Fragrance material review on cinnamaldehyde

Food and Chemical Toxicology

Volumn 43, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 867-923

  Cocchiara, J ^a   Letizia, C S ^a   Lalko, J ^a   Lapczynski, A ^a   Api, A M ^a  

^a RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR FRAGRANCE MATERIALS   (United States)

Author keywords

Cinnamaldehyde; Fragrance; Review

Indexed keywords

CINNAMALDEHYDE; FRAGRANCE;

ABSORPTION; ACUTE TOXICITY; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CYTOTOXICITY; ENZYME INDUCTION; HUMAN; MUCOSA; MUTAGENESIS; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PHOTOALLERGY; PHOTOTOXICITY; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; REVIEW; SKIN TOXICITY; TOXICITY TESTING;

EID: 16244405606     PISSN: 02786915     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2004.09.014     Document Type: Review

References (311)

1. A. Abramovici, and P. Rachmuth-Roizman Molecular structure-teratogenicity relationships of some fragrance additives Toxicology 29 1983 143 156
2. R.M. Adams, and H.I. Maibach A five-year study of cosmetic reactions Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 13 1985 1062 1069
3. H.A. Addo, J. Ferguson, B.E. Johnson, and W. Frain-Bell The relationship between exposure to fragrance materials and persistent light reaction in the photosensitivity dermatitis with actinic reticuloid syndrome British Journal of Dermatology 107 1982 261 274
4. B.N. Ames, J. McCann, and E. Yamasaki Methods for detecting carcinogens and mutagens with the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test Mutation Research 31 1975 347 363
5. K.E. Andersen, A. Volund, and S. Frankild The guinea pig maximization test-with a multiple dose design Acta Dermato-Venereologica 75 1995 463 469
6. G. Angelini, G.A. Vena, G. Giglio, F. Fiordalisi, and C.L. Meneghini Contact dermatitis due to cosmetics Journal of Applied Cosmetology 3 1985 223 236
7. G. Angelini, G.A. Vena, C. Foti, and M. Grandolfo Contact allergy to preservatives and perfumed compounds used in skin care products Journal of Applied Cosmetology 15 1997 49 57
8. S. Asoh, and T. Sugai Incidence of positive reactions in patch tests with cosmetic products and their ingredients in 1986 and representative cases of cosmetic dermatitis Skin Research 29 1987 87 93
9. S. Asoh, T. Sugai, and S. Yamamoto The incidence of positive reactions to cosmetic ingredients in patch tests and three representative cases with allergic cosmetic dermatitis in 1983 Skin Research 26 1984 937 944
10. A. Azizan, and R.D. Blevins Mutagenicity and antimutagenicity testing of six chemicals associated with the pungent properties of specific spices as revealed by the Ames Salmonella microsomal assay Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 28 1995 248 258
11. D.A. Basketter, and C.F. Allenby Studies of the quenching phenomenon in delayed contact hypersensitivity reactions Contact Dermatitis 25 1991 160 171
12. D.A. Basketter, and C.F. Allenby The quenching of contact hypersensitivity reactions J.M. Czernieiewski Immunological and Pharmacological Aspects of Atopic and Contact Eczema volume 4 1991 Karger Basel 224 228
13. D.A. Basketter, R.J. Safford, and C.F. Allenby Studies on the quenching of skin contact reactions to cinnamic aldehyde Skin Pharmacology 4 1991 44
14. D.A. Basketter Skin sensitization to cinnamic alcohol: the role of skin metabolism Acta Dermato-Venereologica 72 1992 264 265
15. D.A. Basketter, and E.W. Scholes Comparison of the local lymph node assay with the guinea-pig maximization test for the detection of a range of contact allergens Food and Chemical Toxicology 30 1992 65 69
16. D.A. Basketter, and G.F. Gerberick An interlaboratory evaluation of the Buehler test for the identification and classification of skin sensitizers Contact Dermatitis 35 1996 146 151
17. D. Basketter, L. Blaikie, R.J. Dearman, I. Kimber, C.C. Ryan, G.F. Gerberick, P. Harvey, P. Evans, I.R. White, and R.J.G. Rycroft Use of the local lymph node assay for the estimation of relative contact allergenic potency Contact Dermatitis 42 2000 344 348
18. K. Becker, E. Temesvari, and I. Nemeth Patch testing with fragrance mix and its constituents in a Hungarian population Contact Dermatitis 30 1994 185 186
19. Bickers, D., Calow, P., Greim, H., Hanifin, J.H., Rogers, A.E., Saurat, J.H., Sipes, I.G., Smith, R.L., Tagami, H., 2005. A toxicologic and dermatologic assessment of cinnamic acid, cinnamaldehyde and cinnamyl alcohol when used as fragrance ingredients. Food and Chemical Toxicology, in press
20. W.F. Blazak, B.E. Stewart, I. Galperin, K.L. Allen, C.J. Rudd, A.D. Mitchell, and W.J. Caspary Stable dicentric chromosomes induced by chemical mutagens in L5178Y mouse cells Mutation Research 173 1986 263 266
21. W.F. Blazak, B.E. Stewart, I. Galperin, K.L. Allen, C.J. Rudd, A.D. Mitchell, and W.J. Caspary Chromosome analysis of trifluorothymidine-resistant L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell colonies Enviromental Mutagenesis 8 1986 229 240
22. E. Boyland, and L.F. Chasseaud Enzyme-catalysed conjugations of glutathione with unsaturated compounds Biochemical Journal 104 1967 95 102
23. E. Boyland, and L.F. Chasseaud The effect of some carbonyl compounds on rat liver glutathione levels Biochemical Pharmacology 19 1970 1526 1528
24. W. Broeckx, A. Blondeel, A. Dooms-Goossens, and G. Achten Cosmetic intolerance Contact Dermatitis 16 1987 189 194
25. M. Bruze Quantitative aspects of contact allergy to isoeugenol and cinnamic aldehyde in deodorants Contact Dermatitis 42 Suppl. 2 2000 5
26. M. Bruze, J.D. Johansen, K.E. Andersen, P. Frosch, J.P. Lepoittevin, S. Rastogi, S. Wakelin, I. White, and T. Menne Deodorants: an experimental provocation study with cinnamic aldehyde Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 48 2003 194 200
27. D.A. Buckley, S.H. Wakelin, D. Holloway, R.J.G. Rycroft, I.R. White, J.P. McFadden, and P.T. Seed The frequency of fragrance allergy in a patch-test population over a 17-year period British Journal of Dermatology 142 2000 279 283
28. E.V. Buehler Delayed contact hypersensitivity in the guinea pig Archives of Dermatology 91 1965 171 177
29. E.V. Buehler, and H.L. Ritz Methods and approaches for assessment of contact hypersensitivity J.H. Dean M.I. Luster A.E. Munson H. Amos Immunotoxicology and Immunopharmacology 1985 Raven Press New York 123 131
30. P. Cadby, W.R. Troy, and M. Vey Consumer exposure to fragrance ingredients: Providing estimates for safety evaluation Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 36 2002 246 252
31. C.D. Calnan, E. Cronin, and R.J.G. Rycroft Allergy to perfume ingredients Contact Dermatitis 6 1980 500 501
32. N. Chernoff, and R.J. Kavlock An in vivo teratology screen utilizing pregnant mice Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 10 1982 541 550
33. Council of Europe, 2000. Partial Agreement in the Social and Public Health Field. Chemically-defined Flavouring Substances. Group 5.2 aromatic aldehydes, page 119, number 102. Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg
34. E. Cronin Allergy to Cosmetics Acta Dermato-Venereologica, Stockholm 134 1985 77 82
35. M. Curvall, C.R. Enzell, and B. Pettersson An evaluation of the utility of four in vitro short term tests for predicting the cytotoxicity of individual compounds derived from tobacco smoke Cell Biology and Toxicology 1 1984 173 193
36. P.J. Danneman, K.A. Booman, J. Dorsky, K.A. Kohrman, A.S. Rothenstein, R.I. Sedlak, R.J. Steltenkamp, and G.R. Thompson Cinnamic aldehyde: a survey of consumer patch-test sensitization Food and Chemical Toxicology 21 1983 721 725
37. A.C. DeGroot, J.D. Bruynzeel, D.P. Bos, H.L.M. vanderMeeren, T. vanJoost, B.A Jagtman, and J.W. Weyland The allergens in cosmetics Archives of Dermatology 124 1988 1525 1529
