Eye movements and psychiatric disease

Current Opinion in Neurology

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 43-47

  Trillenberg, Peter ^a   Lencer, Rebekka ^a   Heide, Wolfgang ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL SCHLESWIG HOLSTEIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Affective disorder; Eye movements; Saccade; Schizophrenia; Smooth pursuit

Indexed keywords

KETAMINE; NICOTINE;

EYE MOVEMENT CONTROL; EYE MOVEMENT DISORDER; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; NEUROBIOLOGY; PHENOTYPE; REVIEW; SACCADIC EYE MOVEMENT; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SMOKING; SMOOTH PURSUIT EYE MOVEMENT;

DOPAMINE; GENETIC MARKERS; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS; PHENOTYPE; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; PURSUIT, SMOOTH; SACCADES; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY;

EID: 1542328957     PISSN: 13507540     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00019052-200402000-00008     Document Type: Review

References (31)

1. Diefendorf AR, Dodge R. An experimental study of the ocular reactions of the insane from photographic records. Brain 1908; 31:451-489.
2. Holzman PS, Proctor LR, Hughes DW. Eye-tracking patterns in schizophrenia. Science 1973; 181:179-181.
3. Levy DL, Holzman PS, Matthysse S, Mendell NR. Eye tracking dysfunction and schizophrenia: a critical perspective. Schizophr Bull 1993; 19:461-537.
4. Levy DL, Lajonchere CM, Dorogusker B, et al. Quantitative characterization of eye tracking dysfunction in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2000; 42:171-135.
5. Hutton S, Kennard C. Oculomotor abnormalities in schizophrenia. A critical review. Neurology 1998; 50:604-609.
6. Tekin S, Cummings JL. Frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits and clinical neuropsychiatry. An update. J Psychosom Res 2002; 53:647-654. A review touching eye movements en passant.
7. Levinson DF. Molecular genetics of schizophrenia: a review of the recent literature. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2003; 16:157-170.
8. Gottesman II, Gould TD. The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160:636-645.
9. Calkins ME, Iacono WG, Curtis CE. Smooth pursuit and antisaccade performance evidence trait stability in schizophrenia patients and their relatives. Int J Psychophysiol 2003; 49:139-146. This study demonstrates a high test-retest correlation in an observation interval of 1.8 years for smooth pursuit closed-loop gain, antisaccade error rate, saccade reaction time to correct antisaccade responses, and prosaccade hypometria and a lower correlation for smooth pursuit open-loop gain.
10. Holzman PS. Eye movements and the search for the essence of schizophrenia. Brain Res Rev 2000; 31:350-356.
11. Hong LE, Avila MT, Adami H, et al. Components of the smooth pursuit function in deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2003; 63:39-48. This study demonstates the impaired initiation of smooth pursuit in deficit but not in non-deficit patients with schizophrenia.
12. Ross RG, Olincy A, Mikulich SK, et al. Admixture analysis of smooth pursuit eye movements in probands with schizophrenia and their relatives suggests gain and leading saccades are potential endophenotypes. Psychophysiology 2002; 39:809-819. A large and very sophisticated study, which analyses the distributions of parameters (leading saccades and smooth pursuit gain) in the groups studied rather than only group means.
13. Ross RG. Early expression of a pathophysiological feature of schizophrenia: saccadic intrusions into smooth pursuit eye movements in school-age children vulnerable to schizophrenia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2003; 42:468-476. This study provides evidence for the leading saccade phenotype in 94% of children with schizophrenia, 50% of non-psychotic relatives, but only 19% of typically developing children.
14. Gschwandtner U, Aston J, Borgwardt S, et al. Neuropsychological and neurophysiological findings in individuals suspected to be at risk for schizophrenia: preliminary results from the Basel early detection of psychosis srtudy - Frueherkennung von Psychosen (FEPSY). Acta Psychiatr Scand 2003; 108:152-155. This study identifies at-risk individuals by screening for prodromal symptoms, and demonstrates increased rates of saccades during pursuit in these subjects. Eye movement recording only one item in a longer list of psychophysiological measures and is not described in great detail.
