The cytoskeleton as a regulator and target of biotic interactions in plants

Plant Physiology

Volumn 136, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 3864-3876

  Takemoto, Daigo ^a   Hardham, Adrienne R ^a  

^a AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYTOSKELETON; FUNGUS; METABOLISM; MICROBIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PLANT; PLANT DISEASE; PLANT PHYSIOLOGY; PLANT VIRUS; REVIEW; SYMBIOSIS; ULTRASTRUCTURE; VIROLOGY;

CYTOSKELETON; FUNGI; PLANT DISEASES; PLANT PHYSIOLOGY; PLANT VIRUSES; PLANTS; SYMBIOSIS;

EID: 15744395163     PISSN: 00320889     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.052159     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Abdrakhamanova A, Wang QY, Khokhlova L, Nick P (2003) Is microtubule disassembly a trigger for cold acclimation? Plant Cell Physiol 44: 676-686
2. Abramovitch RB, Kim Y-J, Chen SR, Dickman MB, Martin GB (2003) Pseudomonas type III effector AvrPtoB induces plant disease susceptibility by inhibition of host programmed cell death. EMBO J 22: 60-69
3. Aist JR (1976) Papillae and related wound plugs of plant cells. Annu Rev Phytopathol 14: 145-163
4. Armstrong L, Peterson RL (2002) The interface between the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices and root cells of Panax quinquefolius: a Paris-type mycorrhizal association. Mycologia 94: 587-595
5. Berg RH (1999) Cytoplasmic bridge formation in the nodule apex of actinorhizal root nodules. Can J Bot 77: 1351-1357
6. Bibikova TN, Blancaflor EB, Gilroy S (1999) Microtubules regulate tip growth and orientation in root hairs of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 17: 657-665
7. Blancaflor EB (2002) The cytoskeleton and gravitropism in higher plants. J Plant Growth Regul 21: 120-136
8. Blancaflor EB, Zhao L, Harrison MJ (2001) Microtubule organization in root cells of Medicago truncatula during development of an arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis with Glomus versiforme. Protoplasma 217: 154-165
9. Blume B, Nürnberger T, Nass N, Scheel D (2000) Receptor-mediated increase in cytoplasmic free calcium required for activation of pathogen defense in parsley. Plant Cell 12: 1425-1440
10. Bonfante P, Bergero R, Uribe X, Romera C, Rigau J, Puigdomenech P (1996) Transcriptional activation of a maize α-tubulin gene in mycorrhizal maize and transgenic tobacco plants. Plant J 9: 737-743
11. Boyko V, Ferralli J, Ashby J, Schellenbaum P, Heinlein M (2000) Function of microtubules in intercellular transport of plant virus RNA. Nat Cell Biol 2: 826-832
12. Büttner D, Bonas U (2003) Common infection strategies of plant and animal pathogenic bacteria. Curr Opin Plant Biol 6: 312-319
13. Cahill D, Rookes J, Michalczyk A, McDonald K, Drake A (2002) Microtubule dynamics in compatible and incompatible interactions of soybean hypocotyl cells with Phytophthora sojae. Plant Pathol 51: 629-640
14. 2+ and GTPases. J Exp Bot 54: 83-92
15. Cárdenas L, Holdaway-Clarke TL, Sánchez F, Quinto C, Feijó JA, Kunkel JG, Hepler PK (2000) Ion changes in legume root hairs responding to Nod factors. Plant Physiol 123: 443-451
16. Cárdenas L, Thomas-Oates JE, Nava N, López-Lara IM, Hepler PK, Quinto C (2003) The role of Nod factor substituents in actin cytoskeleton rearrangements in Phaseolus vulgaris. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 16: 326-334
17. Cárdenas L, Vidali L, Domínguez J, Pérez H, Sánchez F, Hepler PK, Quinto C (1998) Rearrangement of actin microfilaments in plant root hairs responding to Rhizobium etli nodulation signals. Plant Physiol 116: 871-877