38. A.C. DeGroot, A.M.J. VanDerKley, D.P. Bruynzeel, M.M.H.M. Meinardi, G. Smeenk, T. VanJoost, and S. Pavel Frequency of false-negative reactions to the fragrance mix Contact Dermatitis 28 1993 139 140
39. L.P.C. Delbressine, P.J.M. Klippert, J.T.A. Reuvers, and F. Seutter-Berlage Isolation and identification of mercapturic acids of cinnamic aldehyde and cinnamyl alcohol from urine of female rats Archives of Toxicology 49 1981 57 64
40. H.V. DeSilva, and D.M. Shankel Effects of the antimutagen cinnamaldehyde on reversion and survival of selected Salmonella tester strains Mutation Research 187 1987 11 19
41. H. Devaraj, S. Niranjali, and M. Raveendran Effect of food flavor cinnamaldehyde on liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 in rats Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 49 1992 306 311
42. T. Dikeakou, A. Katsarou-Katsari, E. Hatziolou, and A. Katsambas Relative frequency of immediate and delayed patch test reactions Contact Dermatitis 19 1988 151 152
43. D.M. Dillon, D.B. McGregor, R.D. Combes, and E. Zeiger Detection of mutagenicity in Salmonella of some aldehydes and peroxides Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 19 Suppl. 20 1992 15
44. D.M. Dillon, D.B. McGregor, R.D. Combes, and E. Zeiger Optimal conditions for detecting bacterial mutagenicity of some aldehydes and peroxides Mutation Research 271 1992 184
45. D. Dillon, R. Combes, and E. Zeiger The effectiveness of Salmonella strains TA100, TA102 and TA104 for detecting mutagenicity of some aldehydes and peroxides Mutagenesis 13 1998 19 26
46. A. Dooms-Goossens, S. Kerre, J. Drieghe, L. Bossuyt, and H. DeGreef Cosmetic products and their allergens European Journal of Dermatology 2 1992 465 468
47. J.M. Dornish, E.O. Pettersen, and R. Oftebro Synergistic cell inactivation of Human NHIK 3025 cells by cinnamaldehyde in combination with cis-diamminedichloro-platinum(II) Cancer Research 48 1988 938 942
48. J.M. Dornish, E.O. Pettersen, and R. Oftebro Modifying effect of cinnamaldehyde derivatives on cell inactivation of cis- diamminedichloroplatinum(II) in Human NHIK 3025 cells Cancer Research 49 1989 3917 3921
49. Draize, J.H., 1959. Intracutaneous sensitization test on guinea pigs. In Appraisal of the Safety of Chemicals in Food and Cosmetics. Austin, Texas. Association of Food and Drug Officials of the United States
50. J.H. Draize, G. Woodard, and H.O. Calvery Methods for the study of irritation and toxicity of substances applied topically to the skin and mucous membranes Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 82 1944 377 390
51. R. Edenharder, I. von Petersdorff, and R. Rauscher Antimutagenic effects of flavonoids, chalcones and structurally related compounds on the activity of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) and other heterocyclic amine mutagens from cooked food Mutation Research 287 1993 261 274
52. E. Eder, D. Henschler, and T. Neudecker Mutagenic properties of allylic and α,β-unsaturated compounds: consideration of alkylating mechanisms Xenobiotica 12 1982 831 848
53. E. Eder, C. Deininger, and D. Muth Genotoxicity of p-Nitrocinnamaldehyde and related α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds in two bacterial assays Mutagenesis 6 1991 261 269
54. E. Eder, S. Scheckenbach, C. Deininger, and C. Hoffman The possible role of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds in mutagenesis and carcinogenesis Toxicology Letters 67 1993 87 103
55. H.J. Eiermann, W. Larsen, H.I. Maibach, and J.S. Taylor Prospective study of cosmetic reactions: 1977-1980 Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 6 1982 909 917
56. W.W. Emmons, and J.G. Marks Immediate and delayed reactions to cosmetic ingredients Contact Dermatitis 13 1985 258 265
57. F. Enders, B. Przybilla, and J. Ring Patch testing with fragrance mix at 16% and 8%, and its individual constituents Contact Dermatitis 20 1989 237 238
58. FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Code of Federal Regulations, 21 CFR 182.60. Title 21 - Food and Drugs, Volume 3, Chapter I - Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services. Part 182 - Substances Generally Recognized as Safe. Subpart A - General Provisions, 60 - Synthetic Flavoring Substances and Adjuvants
59. FEMA (Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association), 1965. Recent progress in the consideration of flavoring ingredients under the food additives amendment III. GRAS Substances. Food Technology 19 (part 2), 151-197
60. R. Fiorio, and G. Bronzetti Effects of cinnamaldehyde on survival and formation of HGPRT(-) mutants in V79 cells treated with methyl methanesulfonate, n-nitroso-n-methylurea, ethyl methanesulfonate and UV light Mutation Research 324 1994 51 57
61. I. Florin, L. Rutberg, M. Curvall, and C.R. Enzell Screening of tobacco smoke constituents for mutagenicity using the Ames' test Toxicology 15 1980 219 232
62. R.A. Ford, B. Domeyer, O. Easterday, K. Maier, and J. Middleton Criteria for development of a database for safety evaluation of fragrance ingredients Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 31 2000 166 181
63. P. Forschmidt, E. Liban, and A. Abramovici Teratogenic activity of flavor additives Teratology 19 1979 26a
64. P.J. Frosch, B. Pilz, K.E. Andersen, D. Burrows, J.G. Camarasa, A. Dooms-Goossens, G. Ducombs, T. Fuchs, M. Hannuksela, J.M. Lachapelle, A. Lahti, H.I. Maibach, T. Menne, R.J.G. Rycroft, S. Shaw, J.E. Wahlberg, I.R. White, and J.D. Wilkinson Patch testing with fragrances: Results of a multicenter study of the European Environmental and Contact Dermatitis Research Group with 48 frequently used constituents of perfumes Contact Dermatitis 33 1995 333 342
65. P.J. Frosch, B. Pilz, D. Burrows, J.G. Camarasa, J.-M. Lachapelle, A. Lahti, T. Menne, and J.D. Wilkinson Testing with fragrance mix. Is the addition of sorbitan sesquioleate to the constituents useful? Contact Dermatitis 32 1995 266 272
66. T. Fujii, S. Furukawa, and S. Suzuki Studies on compounded perfumes for toilet goods. On the non-irritative compounded perfumes for soaps Yukugaku 21 1972 904 908
67. M. Fujimoto, N. Higashi, A. Kume, K. Ueda, and N. Hino Patch test results in 332 patients suspected of cosmetic dermatitis Environmental Dermatology 4 1997 268 276
68. Gad, S.C., Darr, R.W., Dobbs, D.W., Dunn, B.J., Reilly, C., Walsh, R.D., 1986a. Comparison of the potency of 52 dermal sensitizers in the mouse ear swelling test (MEST). The 1986 annual meeting of the Society of Toxicology. Toxicologist 6, 67
69. S.C. Gad, B.J. Dunn, D.W. Dobbs, C. Reilly, and R.D. Walsh Development and validation of an alternative dermal sensitization test: The mouse ear swelling test (MEST) Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 84 1986 93 114
70. A. Galli, C. Della Croce, R. Minnucci, R. Fiorio, D. Rosellini, and G. Bronzetti Effect of cinnamaldehyde on the UV-, EMS- and MMS-induced genotoxicity in yeast Mutation Research 271 1992 120
71. S.M. Galloway, M.J. Armstrong, C. Reuben, S. Colman, B. Brown, C. Cannon, A.D. Bloom, F. Nakamura, M. Ahmed, S. Duk, J. Rimpo, B.H. Margolin, M.A. Resnick, B. Anderson, and E. Zeiger Chromosome aberration and sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells: Evaluations of 108 chemicals Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 10 1987 1 175
72. E. Gocke Growth inhibition and antimutagenic action by cinnamaldehyde Mutation Research 216 1989 293
73. R. Gollhausen, and A.M. Kligman Human assay for identifying substances which induce non-allergic contact urticaria: the NICU-test Contact Dermatitis 13 1985 98 106
74. M.J.D. Goodfield, and E.M. Saihan Fragrance sensitivity in coal miners Contact Dermatitis 18 1988 81 83
75. M.H.L. Green, and W.J. Muriel Mutagen testing using trp+ reversion in Escherichia coli Mutation Research 38 1976 3 32
