the Screen, ed. Jennings Bryant and Dolf Zillmann (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991), 120.
35. For discussion and examples of sex appeals as a response to competitive pressure see Reichert, Erotic History of Advertising, 208, 249, 358-59.
36. Jacqueline Lambiase and Tom Reichert, "Promises, Promises: Exploring Erotic Rhetoric in Sexually Oriented Advertising," in Persuasive Imagery, ed. Linda Scott and Rajeev Batra (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2003), 247-66.
37. Valerie Herman-Cohen, "Fashion too Forward?" Los Angeles Times, 6 September 2000, sec. E, p. 4.
38. Reichert et al., "Cheesecake and Beefcake";
39. Soley and Reid, "Taking It Off";
40. Bradley S. Greenberg and Rick W. Busselle, "Soap Operas and Sexual Activity: A Decade Later," Journal of Communication 46 (fall 1996): 153-60;
41. Barry S. Sapolsky and J.O. Tabarlet, "Sex in Primetime Television: 1979 versus 1989," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 35 (fall 1991): 505-516;
42. James R. Walker, "Sex and Violence in Program Promotion," in Research in Media Promotion, ed. Susan T. Eastman (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2000), 101-126.
43. Kirstie Farrar, Dale Kunkel, Erica Biely, Keren Eyal, R. Fandrich and Ed Donnerstein, "Sexual Messages During Prime-Time Programming," Sexuality & Culture 7 (summer 2003): 7-37.
44. Barry S. Sapolsky, "The Attraction and Repulsion of Media Sex," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 47 (June 2003): 296.
45. Reichert et al., "Cheesecake and Beefcake."
46. Reichert et al., "Cheesecake and Beefcake."
47. Soley and Reid, "Taking It Off."
48. Reichert et al., "Cheesecake and Beefcake."
49. Soley and Reid, "Taking It Off."
50. Reichert et al., "Cheesecake and Beefcake," 11.
51. Reichert et al., "Cheesecake and Beefcake," 11.
52. Reichert et al., "Cheesecake and Beefcake."
53. Sidney Siegel and N. John Castellan, Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1988).
54. Busby and Leichty, "Feminism and Advertising";
55. Soley and Reid, "Taking It Off."
56. Hillel J. Rubinsky, David A. Eckerman, Elizabeth W. Rubinsky, and Chip R. Hoover, "Early-Phase Physiological Response Patterns to Psychosexual Stimuli: Comparison of Male and Female Patterns," Archives of Sexual Behavior 16 (February 1987): 45-56;
57. Debra M. Quackenbush, Donald S. Strassberg, and Charles W. Turner, "Gender Effects of Romantic Themes in Erotica. Archives of Sexual Behavior 24 (February 1995): 21-35.
58. Reichert et al., "Cheesecake and Beefcake";
59. Soley and Reid, "Taking It Off."
60. Busby and Leichty, "Feminism and Advertising," 251.
61. Farrar et al., "Sexual Messages."
62. Alexander and Judd, "Differences in Attitudes"
63. Michael S. LaTour and Tony L. Henthorne, "Female Nudity: Attitudes Toward the Ad and the Brand, and Implications for Advertising Strategy," Journal of Consumer Marketing 10 (3, 1993): 25-32.
64. Nicole R. Krassas, Joan M. Blauwkamp, and Peggy Wesselink, "Master Your Johnson: Sexual Rhetoric in Maxim and Stuff Magazines," Sexuality & Culture 7 (summer 2003): 98-119;
65. Laramie D. Taylor, "Topics of Articles About Sex in American Laddie Magazines" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Communication Association, Miami, FL, 2003).
66. Jacqueline Lambiase and Tom Reichert, "Is There a Maxim Effect? Men's Magazine Covers 'Sexed-up' for Sales" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the AEJMC, Kansas City, 2003).
67. Natalie J. MacKay and Katherine Covell, "The Impact of Women in Advertisements on Attitudes Toward Women," Sex Roles 36 (May 1997): 573-83.
68. For example, see Farrar et al., "Sexual Messages";
69. Tom Reichert and Art Ramirez, "Defining Sex in Advertising: A Grounded Theory Investigation," in Advances in Consumer Research, ed. Stephen J. Hoch and Robert J. Meyer (Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, 2000), 267-73.
70. Reichert et al., "Cheesecake and Beefcake."