18. Catoira R, Timmers ACJ, Maillet F, Galera C, Penmetsa RV, Cook D, Dénarié J, Gough C (2001) The HCL gene of Medicago truncatula controls Rhizobium-induced root hair curling. Development 128: 1507-1518
19. Chen CYH, Cheung AY, Wu H-M (2003) Actin-depolymerizing factor mediates Rac/Rop GTPase-regulated pollen tube growth. Plant Cell 15: 237-249
20. Collins NC, Thordal-Christensen H, Lipka V, Bau S, Kombrink E, Qiu JL, Hückelhoven R, Stein M, Freialdenhoven A, Somerville SC, et al (2003) SNARE-protein-mediated disease resistance at the plant cell wall. Nature 425: 973-977
21. Collmer A, Lindeberg M, Petnicki-Ocwieja T, Schneider DJ, Alfano JR (2002) Genomic mining type III secretion system effectors in Pseudomonas syringae yields new picks for all TTSS prospectors. Trends Microbiol 10: 462-469
22. Cornelis GR, Van Gijsegem F (2000) Assembly and function of type III secretory systems. Annu Rev Microbiol 54: 735-774
23. Dantán-González E, Rosenstein Y, Quinto C, Sánchez F (2001) Actin monoubiquitylation is induced in plants in response to pathogens and symbionts. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 14: 1267-1273
24. Davidson AL, Newcomb W (2001a) Changes in actin microfilament arrays in developing pea root nodule cells. Can J Bot 79: 767-776
25. Davidson AL, Newcomb W (2001b) Organization of microtubules in developing pea root nodule cells. Can J Bot 79: 777-786
26. de Almeida Engler J, Van Poucke K, Karimi M, De Groodt R, Gheysen G, Engler G, Gheysen G (2004) Dynamic cytoskeleton rearrangements in giant cells and syncytia of nematode-infected roots. Plant J 38: 12-26
27. De Ruijter NCA, Bisseling T, Emons AMC (1999) Rhizobium Nod factors induce an increase in sub-apical fine bundles of actin filaments in Vicia sativa root hairs within minutes. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 12: 829-832
28. Diaz EC, Martin F, Tagu D (1996) Eucalypt α-tubulin: cDNA cloning and increased level of transcripts in ectomycorrhizal root system. Plant Mol Biol 31: 905-910
29. Dickinson H (1994) Self-pollination. Simply a social disease? Nature 367: 517-518
30. Ditengou FA, Raudaskoski M, Lapeyrie F (2003) Hypaphorine, an indole-3-acetic acid antagonist delivered by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius, induces reorganisation of actin and the microtubule cytoskeleton in Eucalyptus globulus ssp bicostata root hairs. Planta 218: 217-225
31. Donofrio NM, Delaney TP (2001) Abnormal callose response phenotype and hypersusceptibility to Peronospora parasitica in defence-compromised Arabidopsis nim1-1 and salicylate hydoxylase-expressing plants. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 14: 439-450
32. Esseling JJ, Emons AMC (2004) Dissection of Nod factor signalling in legumes: cell biology, mutants and pharmacological approaches. J Microsc 214: 104-113
33. Esseling JJ, Lhuissier FGP, Emons AMC (2003) Nod factor-induced root hair curling: continuous polar growth towards the point of Nod factor application. Plant Physiol 132: 1982-1988
34. Esseling JJ, Lhuissier FGP, Emons AMC (2004) A nonsymbiotic root hair tip growth phenotype in NORK-mutated legumes: implications for nodulation factor-induced signaling and formation of a mulitfaceted root hair pocket for bacteria. Plant Cell 16: 933-944
35. Felle HH, Kondorosi É, Kondorosi Á, Schultze M (1998) The role of ion fluxes in Nod factor signalling in Medicago sativa. Plant J 13: 455-463
36. Foissner I, Lichtscheidl IK, Wasteneys GO (1996) Actin-based vesicle dynamics and exocytosis during wound wall formation in characean internodal cells. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 35: 35-48
37. Gage DJ, Margolin W (2000) Hanging by a thread: invasion of legume plants by rhizobia. Curr Opin Microbiol 3: 613-617