76. N. Gupta, S.D. Shenoi, and C. Balachandran Fragrance sensitivity in allergic contact dermatitis Contact Dermatitis 40 1999 53 54
77. E.C. Hagan, W.H. Hansen, O.G. Fitzhugh, P.M. Jenner, W.I. Jones, J.M. Taylor, E.L. Long, A.A. Nelson, and J.B. Brouwer Food flavourings and compounds of related structure. II. Subacute and chronic toxicity Food and Cosmetics Toxicology 5 1967 141 157
78. C.E. Haines Jr. Antimutagenesis and lethality studies of cinnamaldehyde in bacterial systems (traditional medicines, spices) Dissertation Abstracts International 56 1995 1821-B
79. C.E. Haines Jr., and D.M. Shankel The effects of cinnamaldehyde and vanillin in growth assays of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 15 1990 23 24
80. M. Harada, and Y. Ozaki Pharmacological studies on Chinese cinnamon. I. Central effects of cinnamaldehyde Yakugaku Zasshi 92 1972 135 140
81. M. Harada, Y. Hirayama, and R. Yamazaki Pharmacological studies on Chinese cinnamon. V. Catecholamine releasing effect of cinnamaldehyde in dogs Journal of Pharmacobio-Dynamics 5 1982 539 546
82. B.D. Hardin, R.L. Schuler, J.R. Burg, G.M. Booth, K.P. Hazelden, K.M. MacKenzie, V.J. Piccirillo, and K.N. Smith Evaluation of 60 chemicals in a preliminary developmental toxicity test Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis 7 1987 29 48
83. G.G. Hatch, T.M. Anderson, R.A. Lubet, R.E. Kouri, D.L. Putman, J.W. Cameron, R.W. Nims, B. Most, J.W. Spalding, R.W. Tennant, and L.M. Schechtman Chemical enhancement of SA7 virus transformation of hamster embryo cells: evaluation by interlaboratory testing of diverse chemicals Environmental Mutagenesis 8 1986 515 531
84. R. Hayakawa Japan Patch Test Research Group Patch test positive rates of cosmetic ingredients in 1984 Skin Research 28 1986 93 100
85. M. Hayashi, T. Sofuni, and M. Ishidate Jr. A pilot experiment for the micronucleus test. The multi-sampling at multi-dose levels method Mutation Research 141 1984 165 169
86. M. Hayashi, M. Kishi, T. Sofuni, and M. Ishidate Jr. Micronucleus tests in mice on 39 food additives and eight miscellaneous chemicals Food and Chemical Toxicology 26 1988 487 500
87. C.D. Hebert, J. Yuan, and M.P. Dieter Comparison of the toxicity of cinnamaldehyde when administered by microencapsulation in feed or by corn oil gavage Food and Chemical Toxicology 32 1994 1107 1115
88. S.A. Hendriks, and C.J.W. van Ginkel Evaluation of the fragrance mix in the European standard series Contact Dermatitis 41 1999 161 162
89. D.C. Hinselwood, C.K. Smith, and S.A.M. Hotchkiss Role of cutaneous alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes in the detoxication and metabolic activation of the contact allergens cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic alcohol Drug Metabolism Reviews 33 Suppl. 1 2001 42
90. S. Hirano, and K. Yoshikawa Patch testing with European American standard allergens in Japanese patients Contact Dermatitis 8 1982 48 50
91. D. Holness, and J.R. Nethercott Epicutaneous testing results in hairdressers American Journal of Contact Dermatitis 1 1990 224 234
92. D.L. Holness, and J.R. Nethercott Patch testing in an occupational health clinic American Journal of Contact Dermatitis 5 1994 150 155
93. D.L. Holness, and J.R. Nethercott Comparison of occupational and nonoccupational contact dermatitis American Journal of Contact Dermatitis 5 1994 207 212
94. D.L. Holness, and J.R. Nethercott Results of patch testing with a special series of rubber allergens Contact Dermatitis 36 1997 207 211
95. E. Hölzle, N. Neumann, B. Hausen, B. Przybilla, S. Schauder, H. Honigsmann, A. Bircher, and G. Plewig Photopatch testing: the 5 year experience of the German, Austrian, and Swiss photopatch test group Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 25 part 1 1991 59 68
96. S.A. Hotchkiss, P. Nasseri-Sina, and D.-M. Turfrey Lactate dehydrogenase leakage and glutathione depletion by cinnamic aldehyde in cultured rat and human keratinocytes Journal of Investigative Dermatology 100 1993 585
97. S.A.M. Hotchkiss Absorption of fragrance ingredients using in vitro models with human skin P.J. Frosch J.D. Johansen I.R. White Fragrances: Beneficial and Adverse Effects 1998 Springer-Verlag Berlin 125 135
98. S.A. Hotchkiss, P. Hewitt, A. Mint, A. Garnett, and J. Caldwell Percutaneous absorption of fragrance chemicals through human skin in vitro Toxicology Letters suppl 1 1992 173
99. HPV (High Production Volume), 2001. The Flavor and Fragrance High Production Volume Consortia. Robust summary and test plan for cinnamyl derivatives. Submitted to the EPA, January 2001
100. ICCA, (International Council of Chemical Associations). Available from: 〈http://www.icca-chem.org/〉
101. IFRA (International Fragrance Association), 1974. Closed patch test of fragrance materials on the epidermis. Unpublished report. Document number 15562
102. IFRA (International Fragrance Association), 2003. Code Of Practice, Standard on cinnamaldehyde. Brussels
103. M. Ishidate Jr., T. Sofuni, K. Yoshikawa, M. Hayashi, T. Nohmi, M. Sawada, and A. Matsuoka Primary mutagenicity screening of food additives currently used in Japan Food and Chemical Toxicology 22 1984 623 636
104. M. Ishihara, M. Itoh, M. Nishimura, M. Kinoshita, H. Kantoh, T. Nogami, and K. Yamada Closed epicutaneous test Skin Research 28 Suppl. 2 1986 230 240
105. M. Itoh, M. Ishihara, K. Hosono, H. Kantoh, M. Kinoshita, K. Yamada, and M. Nishimura Results of patch tests conducted between 1978 and 1985 using cosmetic ingredients Skin Research 28 Suppl. 2 1986 110 119
106. M. Itoh, K. Hosono, H. Kantoh, M. Kinoshita, K. Yamada, R. Kurosaka, and M. Nishimura Patch test results with cosmetic ingredients conducted between 1978 and 1986 Journal of the Society Cosmetic Science 12 1988 27 41
107. JECFA (Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives), 2000. Cinnamyl alcohol and related flavouring agents. Who Food Additives Series: 46. Prepared by the Fifty-fifth meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert committee on Food Additives. June 6-15, Geneva, Switzerland. World Health Organization
108. C.T. Jansen, G. Wennersten, I. Rystedt, P. Thune, and H. Brodthagen The Scandinavian standard photopatch test procedure Contact Dermatitis 8 1982 155 158
109. P.M. Jenner, E.C. Hagan, J.M. Taylor, E.L. Cook, and O.G. Fitzhugh Food flavorings and compounds of related structure I. Acute oral toxicity Food and Cosmetics Toxicology 2 1964 327 343
110. Y. Jimbo Penetration of fragrance compounds through human epidermis Journal of Dermatology 10 1983 229 239
111. Z.C. Jin Inhibitory effects of garlicin and cinnamaldehyde on SOS response and their mechanisms in Escherichia coli Chung Hua Yu Fang I Hsueh Tsa Chih 27 1993 135 138
112. J.D. Johansen, and T. Menne The fragrance mix and its constituents: A 14-year material Contact Dermatitis 32 1995 18 23
113. J.D. Johansen, K.E. Andersen, S.C. Rastogi, and T. Menne Threshold responses in cinnamic-aldehyde-sensitive subjects: results and methodological aspects Contact Dermatitis 34 1996 165 171
114. J.D. Johnson, D.L. Reichelderfer, M.J. Ryan, J.D. Toft II, J.T. Yarrington, S.W. Graves, M.R. Hejtmancik, and J. Bucher Microencapsulated trans-cinnamaldehyde subchronic dosed-feed study using F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice Toxicologist 42 1-S 1998 56
115. A. Kasamaki, and S. Urasawa Transforming potency of flavoring agents in Chinese hamster cells Journal of Toxicological Sciences 10 1985 177 185
116. A. Kasamaki, and S. Urasawa Characteristic changes of Chinese hamster cells surviving treatment with flavoring agents Toxicology Letters 18 Suppl. 1 1983 112
117. A. Kasamaki, H. Takahashi, N. Tsumura, J. Niwa, T. Fujita, and S. Urasawa Genotoxicity of flavoring agents Mutation Research 105 1982 387 392