38. Galán JE, Zhou D (2000) Striking a balance: modulation of the actin cytoskeleton by Salmonella. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 8754-8761
39. Gardiner J, Collings DA, Harper JDI, Marc J (2003) The effects of the phospholipase D-antagonist 1-butanol on seedling development and microtubule organisation in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Physiol 44: 687-696
40. Geitmann A, Emons AMC (2000) The cytoskeleton in plant and fungal cell tip growth. J Microsc 198: 218-245
41. Geitmann A, Snowman BN, Emons AMC, Franklin-Tong VE (2000) Alterations in the actin cytoskeleton of pollen tubes are induced by the self-incompatibility reaction in Papaver rhoeas. Plant Cell 12: 1239-1251
42. Genre A, Bonfante P (1997) A mycorrhizal fungus changes microtubule orientation in tobacco root cells. Protoplasma 199: 30-38
43. Genre A, Bonfante P (1998) Actin versus tubulin configuration in arbuscule-containing cells from mycorrhizal tobacco roots. New Phytol 140: 745-752
44. Genre A, Bonfante P (1999) Cytoskeleton-related proteins in tobacco mycorhizal cells: γ-tubulin and clathrin localisation. Eur J Histochem 43: 105-111
45. Genre A, Bonfante P (2002) Epidermal cells of a symbiosis-defective mutant of Lotus japonicus show altered cytoskeleton organisation in the presence of a mycorrhizal fungus. Protoplasma 219: 43-50
46. Gillespie T, Boevink P, Haupt S, Roberts AG, Toth R, Valentine T, Chapman S, Oparka KJ (2002) Functional analysis of a DNA-shuffled movement protein reveals that microtubules are dispensable for the cell-to-cell movement of Tobacco mosaic virus. Plant Cell 14: 1207-1222
47. Gross P, Julius C, Schmelzer E, Hahlbrock K (1993) Translocation of cytoplasm and nucleus to fungal penetration sites is associated with depolymerization of microtubules and defence gene activation in infected, cultured parsley cells. EMBO J 12: 1735-1744
48. Guillén G, Valdés-Lopez V, Noguez R, Olivares J, Rodríguez-Zapata LC, Pérez H, Vidali L, Villanueva MA, Sánchez F (1999) Profilin in Phaseolus vulgaris is encoded by two genes (only one expressed in root nodules) but multiple isoforms are generated in vivo by phosphorylation on tyrosine residues. Plant J 19: 497-508
49. Hauck P, Thilmony R, He SY (2003) A Pseudomonas syringae type III effector suppresses cell wall-based extracellular defense in susceptible Arabidopsis plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 8577-8582
50. Hazen BE, Bushnell WR (1983) Inhibition of the hypersensitive reaction in barley to powdery mildew by heat shock and cytochalasin B. Physiol Plant Pathol 23: 421-438
51. Heinlein M (2002) The spread of Tobacco mosaic virus infection: insights into the cellular mechanism of RNA transport. Cell Mol Life Sci 59: 58-82
52. Heinlein M, Epel BL, Padgett HS, Beachy RN (1995) Interaction of tobamovirus movement proteins with the plant cytoskeleton. Science 270: 1983-1985
53. Hepler PK, Vidali L, Cheung AY (2001) Polarized cell growth in higher plants. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 17: 159-187
54. Huang S, Blanchoin L, Chaudhry F, Franklin-Tong VE, Staiger CJ (2004) A gelsolin-like protein from Papaver rhoeas pollen (PrABP80) stimulates calcium-regulated severing and depolymerization of actin filaments. J Biol Chem 279: 23364-23375
55. Hush JM, Overall RL (1996) Cortical microtubule reorientation in higher plants: dynamics and regulation. J Microsc 181: 129-139
56. Jackson RW, Athanassopoulos E, Tsiamis G, Mansfield JW, Sesma A, Arnold DL, Gibbon MJ, Murillo J, Taylor JD, Vivian A (1999) Identification of a pathogenicity island, which contains genes for virulence and avirulence, on a large native plasmid in the bean pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pathovar phaseolicola. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 10875-10880