118. A. Kasamaki, T. Yasuhara, and S. Urasawa Tumorigenicity of Chinese hamster cells transformed with flavoring agents in nude mice Toxicological Letters 31 Suppl. 1986 198
119. A. Kasamaki, T. Yasuhara, and S. Urasawa Neoplastic transformation of Chinese hamster cells in vitro after treatment with flavoring agents Journal of Toxicological Sciences 12 1987 383 396
120. R. Kashima, Y. Oyake, J. Okada, and Y. Ikeda Studies of new short-period method for delayed contact hypersensitivity assay in the guinea pig. 2. Studies of the enhancement effect of cyclophosphamide Contact Dermatitis 29 1993 26 32
121. R. Kashima, J. Okada, Y. Ikeda, and N. Yoshizuka Challenge assay in vitro using lymphocyte blastogenesis for the contact hypersensitivity assay Food and Chemical Toxicology 31 1993 759 766
122. F. Kato, A. Araki, K. Nozaki, and T. Matsushima Mutagenicity of aldehydes and diketones Mutation Research 216 1989 366 367
123. G. Katsarma, and D.J. Gawkrodger Suspected fragrance allergy requires extended patch testing to individual fragrance allergens Contact Dermatitis 41 1999 193 197
124. A. Katsarou, M. Armenaka, D. Kalogeromitrious, V. Koufu, and S. Georgala Contact reactions to fragrances Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 82 1999 449 456
125. A.E. Katz Dermal irritating properties of essential oils and aromatic chemicals The Spice Mill 69 1946 46 48
126. T. Kern, and G. Kiplinger Acute and subacute toxicologic evaluation of (CCET method) trans-Cinnamaldehyde International Journal of Toxicology 19 2000 365
127. K.R. Kim, K.H. Cho, and J.C. Ryu The mutagenic spectrum of cinnamaldehyde in vitro and in vivo Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 29 Suppl. 28 1997 26
128. Klecak, G., 1979. The open epicutaneous test (OET), a predictive test procedure in the guinea pig for estimation of allergenic properties of simple chemical compounds, their mixtures and of finished cosmetic preparations. International Federation Societies Cosmetic Chemists 9/18/79
129. G. Klecak, H. Geleick, and J.R. Frey Screening of fragrance materials for allergenicity in the guinea pig. I. Comparison of four testing methods Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists 28 1977 53 64
130. A.M. Klibanov, and P.P. Giannousis Geometric specificity of alcohol dehydrogenases and its potential for separation of trans and cis isomers of unsaturated aldehydes Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 79 1982 3462 3465
131. A.M. Kligman The identification of contact allergens by human assay. III. The maximization test. A procedure for screening and rating contact sensitizers Journal of Investigative Dermatology 47 1966 393 409
132. A.M. Kligman, and W. Epstein Updating the maximization test for identifying contact allergens Contact Dermatitis 1 1975 231 239
133. A.A. Klyosov Kinetics and specificity of human liver aldehyde dehydrogenases toward aliphatic, aromatic and fused polycyclic aldehydes Biochemistry 35 1996 4457 4467
134. A. Kurishita, and T. Ihara Inhibitory effects of cobalt chloride and cinnamaldehyde on 5-azacytidine-induced digital malformations in rats Teratology 41 1990 161 166
135. Y. Kuroda, Y.S. Yoo, and T. Ishibashi Antimutagenic activity of food additives Mutation Research 130 1984 369
136. K. Kuroda, S. Tanaka, Y.S. Yu, and T. Ishibashi Rec-assay of food additives Nippon Kosnu Eisei Zasshi 31 1984 277 281
137. A. Lahti, and H.I. Maibach An animal model for nonimmunologic contact urticaria Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 76 1984 219 224
138. A. Lahti, and H.I. Maibach Species specificity of nonimmunologic contact urticaria: Guinea pig, rat, and mouse Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 13 1985 66 69
139. A. Lahti, A. Vaananen, E. Kokkonen, and M. Hannuksela Acetylsalicylic acid inhibits nonimmunologic contact urticaria Contact Dermatitis 16 1987 133 135
140. J. Lalko The Relevance of Fragrance Material Peroxidation to Results in the Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA) International Journal of Toxicology 21 2002 520
141. L.R. Lan, J.Y. Lee, H.F. Kao, B.J. Wang, and H.C. Chen Persistent light reaction with erythroderma caused by musk ambrette: a case report Cutis 54 1994 167 170
142. W. Larsen, H. Nakayama, M. Lindberg, T. Fischer, P. Elsner, D. Burrows, W. Jordan, S. Shaw, J. Wilkinson, J. Marks Jr., M. Sugawara, and J. Nethercott Fragrance contact dermatitis: a worldwide multicenter investigation (Part 1) American Journal of Contact Dermatitis 7 1996 77 83
143. 2 ZK 1350 to phototoxicity and skin corrosivity testing Toxicology In Vitro 9 1995 557 562
144. W. Lijinsky, and A.W. Andrews Mutagenicity of vinyl compounds in Salmonella typhimurium Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis 1 1980 259 267
145. D. Lutz, E. Eder, T. Neudecker, and D. Henschler Structure-mutagenicity relationship in α,β-unsaturated carbonylic compounds and their corresponding allylic alcohols Mutation Research 93 1982 305 315
146. A.W. Macfarlane, R.K. Curley, R.M. Graham, M.S. Lewis-Jones, and C.M. King Delayed patch test reactions at days 7 and 9 Contact Dermatitis 20 1989 127 132
147. B. Magnusson, and A.M. Kligman The identification of contact allergens by animal assay. The guinea pig maximization test Journal of Investigative Dermatology 52 1969 268 276
148. H.C. Maguire Jr. The bioassay of contact allergens in the guinea pig Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists 24 1973 151 162
149. Majeti, V.A., Suskind, R.R., 1978. Sensitization study of cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamyl aldehyde in guinea pigs. RIFM report number 3360, July 20
150. G. Malanin., and K. Ohela Allergic reactions to fragrance-mix and its components Contact Dermatitis 21 1989 62 63
151. A. Mantovani, A.V. Stazi, C. Macri, C. Ricciardi, A. Piccioni, and E. Badellino Pre-natal (segment II) toxicity study of cinnamic aldehyde in the Sprague-Dawley rat Food and Chemical Toxicology 27 1989 781 786
152. J.G. Marks Jr., D.V. Belsito, V.A. Deleo, J.F. Fowler Jr., A.F. Fransway, H.I. Maibach, C.G.T. Mathias, J.R. Nethercott, R.L. Rietschel, L.E. Rosenthal, E.F. Sherertz, F.J. Storrs, and J.S. Taylor North American Contact Dermatitis Group standard tray patch test results (1992 to 1994) American Journal of Contact Dermatitis 6 1995 160 165
153. J.G. Marks Jr., D.V. Belsito, V.A. Deleo, J.F. Fowler Jr., A.F. Fransway, H.I. Maibach, C.G.T. Mathias, J.R. Nethercott, R.L. Rietschel, E.F. Sherertz, F.J. Storrs, and J.S. Taylor North American Contact Dermatitis Group patch test results for the detection of delayed-type hypersensitivity to topical allergens Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 38 1998 160 165
154. J.G. Marks Jr., A.F. Fransway, H.I Maibach, C.G Mathias, M.D. Pratt, R.I. Rietsche, E.F. Sherertz, F.J. Storrs, J.S. Taylor, D.V. Belsito, V.A. DeLeo, and J.F. Fowler Jr. North American Contact Dermatitis Group patch-test results, 1996-1998 Archives of Dermatology 136 2000 272 273
155. L.J. Marnett, H.K. Hurd, M.C. Hollstein, D.E. Levin, H. Esterbauer, and B.N. Ames Naturally occurring carbonyl compounds are mutagens in Salmonella tester strain TA104 Mutation Research 148 1985 25 34
156. D.B. Maron, and B.N Ames Revised methods for the Salmonella mutagenicity test Mutation Research 113 1983 173 215
157. Martelli, A., Brambilla, Campart, G., Ghia, M., Mereto, E., 1993. Evaluation of the carcinogenic potential of cinnamaldehyde in a battery of in vivo short-term tests. In: Proceedings of the Eighty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research. May 19-22, Orlando, Florida, pp. 34, 132
158. F.N. Marzulli, and H.I. Maibach Effects of vehicles and elicitation concentration in contact dermatitis testing. I. Experimental contact sensitization in humans Contact Dermatitis 2 1976 325 329