57. Kao T-H, Tsukamoto T (2004) The molecular and genetic bases of S-RNase-based self-incompatibility. Plant Cell (Suppl) 16: S72-S83
58. Kawakami S, Watanabe Y, Beachy RN (2004) Tobacco mosaic virus infection spreads cell to cell as intact replication complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 6291-6296
59. Kobayashi I, Kobayashi Y, Hardham AR (1997a) Inhibition of rust-induced hypersensitive response in flax cells by the microtubule inhibitor oryzalin. Aust J Plant Physiol 24: 733-740
60. Kobayashi I, Kobayashi Y, Hardham AR (1994) Dynamic reorganization of microtubules and microfilaments in flax cells during the resistance response to flax rust infection. Planta 195: 237-247
61. Kobayashi I, Kobayashi Y, Yamaoka N, Kunoh H (1992) Recognition of a pathogen and a nonpathogen by barley coleoptile cells. III. Responses of microtubules and actin filaments in barley coleoptile cells to penetration attempts. Can J Bot 70: 1815-1823
62. Kobayashi Y, Kobayashi I, Funaki Y, Fujimoto S, Takemoto T, Kunoh H (1997b) Dynamic reorganization of microfilaments and microtubules is necessary for the expression of non-host resistance in barley coleoptile cells. Plant J 11: 525-537
63. Kovar DR, Staiger CJ, Weaver EA, McCurdy DW (2000) AtFim1 is an actin filament crosslinking protein from Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 24: 625-636
64. Kragler F, Curin M, Trutnyeva K, Gansch A, Waigmann E (2003) MPB2C, a microtubule-associated plant protein binds to and interferes with cell-to-cell transport of tobacco mosaic virus movement protein. Plant Physiol 132: 1870-1883
65. Kuga-Uetake Y, Purich M, Massicotte HB, Peterson RL (2004) Host microtubules in the Hartig net region of ectomycorrhizas, ectendomycorrhizas, and monotropoid mycorrhizas. Can J Bot 82: 938-946
66. Laporte C, Vetter G, Loudes A-M, Robinson DG, Hillmer S, Stussi-Garaud C, Ritzenthaler C (2003) Involvement of the secretory pathway and the cytoskeleton in intracellular targeting and tubule assembly of Grapevine fanleaf virus movement protein in tobacco BY-2 cells. Plant Cell 15: 2058-2075
67. Lazarowitz SG, Beachy RN (1999) Viral movement proteins as probes for intracellular and intercellular trafficking in plants. Plant Cell 11: 535-548
68. Lecellier C-H, Voinnet O (2004) RNA silencing: no mercy for viruses? Immunol Rev 198: 285-303
69. Lichtscheidl IK, Hepler PK (1996) Endoplasmic reticulum in the cortex of plants. In M Smallwood, JP Knox, DJ Bowles, eds, Membranes: Specialised Functions in Plants. Bios Scientific Publishers, Oxford, pp 383-102
70. Mano S, Nakamori C, Hayashi M, Kato A, Kondo M, Nishimura M (2002) Distribution and characterization of peroxisomes in Arabidopsis by visualization with GFP: dynamic morphology and actin-dependent movement. Plant Cell Physiol 43: 331-341
71. Marois E, Van den Ackerveken G, Bonas U (2002) The Xanthomonas type III effector protein AvrBs3 modulates plant gene expression and induces cell hypertrophy in the susceptible host. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 15: 637-646
72. Matsubara Y, Uetake Y, Peterson RL (1999) Entry and colonization of Asparagus officinalis roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with emphasis on changes in host microtubules. Can J Bot 77: 1159-1167
73. McLean BG, Zupan J, Zambryski PC (1995) Tobacco mosaic virus movement protein associates with the cytoskeleton in tobacco cells. Plant Cell 7: 2101-2114