159. F.N. Marzulli, and H.I. Maibach Contact allergy: Predictive testing of fragrance ingredients in humans by Draize and maximization methods Journal of Environmental Pathology and Toxicology 3 1980 235 245
160. C.G.T. Mathias, R.R. Chappler, and H.I. Maibach Contact uticaria from cinnamic aldehyde Archives of Dermatology 116 1980 74 76
161. E.J. Matthews, J.W. Spalding, and R.W. Tennant Transformation of BALB/c-3T3 cells: IV. Rank-ordered potency of 24 chemical responses detected in a sensitive new assay procedure Environmental Health Perspectives 101 Suppl. 2 1993 319 345
162. T. Maurer, and I. Kimber Draining lymph node cell activation in guinea pigs: Comparisons with the murine local lymph node assay Toxicology 69 1991 209 218
163. Th. Maurer, E.G. Weirich, and R. Hess The optimization test in the guinea pig in relation to other predictive sensitization methods Toxicology 15 1980 163 171
164. B. Meding Skin symptoms among workers in a spice factory Contact Dermatitis 29 1993 202 205
165. E. Mereto, G. Brambilla-Campart, M. Ghia, A. Martelli, and G. Brambilla Cinnamaldehyde-induced micronuclei in rodent liver Mutation Research 322 1994 1 8
166. F. Meyer, and E. Meyer Absorption of ethereal oils and substances contained in them through the skin Arzneimittel-Forschung 9 1959 516 519
167. J.C. Mirsalis, C.K. Tyson, K.L. Steinmetz, E.K. Loh, C.M. Hamilton, J.P. Bakke, and J.W. Spalding Measurement of unscheduled DNA synthesis and S-phase synthesis in rodent hepatocytes following in vivo treatment: testing of 24 compounds Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 14 1989 155 164
168. J.C. Mitchell Contact hypersensitivity to some perfume materials Contact Dermatitis 1 1975 196 199
169. J.C. Mitchell, C.D. Calnan, W.E. Clendenning, E. Cronin, N. Hjorth, B. Magnusson, H.I. Maibach, C.L. Meneghini, and D.S. Wilkinson Patch testing with some components of Balsam of Peru Contact Dermatitis 2 1976 57 58
170. J.C. Mitchell, R.M. Adams, W.E. Glendenning, A. Fisher, N. Kanof, W. Larsen, H.I. Maibach, E.J. Rudner, W. Schorr, F. Storrs, and J.S. Taylor Results of standard patch tests with substances abandoned Contact Dermatitis 8 1982 336 337
171. K. Mochida, M. Gomyoda, T. Fujita, and K. Yamagata Toxicity of allyl isothiocyanate and cinnamic aldehyde assessed using cultured human KB cells and yeast, Saccharomyces cervisiae Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 40 1988 339 342
172. K.H. Moon, and M.Y. Pack Cytotoxicity of cinnamic aldehyde on leukemia L1210 cells Drug and Chemical Toxicology 6 1983 521 535
173. F. Moro, F. Sparatore, and R. Piccinini Phacotoxic action of alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonylic substances and beta-napthyl derivatives (experimental study) Ann. Ottamol. Clin. Ocul. 95 1969 935 944
174. K. Mortelmans, S. Haworth, T. Lawlor, Speck, B. Tainer, and E. Zeiger Salmonella mutagenicity tests: II. Results from the testing of 270 chemicals Environmental Mutagenesis 8 1986 1 119
175. N. Motohashi, Y. Ashihara, C. Yamagami, and Y. Saito Antimutagenic effects of dehydrozingerone and its analogs on UV-induced mutagenesis in Escherichia coli Mutation Research 377 1997 17 25
176. T. Nagareda, T. Sugai, A. Shouji, J. Katoh, T. Mita, M. Utsumi, and T. Nakanishi Incidence of positive reactions to cosmetic products and their ingredients in patch tests and representative cases with cosmetic dermatitis in 1991. The 16th Annual Meeting of Japanese Society for Contact Dermatitis. Osaka, Japan, December 7th and 8th, 1991 Skin Research 34 Suppl. 14 1992 176 182
177. J.P Nater, M.C.J.M. DeJong, A.J.M. Baar, and E. Bleumink Contact urticarial skin responses to cinnamaldehyde Contact Dermatitis 3 1977 151 154
178. J.R. Nethercott Results of routine patch testing of 200 patients in Toronto, Canada Contact Dermatitis 8 1982 389 395
179. J.R. Nethercott, and D.L. Holness The positive predictive value of patch tests in the evaluation of patients with suspected contact dermatitis Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America 9 1989 549 554
180. J.R. Nethercott, G. Nield, and D.L. Holness A review of 79 cases of eyelid dermatitis Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 21 1989 223 230
181. J.R. Nethercott, D.L. Holness, R.M. Adams, D.V. Belsito, V.A. DeLeo, E.A. Emmett, J. Fowler, A.A. Fisher, W. Larsen, H. Maibach, J. Marks, J. Mitchell, R. Rietschel, L. Rosenthal, W. Schorr, F. Storrs, and J. Taylor Patch testing with a routine screening tray in North America, 1985 through 1989: III. Age and response American Journal of Contact Dermatitis 2 1991 198 201
182. J.R. Nethercott, D.L. Holness, R.M. Adams, D.V. Belsito, V.A. DeLeo, E.A. Emmett, J. Fowler, A.A. Fisher, W.G. Larsen, H.I. Maibach, J. Marks, R.L. Rietschel, L. Rosenthal, W.F. Storrs, and J.S. Taylor Patch testing with a routine screening tray in North America, 1987 through 1989: IV. Occupation and response American Journal of Contact Dermatitis 2 1991 247 254
183. J.R. Nethercott, D.L. Holness, R.M. Adams, D.V. Belsito, V.A. DeLeo, E.A. Emmett, J. Fowler, A.A. Fisher, W. Larsen, H. Maibach, J. Marks, R. Rietschel, L. Rosenthal, W. Schorr, F. Storrs, and J. Taylor Patch testing with a routine screening tray in North America, 1985-1989. I. Frequency of response American Journal of Contact Dermatitis 2 1991 122 129
184. J.R. Nethercott, D.L. Holness, R.M. Adams, D.V. Belsito, V.A. DeLeo, E.A. Emmett, J.F. Fowler Jr., A.M. Fisher, W.G. Larsen, H.I. Maibach, J.G. Marks Jr., R.L. Reitschel, L. Rosenthal, W. Schorr, F.J. Storrs, and J.S. Taylor Multivariate analysis of the effect of selected factors on the elicitation of patch test response to 28 common environmental contactants in North America American Journal of Contact Dermatitis 5 1994 13 18
185. T. Neudecker, K. Ohrlein, E. Eder, and D. Henschler Effect of methyl and halogen substitutions in the alpha-carbon position on the mutagenicity of cinnamaldehyde Mutation Research 110 1983 1 8
186. M. Nishimura, M. Ishihara, M. Itoh, K. Hosono, and H. Kantoh Results of patch tests on cosmetic ingredients conducted between 1979 and 1982 Skin Research 26 1984 945 954
187. NTP (National Toxicology Program), 2004. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of trans-cinnamaldehyde (microencapsulated) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 mice. NTP TR 514, NIH Publication No. 04-4448
188. Nutley, B.P., 1990. Investigations into the metabolism of cinnamic acid, cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamaldehyde in relation to their safety evaluation. A Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of London, Department of Pharmacology. Private communication to RIFM. RIFM report number 18568
189. Y. Oda, Y. Hamono, K. Inoue, H. Yamamoto, T. Niihara, and N. Kunita Mutagenicity of food flavors in bacteria Shokuhin Eisei Hen 9 1979 177 181
190. T. Oguro, H. Kaminaga, T. Yoshida, Y. Kuroiwa, C. Komatsu, H. Sueki, M. Iijima, and R. Fujisawa Effects of cosmetic ingredients on polyamine biosynthetic enzymes in mouse epidermis-with special reference to skin irritating agents Nippon Koshohin Kagakkaishi 15 1991 120 126
191. T. Ohta, K. Watanabe, M. Moriya, Y. Shirasu, and T. Kada Antimutagenic effects of cinnamaldehyde on chemical mutagenesis in Escherichia coli Mutation Research 107 1983 219 227
192. T. Ohta, K. Watanabe, M. Moriya, Y. Shirasu, and T. Kada Anti-mutagenic effects of coumarin and umbelliferone on mutagenesis induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide or UV irradiation in E. coli Mutation Research 117 1983 135 138
193. T. Ohta, K. Watanabe, M. Moriya, Y. Shirasu, and T. Kada Analysis of the antimutagenic effect of cinnamaldehyde on chemically induced mutagenesis in Escherichia coli Molecular and General Genetics 192 1983 309 315
194. T. Ohta, R. Tsukamoto, H. Imanishi, K. Watanabe, and Y. Shirasu Effects of antimutagenic compounds on the induction of the SOS response Mutation Research 147 1985 271