74. Miller DD, De Ruijler NCA, Bisseling T, Emons AMC (1999) The role of actin in root hair morphogenesis: studies with lipochito-oligosaccharide as a growth stimulator and cytochalasin as an actin perturbing drug. Plant J 17: 141-154
75. Miller DD, De Ruijter NCA, Emons AMC (1997) From signal to form: aspects of the cytoskeleton-plasma membrane-cell wall continuum in root hair tips. J Exp Bot 48: 1881-1896
76. Nebenführ A, Gallagher LA, Dunahay TG, Frohlick JA, Mazurkiewicz AM, Meehl JB, Staehelin LA (1999) Stop-and-go movements of plant Golgi stacks are mediated by the acto-myosin system. Plant Physiol 121: 1127-1141
77. Nebenführ A, Ritzenthaler C, Robinson DG (2002) Brefeldin A: deciphering an enigmatic inhibitor of secretion. Plant Physiol 130: 1102-1108
78. Niini SS, Tarkka MT, Raudaskoski M (1996) Tubulin and actin protein patterns in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) roots and developing ectomycorrhiza with Suillus bovinus. Physiol Plant 96: 186-192
79. Oparka KJ (2004) Getting the message across: how do plant cells exchange macromolecular complexes? Trends Plant Sci 9: 33-41
80. Panteris E, Apostolakos P, Quader H, Galatis B (2004) A cortical cytoplasmic ring predicts the division plane in vacuolated cells of Coleus: the role of actomyosin and microtubules in the establishment and function of the division site. New Phytol 163: 271-286
81. Parniske M (2000) Intracellular accommodation of microbes by plants: a common developmental program for symbiosis and disease? Curr Opin Plant Biol 3: 320-328
82. Raudaskoski M, Åström H, Laitiainen E (2001) Pollen tube cytoskeleton: structure and function. J Plant Growth Regul 20: 113-130
83. Reichel C, Beachy RN (2000) Degradation of tobacco mosaic virus movement protein by the 26S proteasome. J Virol 74: 3330-3337
84. Riely BK, Ané J-M, Penmetsa RV, Cook DR (2004) Genetic and genomic analysis in model legumes bring Nod-factor signaling to center stage. Curr Opin Plant Biol 7: 408-413
85. Ritzenthaler C, Schmit AC, Michler P, Stussigaraud C, Pinck L (1995) Grapevine fanleaf nepovirus P38 putative movement protein is located on tubules in vivo. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 8: 379-387
86. Roberts AG, Oparka KJ (2003) Plasmodesmata and the control of symplastic transport. Plant Cell Environ 26: 103-124
87. Šamaj J, Baluška F, Hirt H (2004a) From signal to cell polarity: mitogen-activated protein kinases as sensors and effectors of cytoskeleton dynamicity. J Exp Bot 55: 189-198
88. Šamaj J, Baluška F, Menzel D (2004b) New signalling molecules regulating root hair tip growth. Trends Plant Sci 9: 217-220
89. Santa Cruz S, Roberts AG, Prior DAM, Chapman S, Oparka KJ (1998) Cell-to-cell and phloem-mediated transport of potato virus X - the role of virions. Plant Cell 10: 495-510
90. Scheel D (1998) Resistance response physiology and signal transduction. Curr Opin Plant Biol 1: 305-310
91. Schultheiss H, Dechert C, Kogel K-H, Hückelhoven R (2003) Functional analysis of barley RAC/ROP G-protein family members in susceptibility to the powdery mildew fungus. Plant J 36: 589-601
92. Serazev TV, Nadezhdina ES, Shanina NA, Leshchiner AD, Kalinina NO, Morozov SY (2003) Virions and the coat protein of the potato virus X interact with microtubules and induce tubulin polymerization in vitro. Mol Biol 37: 919-925
93. Shao F, Merritt PM, Bao Z, Innes RW, Dixon JE (2002) A Yersinia effector and a Pseudomonas avirulence protein define a family of cysteine proteases functioning in bacterial pathogenesis. Cell 109: 575-588
94. Shaw SL, Long SR (2003) Nod factor elicits two separable calcium responses in Medicago truncatula root hair cells. Plant Physiol 131: 976-984
95. Shimmen T, Yokota E (2004) Cytoplasmic streaming in plants. Curr Opin Cell Biol 16: 68-72
96. Sieberer BJ, Timmers ACJ, Lhuissier FGP, Emons AMC (2002) Endoplasmic microtubules configure the subapical cytoplasm and are required for fast growth of Medicago truncatula root hairs. Plant Physiol 130: 977-988
97. Singh DP, Moore CA, Gilliland A, Carr JP (2004) Activation of multiple antiviral defence mechanisms by salicylic acid. Mol Plant Pathol 5: 57-63
98. Sivaguru M, Pike S, Gassmann W, Baskin TI (2003) Aluminum rapidly depolymerizes cortical microtubules and depolarizes the plasma membrane: evidence that these responses are mediated by a glutamate receptor. Plant Cell Physiol 44: 667-675
99. Škalamera D, Heath MC (1998) Changes in the cytoskeleton accompanying infection-induced nuclear movements and the hypersensitive response in plant cells invaded by rust fungi. Plant J 16: 191-200
100. Škalamera D, Jibodh S, Heath MC (1997) Callose deposition during the interaction between cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata) and the monokaryotic stage of the cowpea rust fungus (Uromyces Vignae). New Phytol 136: 511-524
101. Snowman BN, Kovar DR, Shevchenko G, Franklin-Tong VE, Staiger CJ (2002) Signal-mediated depolymerization of actin in pollen during the self-incompatibility response. Plant Cell 14: 2613-2626
102. Staiger CJ (2000) Signalling to the actin cytoskeleton in plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 51: 257-288
103. Staiger CJ, Yuan M, Valenta R, Shaw PJ, Warn RM, Lloyd CW (1994) Microinjected profilin affects cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells by rapidly depolymerizing actin microfilaments. Curr Biol 4: 215-219
104. Stotz HU, Long SR (1999) Expression of the pea (Pisum sativum L.) α-tubulin gene TubA1 is correlated with cell division activity. Plant Mol Biol 41: 601-614
105. Takagi S (2000) Roles for actin filaments in chloroplast motility and anchoring. In C Staiger, ed, Actin: A Dynamic Framework for Multiple Plant Cell Functions. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp 203-212
106. Takemoto D, Jones DA, Hardham AR (2003) GFP-tagging of cell components reveals the dynamics of subcellular re-organization in response to infection of Arabidopsis by oomycete pathogens. Plant J 33: 775-792
107. Takemoto D, Maeda H, Yoshioka H, Doke N, Kawakita K (1999) Effect of cytochalasin D on defense responses of potato tuber discs treated with hyphal wall components of Phytophthora infestans. Plant Sci 141: 219-226
108. Thomas S, Osman K, De Graaf BHJ, Shevchenko G, Wheeler M, Franklin FCH, Franklin-Tong VE (2003) Investigating mechanisms involved in the self-incompatibility response in Papaver rhoeas. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 358: 1033-1036
109. Thomas SG, Franklin-Tong VE (2004) Self-incompatibility triggers programmed cell death in Papaver pollen. Nature 429: 305-309
110. Thordal-Christensen H (2003) Fresh insights into processes of nonhost resistance. Curr Opin Plant Biol 6: 351-357
111. Timmers ACJ (2000) Infection of root hairs by rhizobia: infection thread development with emphasis on the microtubule cytoskeleton. In RW Ridge, AMC Emons, eds, Root Hairs. Cell and Molecular Biology. Springer-Verlag, Tokyo, pp 223-239
112. Timmers ACJ, Auriac M-C, De Billy F, Truchet G (1998) Nod factor internalization and microtubular cytoskeleton changes occur concomitantly during nodule differentiation in alfalfa. Development 125: 339-349
113. Timmers ACJ, Auriac MC, Truchet G (1999) Refined analysis of early symbiotic steps of the Rhizobium-Medicago interaction in relationship with microtubular cytoskeleton rearrangements. Development 126: 3617-3628
114. Timonen S, Finlay RD, Söderström B, Raudaskoski M (1993) Identification of cytoskeletal components in pine ectomycorrhizas. New Phytol 124: 83-92