195. T. Ohta, K. Watanabe, R. Tsukamoto, Y. Shirasu, and T. Kada Antimutagenic effects of 5-fluorourcil and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine on UV induced mutagenesis in Escherichia coli Mutation Research 173 1986 19 24
196. T. Ohta Mechanisms of antimutagenic action of flavorings Kankyo Hen'igen Kenkyu 17 1995 23 33
197. K.A. Palmer L5178Y TK ± assay of cinnamaldehyde and several structurally related compounds Environmental Mutagenesis 6 1984 423 424
198. Peters, M.M.C.G., 1993. Metabolic and mechanistic studies in the safety evaluation of trans-cinnamaldehyde. A Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of London, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
199. M.M.C.G. Peters, and J. Caldwell Studies on trans-cinnamaldehyde. 1. The influence of dose size and sex on its disposition in the rat and mouse Food and Chemical Toxicology 32 1994 869 876
200. B. Pettersson, M. Curvall, and C.R. Enzell Effects of tobacco smoke compounds on the noradrenaline induced oxidative metabolism in isolated brown fat cells Toxicology 18 1980 1 15
201. B. Pettersson, M. Curvall, and C.R. Enzell Effects of tobacco smoke compounds on the ciliary activity of the embryo chicken trachea in vitro Toxicology 23 1982 41 55
202. R. Pietruszko, K. Crawford, and D. Lester Comparison of substrate specificity of alcohol dehydrogenases from human liver, horse liver, and yeast towards saturated and 2-enoic alcohols and aldehydes Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 159 1973 50 60
203. A. Pilotti, K. Ancker, E. Arrhenius, and C. Enzell Effects of tobacco and tobacco smoke constituents on cell multiplication in vitro Toxicology 5 1975 49 62
204. D.M. Podger, and G.W. Grigg Enhancement of frameshift mutagenesis in Salmonella typhimurium derivatives of hisC3076 by 5-azacytidine and other agents Mutagenesis 1 1986 283 286
205. M.F. Powers, T.D. Darby, and F.W. Schueler A study of the toxic effects of cinnamon oil Pharmacologist 3 1961 62
206. H.N. Prince, and T.G. Prince Comparative guinea pig assays for contact hypersensitivity Cosmetics and Toiletries 92 1977 53 56
207. M.J. Prival, A.T. Sheldon Jr., and D. Popkin Evaluation, using Salmonella typhimurium, of the mutagenicity of seven chemicals found in cosmetics Food and Chemical Toxicology 20 1982 427 432
208. P. Quillardet, and M. Hofnung The SOS Chromotest, a colorimetric bacterial assay for genotoxins: Validation study with 83 compounds Mutation Research 147 1985 79 95
209. M. Rademaker, and A. Forsyth Contact dermatitis in children Contact Dermatitis 20 1989 104 107
210. U. Rannug, R. Gothe, and C.A. Wachtmeister The mutagenicity of chloroethylene oxide, chloroacetaldehyde, 2-chloroethanol and chloroacetic acid, conceivable metabolites of vinyl chloride Chemico-Biological Interactions 12 1976 251 263
211. M. Raveendran, J. Thanislass, G.U. Maheswari, and H. Devaraji Induction of prooxidant state by the food flavor cinnamaldehyde in rat liver Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 4 1993 181 183
212. K. Remaut Contact dermatitis due to cosmetic ingredients Journal of Applied Cosmetology 10 1992 73 80
213. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1958a. Toxicological examination of cinnamic aldehyde in rats (Class IV, Part 2). Unpublished report from Trubeck Laboratories, Inc., RIFM report number 29142 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
214. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1958b. Toxicological screening of components of food flavors. Class IV cinnamates. Unpublished report from Trubeck Laboratories, Inc., RIFM report number 27593 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
215. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1963. Eye irritation test. Unpublished report from IFF Incorporated, 29 November. Report number 12505 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
216. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1964a. Repeated insult patch test. Unpublished report from IFF Incorporated, 3 April. Report number 12511 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
217. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1964b. Repeated insult patch test. Unpublished report from IFF Incorporated, 29 July and 25 November. Report number 12510 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
218. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1964c. Eye irritation test. Unpublished report from IFF Incorporated, 14 January. Report number 12506 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
219. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1965. Repeated insult patch test. Unpublished report from IFF Incorporated, 1 October. Report number 12508 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
220. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1972a. Primary skin irritation in rabbits. Unpublished report from IFF Incorporated, 13 March. Report number 12507 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
221. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1972b. Eye irritation test. Unpublished report from IFF Incorporated, 3 April. Report number 12504 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
222. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1973a. Acute dermal toxicity study in rabbits. RIFM report number 2032, February 2 and 16 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
223. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1973b. Repeated insult patch test. Unpublished report from IFF Incorporated, 23 January. Report number 12509 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
224. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1973c. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1802, October 10 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
225. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1974a. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1779, August 22 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
226. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1974b. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1801, May 20 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
227. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1974c. Guinea pig maximization test for allergic contact dermatitis. RIFM report number 5746, June 17 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
228. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1974d. Guinea pig sensitization study. RIFM report number 17887, August 9 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
229. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1975. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1799, April 9 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
230. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1976a. Report on re-challenge/cross challenge test on humans. RIFM report number 1796, July 12 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
231. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1976b. Report on re-challenge/cross challenge test on humans. RIFM report number 1797, June 21 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
232. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1976c. Report on re-challenge/cross challenge test on humans. RIFM report number 1797, March 12 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
233. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1977a. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1702, March 23 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
234. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1977b. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1702, February 11 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
235. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1977c. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1702, May 5 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
236. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1977d. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1702, June 17 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
237. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1977e. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1691, August 23 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
238. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1980. Report on re-challenge/cross challenge test on humans. RIFM report number 1790, July 11 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
239. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1986. Acute dermal toxicity test of cinnamaldehyde in rabbits. Unpublished report from Fritzsche Dodge and Olcott, 14 August. Report number 8883 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
240. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1988. Acute dermal irritation study in rabbits. RIFM report number 9403 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
241. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1994. Acute dermal toxicity study of cinnamic aldehyde in rabbits. Unpublished report from Kalama Chemical Corp., 11 May. Report number 28619 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
242. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1997. Acute dermal toxicity study in rabbits. RIFM report number 29438, January 28 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
243. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 2000a. Modified primary dermal irritation test of cinnamaldehyde and d-limonene in humans. RIFM report number 35753, February 22 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
244. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 2000b. Repeated insult patch test of cinnamaldehyde and d-limonene in humans. RIFM report number 35754, July 18 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
245. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 2002. Repeated insult patch test of cinnamaldehyde. RIFM report number 41692, August 27 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
246. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 2003a. Repeated insult patch test with cinnamaldehyde. RIFM report number 43502, January 1 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
247. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 2003b. Topical photoallergy screening test of cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic acid in male albino hairless guinea pigs [Crl: IAF(HA)-hrBR (Outbred)], including primary irritation, phototoxicity and contact hypersensitivity evaluations. RIFM report number 41273, January 15 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
248. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 2003c. Cinnamic Aldehyde: the influence of ageing on sensitization potency. Overview Report. RIFM report number 42031, January 1 (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
249. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 2004. Repeated insult patch test of cinnamaldehyde. RIFM report number 47158, November 22a. (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
250. H.L. Ritz, and E.V. Buehler Planning, conduct, and interpretation of guinea pig sensitization patch tests V.A. Drill P. Lazar Current Concepts in Cutaneous Toxicity 1980 Academic Press New York 25 40
251. C. Romaguera, and F. Grimalt Statistical and comparative study of 4600 patients tested in Barcelona (1973-1977) Contact Dermatitis 6 1980 309 315
252. C.J. Rudd, A.D. Mitchell, and J. Spalding L5178Y Mouse lymphoma cell mutagenesis assay of coded chemicals incorporating analyses of the colony size distributions Environmental Mutagenesis 5 1983 419
253. E.J. Rudner North American group results Contact Dermatitis 3 1977 208 209
254. E.J. Rudner Patch test results of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group Cosmetics and Toiletries 93 1978 53 54
255. B. Rutten, and E. Gocke The 'antimutagenic' effect of cinnamaldehyde is due to a transient growth inhibition Mutation Research 201 1988 97 105
256. J.-C. Ryu, S.-H. Kim, K.-R. Kim, S.-Y. Lee, M.S. Kim, H.-K. Jung, and J. Park A study on the antimutagenic effect of cinnamic acid derivatives in E. Coli PQ37 (SOS Chromotest) Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens 13 1993 8 17
257. R.J. Safford, D.A. Basketter, C.F. Allenby, and B.F.J. Goodwin Immediate contact reactions to chemicals in the fragrance mix and a study of the quenching action of eugenol British Journal of Dermatology 123 1990 595 606
258. B. Santucci, A. Cristaudo, C. Cannistraci, and M. Picardo Contact dermatitis to fragrances Contact Dermatitis 16 1987 93 95
259. R. Sanyal, F. Darroudi, W. Parzefall, M. Nagao, and S. Knasmuller Inhibition of the genotoxic effects of heterocyclic amines in human derived hepatoma cells by dietary bioantimutagens Mutagenesis 12 1997 297 303
260. P.P. Sapienza, G.J. Ikeda, P.I. Warr, S.L. Plummber, R.E. Dailey, and C.S. Lin Tissue distribution and excretion of (14)C-labelled cinnamic aldehyde following single and multiple oral administration in male Fischer 344 rats Food and Chemical Toxicology 31 1993 253 261
261. Y. Sasaki, and R. Endo Mutagenicity of aldehydes in Salmonella Mutation Research 54 1978 251 252
262. Y.F. Sasaki, H. Imanishi, T. Ohta, and Y. Shirasu Effects of antimutagenic flavourings on SCEs induced by chemical mutagens in cultured Chinese hamster cells Mutation Research 189 1987 313 318
263. Y.F. Sasaki, H. Imanishi, M. Watanabe, T. Ohta, and Y. Shirasu Suppressing effect of antimutagenic flavorings on chromosome aberrations induced by UV-light or X-rays in cultured Chinese hamster cells Mutation Research 229 1990 1 10
264. S. Schauder, and H. Ippen Contact and photocontact sensitivity to sunscreens. Review of a 15-year experience and of the literature Contact Dermatitis 37 1997 221 232
265. J. Sekizawa, and T. Shibamoto Genotoxicity of safrole-related chemicals in microbial test systems Mutation Research 101 1982 127 140
266. M. Senma, N. Fujiwara, S. Sasaki, M. Toyama, K. Sakaguchi, and I. Takaoka Studies on the cutaneous sensitization reaction of guinea pigs to purified aromatic chemicals Acta Dermatovener, Stockholm 58 1978 121 124
267. D.W. Sharp The sensitization potential of some perfume ingredients tested using a modified Draize procedure Toxicology 9 1978 261 271
268. Shaughnessy, D.T., Setzer, R.W., DeMarini, D.M., 2001. The antimutagenic effect of vanillin and cinnamaldehyde on spontaneous mutation in Salmonella TA104 is due to a reduction in mutations at GC but not AT sites. Mutation Research 480, Special Issue, 55-69
269. P.D. Shenefelt Limits of ICD-9-CM Code usefulness in epidemiological studies of contact and other types of dermatitis American Journal of Contact Dermatitis 9 1998 176 178
270. C.K. Smith, C.A. Moore, E.N. Elahi, A.T. Smart, and S.A. Hotchkiss Human skin absorption and metabolism of the contact allergens, cinnamic aldehyde, and cinnamic alcohol Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 168 2000 189 199
271. L. Smith, and L. Packer Aldehyde oxidation in rat liver mitochondria Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 148 1972 270 276
272. S.R. Spencer, L. Xue, E.M. Klenz, and P. Talalay The potency of inducers of NAD(P)H:(quinone-acceptor) oxireductase parallels their efficiency as substrates for glutathione transferases Biochemical Journal 273 1991 711 717
273. H. Spielman, M. Liebsch, B. Doring, and F. Moldenhauer First results of the EU/COLIPA validation trial in vitro phototoxicity testing In vitro Toxicology: A Journal of Molecular and Cellular Toxicology 9 3 1996 325 338