115. Timonen S, Peterson RL (2002) Cytoskeleton in mycorrhizal symbiosis. Plant Soil 244: 199-210
116. Timonen S, Söderström B, Raudaskoski M (1996) Dynamics of cytoskeletal proteins in developing pine ectomycorrhiza. Mycorrhiza 6: 423-429
117. Tomenius K, Clapham D, Meshi T (1987) Localization by immunogold cytochemistry of the virus-coded 30 K protein in plasmodesmata of leaves infected with tobacco mosaic virus. Virology 160: 363-371
118. Tomiyama K, Sato K, Doke N (1982) Effect of cytochalasin B and colchicine on hypersensitive death of potato cells infected by incompatible race of Phytophthora infestans. Ann Phytopathol Soc Jpn 48: 228-230
119. Tzfira T, Rhee Y, Chen MH, Kunik T, Citovsky V (2000) Nucleic acid transport in plant-microbe interactions: The molecules that walk through the walls. Annu Rev Microbiol 54: 187-219
120. Uetake Y, Farquhar ML, Peterson RL (1997) Changes in microtubule arrays in symbiotic orchid protocorms during fungal colonization and senescence. New Phytol 135: 701-709
121. Uetake Y, Peterson RL (1997) Changes in actin filament arrays in protocorm cells of the orchid species, Spiranthes sinensis, induced by the symbiotic fungus Ceratobasidium cornigerum. Can J Bot 75: 1661-1669
122. Uetake Y, Peterson RL (1998) Association between microtubules and symbiotic fungal hyphae in protocorm cells of the orchid species, Spiranthes sinensis. New Phytol 140: 715-722
123. Valster AH, Pierson ES, Valenta R, Hepler PK, Emons AMC (1997) Probing the plant actin cytoskeleton during cytokinesis and interphase by profilin microinjection. Plant Cell 9: 1815-1824
124. Vidali L, Yokota E, Cheung AY, Shimmen T, Hepler PK (1999) The 135kDa actin-binding protein from Lilium longiflorum pollen is the plant homologue of villin. Protoplasma 209: 283-291
125. von Bargen S, Salchert K, Paape M, Piechulla B, Kellmann JW (2001) Interactions between the tomato spotted wilt virus movement protein and plant proteins showing homologies to myosin, kinesin and DnaJ-like chaperones. Plant Physiol Biochem 39: 1083-1093
126. Wasteneys GO, Galway ME (2003) Remodelling the cytoskeleton for growth and form: an overview with some new views. Annu Rev Plant Biol 54: 691-722
127. Weerasinghe RR, Collings DA, Johannes E, Allen NS (2003) The distributional changes and role of microtubules in Nod factor-challenged Medicago sativa root hairs. Planta 218: 276-287
128. Whitehead LF, Day DA, Hardham AR (1998) Cytoskeletal arrays in the cells of soybean root nodules: the role of actin microfilaments in the organisation of symbiosomes. Protoplasma 203: 194-205
129. Whittington AT, Vugrek O, Wei KJ, Hasenbein NG, Sugimoto K, Rashbrooke MC, Wasteneys GO (2001) MOR1 is essential for organizing cortical microtubules in plants. Nature 411: 610-613
130. Wolf S, Deom C, Beachy RN, Lucas WJ (1989) Movement protein of tobacco mosaic virus modifies plasmodesmatal size exclusion limit. Science 246: 377-379
131. Yang W-C, de Blank C, Meskiene I, Hirt H, Bakker J, Van Kammen A, Franssen H, Bisseling T (1994) Rhizobium Nod factors reactive the cell cycle during infection and nodule promordium formation, but the cycle is only completed in primordium formation. Plant Cell 6: 1415-1426
132. Yang ZB (2002) Small GTPases: versatile signaling switches in plants. Plant Cell (Suppl) 14: S375-S388
133. 2+ ions. Plant Physiol 119: 231-239
134. Yun B-W, Atkinson HA, Gaborit C, Greenland A, Read ND, Pallas JA, Loake GJ (2003) Loss of actin cytoskeletal function and EDS1 activity, in combination, severely compromises non-host resistance in Arabidopsis against wheat powdery mildew. Plant J 34: 768-777