274. H. Spielmann, M. Balls, M. Brand, B. Doring, H.G. Holzhutter, S. Kalweit, G. Klecak, H.L. Eplattenier, M. Liebsch, W.W. Lovell, T. Maurer, F. Moldenhauer, L. Moore, W.J.W. Pape, U. Pfanenbecker, J. Potthast, O. DeSilva, W. Steiling, and A. Willshaw EEC/COLIPA project on in vitro phototoxicity testing: first results obtained with a BALB/C 3T3 cell phototoxicity assay Toxicology In Vitro 8 1994 793 796
275. A. Sporn, I. Dinu, and V. Stanciu Investigation of the toxicity of cinnamic aldehyde Igiena 14 1965 339 346
276. G.D. Stoner, M.B. Shimkin, A.J. Kniazeff, J.H. Weisburger, E.K. Weisburger, and G.B. Go Test for carcinogenicity of food additives and chemotherapeutic agents by the pulmonary tumor response in strain A mice Cancer Research 33 1973 3069 3085
277. F.J Storrs, L.E. Rosenthal, R.M. Adams, W. Clendenning, E.A. Emmett, A.A. Fisher, W.G. Larsen, H.I. Maibach, R.L. Rietschel, W.F. Schorr, and J.S. Taylor Prevalence and relevance of allergic reactions in patients patch tested in North America-1984 to 1985 Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 20 1989 1038 1045
278. Sugai, T., 1982. Contact dermatitis due to household products. In: Proceedings 11th Annual Meeting, May 14th. Japanese Society for Cutaneous Health 15-18
279. T. Sugai, F. Okuno, S. Yamamoto, K. Watanabe, and S. Asoh Evaluation of perfume mixture recommended by the ICDRG Skin Research 25 1983 716 722
280. Swales, N.J., Caldwell, J., 1993. The depletion of hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH), cysteine and protein sulphydryls by cinnamaldehyde in F344 rats. In: Proceedings of the 5th European ISSX Meeting, September 26-29, Tours, France. International Society for the Study of Xenobiotics 3, 157
281. N.J. Swales, and J. Caldwell Studies on trans-cinnamaldehyde II: mechanisms of cytotoxicity in rat isolated hepatocytes Toxicology In Vitro 10 1996 37 42
282. Takenaka, T., Hasegawa, E., Takenaka, U., Saito, F., Odaka, T., 1986. Fundamental studies of safe compound perfumes for cosmetics. Part 1. The primary irritation of compound materials to the skin. Unknown Source, pp. 313-329
283. Y. Tanaka, Y. Takagaki, and T. Nishimune Effects of food additives on B-hexosaminidase release from rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL-2H3) Eisei Kagaku 37 1991 370 378
284. P. Talalay, M.J. De Long, and H.J. Prochaska Identification of a common chemical signal regulating the induction of enzymes that protect against chemical carcinogenesis Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 85 1988 8261 8265
285. S. Tenenbaum, J. DiNardo, W.E. Morris, B.A. Wolf, and R.W. Schnetzinger A quantitative in vitro assay for the evaluation of phototoxic potential of topically applied materials Cell Biology and Toxicology 1 1984 1 9
286. H. Teuchy, J. Quatacker, G. Wolf, and C.F. VanSumere Quantitative investigation of the hippuric acid formation in the rat after administration of some possible aromatic and hydroaromatic precursors Archives Internationales de Physiologie et de Biochimie 79 1971 573 587
287. M. Thelestam, M. Curvall, and C.R. Enzell Effect of tobacco smoke compounds on the plasma membrane of cultured human lung fibroblasts Toxicology 15 1980 203 217
288. P.S. Thorne, C. Hawk, S.D. Kaliszewski, and P.D. Guiney The noninvasive mouse ear swelling assay. II. Testing the contact sensitizing potency of fragrances Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 17 1991 807 820
289. P.O. Thune, and Y.J. Solberg Photosensitivity and allergy to aromatic lichen acids, Compositae oleoresins and other plant substances Contact Dermatitis 6 1980 81 87
290. Troy, W.R., 1977. Doctoral Dissertation: the comparative respiratory irritation potential of fourteen fragrance raw materials, Private communication to RIFM. Report number 9011
291. S. Tsuchiya, M. Kondo, K. Okamoto, and Y. Takase Studies on contact hypersensitivity in the guinea pig. The cumulative contact enhancement test Contact Dermatitis 8 1982 246 255
292. S. Tsuchiya, M. Kondo, K. Okamoto, and Y. Takase The cumulative contact enhancement test K.E. Andersen H.I. Maibach Current Problems in Dermatology vol. 14 1985 Karger Press New York 208 219
293. Van Iersel, M.L., Ploemen, J.-P.H., Struik, I., Van Amersfoort, C., Keyzer, A.E., Schefferlie, J.G., Van Bladeren, P.J., 1996. Inhibition of glutathione S-transferase activity in human melanoma cells by unsaturated carbonyl derivatives. Effect of acrolein, cinnamaldehyde, citral, crotonaldehyde, curcumin, ethacrynic acid, and trans-2-hexenal. ISSX International Meeting 10, 416
294. M.L. Van Iersel, J.-P.H. Ploemen, M. Lo Bello, G. Federici, and P.J. Bladeren Interactions of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones with human glutathione S-transferase P1-1 Chemico-Biological Interactions 108 1997 67 78
295. R. Vellosi, C. Fiorio, C. Della Croce, and G. Bronzetti Cinnamaldehyde: effects of the frequencies of induced mutation on V79 cells Mutation Research 271 1992 136 137
296. Viswalingam, A., 1991. Doctorial Dissertation: characterization of the mechanisms of murine hepatocarcinogenesis caused by cinnamyl anthranilate. Private communication to RIFM. RIFM report number 437
297. H. Watanabe, M. Hagiwara, M. Tohda, Y. Hiyama, K. Terasawa, and K. Watanabe Central effects of cinnamaldehyde Yakugaku Zasshi 104 1984 1095 1100
298. H. Weibel, and J. Hansen Penetration of the fragrance compounds, cinnamaldehyde and cinnamyl alcohol, through human skin in vitro Contact Dermatitis 20 1989 167 172
299. H. Weibel, J. Hansen, and K.E. Andersen Cross-sensitization patterns in guinea pigs between cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamic acid Annales Dermatologie Venereologie 69 1989 302 307
300. G. Wennersten, P. Thune, H. Brodthagen, C. Jansen, and I. Rystedt The Scandinavian multicenter photopatch study Contact Dermatitis 10 1984 305 309
301. A. Willshaw, L.J. Moore, and M. Balls In vitro alternatives for the detection of photoirritant chemicals: the EEC/COLIPA trial Toxicology In Vitro 8 1994 723 725
302. R.W. Wiseman, E.C. Miller, J.A. Miller, and A. Liem Structure-activity studies of the hepatocarcinogenicities of alkenylbenzene derivatives related to estragole and safrole on administration to preweanling male C57BL/6J × C3H/HeJ F1 mice Cancer Research 47 1987 2275 2283
303. R.C. Woodruff, J.M. Mason, R. Valencia, and S. Zimmering Chemical mutagenesis testing in Drosophilia. V. Results of 53 coded compounds tested for the National Toxicology Program Environmental Mutagenesis 7 1985 677 702
304. Z.M. Wright, D.A. Basketter, L. Blaikie, K.J. Cooper, E.V. Warbrick, R.J. Dearman, and I. Kimber Vehicle effects on skin sensitization potency of four chemicals assessment using the local lymph node assay International Journal of Cosmetic Science 23 2001 75 83
305. T. Yahagi, M. Degawa, Y. Seino, T. Matsushima, M. Nagao, T. Sugimura, and T. Hashimoto Mutagenicity of carcinogenic azo dyes and their derivatives Cancer Letters 1 1975 91 96
306. Y.S. Yoo Mutagenic and antimutagenic activities of flavoring agents used in foodstuffs Journal of Osaka Shiritso Daigaku Igaku Zasshi 34 1986 267 288
307. J. Yuan, and M. Dieter Bioavailability of microencapsulated cinnamaldehyde in F344 rats Toxicologist 12 1992 166
308. J. Yuan, M.P. Dieter, J.R. Bucher, and C.W. Jameson Application of microencapsulation for toxicology studies. III. Bioavailability of microencapsulated cinnamaldehyde Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 20 1993 83 87
309. J.H. Yuan, M.P. Dieter, J.R. Bucher, and C.W. Jameson Toxicokinetics of cinnamaldehyde in F344 rats Food and Chemical Toxicology 30 1992 997 1004
310. A.N. Zaitsev, and N.L. Rakhmanina Some data on the toxic properties of phenylethanol and cinnamic alcohols Voprosy Pitaniya 6 1974 48 53
311. B. Zondek, and Bergmann LXXXIV. Phenol methyl ethers as oestrogenic agents Biochemical Journal 32 Part I 1938 641 645