15. Lencer R, Trillenberg-Krecker K, Schwinger E, Arolt V. Schizophrenia spectrum disorders and eye tracking dysfunction in singleton and multiplex schizophrenia families. Schizophr Res 2003; 60:33-45. Patients and relatives from both singleton and multiplex schizophrenia families perform worse than members of families without a history of psychotic disorders. This implies a genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia not only in familial, but also in sporadic schizophrenia.
16. Thaker GK, Avila MT, Hong EL, et al. A model of smooth pursuit eye movement deficit associated with the schizophrenia phenotype. Psychophysiology 2003; 40: 277-284. This study compares the relatives of schizophrenic patients with normal controls. Multiple linear regression shows that the extraretinal contribution to smooth pursuit gain is reduced in relatives of schizophrenic patients.
17. Thaker GK, Ross DE, Cassady SL, et al. Smooth pursuit eye movements to extraretinal motion signals. Deficits in relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55:830-835.
18. Keshavan MS, Diwadkar VA, Spencer SM, et al. A preliminary functional magnetic resonance imaging study in offspring of schizophrenic patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2002; 26:1143-1149. This study demonstrates decreased activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the inferior parietal cortex in high-risk offspring of schizophrenic patients.
19. Rybakowski JK, Borkowska A, Czerski PM, Hauser J. Dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) gene polymorphism is associated with the intensity of eye movement disturbances in schizophrenic patients and healthy subjects. Mol Psychiatry 2001; 6:718-724.
20. Rybakowski JK, Borkowska A, Czerski PM, et al. The study of cytosolic phospholipase A2 gene polymorphism in schizophrenia using eye movement disturbances as an endophenotypic marker. Neuropsychobiology 2003; 47:115-119. A noteworthy, first report of a functional link between a gene polymorphism and ETD.
21. Rybakowski JK, Borkowska A, Czerski PM, Hauser J. Eye movement disturbances in schizophrenia and a polymorphism of catechol-O- methyltransferase. Psychiatry Res 2003; 113:49-57. This study demonstrated a significant association between a catechol-O-methyltransferase polymorphism and lower saccadic frequencies during smooth pursuit and fixation in men suffering from schizophrenia.
22. Kathmann N, Hochrein A, Uwer R, Bondy B. Deficits in gain of smooth pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia and affective disorder patients and their unaffected relatives. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160:696-702. This study reported reduced gain in both patient groups and groups of relatives, but no difference between the two patient groups. The study thus challenges the specificity of smooth pursuit impairment for schizophrenia.
23. Weiler MA, Thaker GK, Lahti AC, Tamminga CA. Ketamine effects on eye movements. Neuropsychopharmacology 2000; 23:645-653.
24. Avila MT, Weiler MA, Lahti AC, et al. Effects of ketamine on leading saccades during smooth pursuit eye movements may implicate cerebellar dysfunction in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159:1490-1496. This study is a reanalysis of Weiler et al. [23] for leading saccades.
25. Andreasen NC, Paradiso S, O'Leary DS. 'Cognitive dysmetria' as an integrative theory of schizophrenia: a dysfunction in the cortical-subcortical- cerebellar circuitry? Schizophr Bull 1998; 24:203-218.
26. Okugawa G, Sedvall GC, Agartz I. Smaller cerebellar vermis but not hemisphere volumes in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160:1614-1617.
27. Dépatie L, O'Driscoll GA, Holahan AV, et al. Nicotine and behavioral markers of risk for schizophrenia: a double blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002; 27:1056-1070. This study demonstrates an improvement in smooth pursuit gain and a reduction of antisaccade errors with nicotine in patients and controls. It suggests attention as a causative factor, and is noteworthy for the determination of plasma levels and the double blind design.
28. Sherr JD, Myers C, Avila MT, et al. The effects of nicotine on specific eye tracking measures in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 52:721-728. This study demonstrates increased eye acceleration in patients but not in controls. No effects were found in saccadic tasks.
29. Olincy A, Johnson LL, Ross RG. Differential effects of cigarette smoking on performance of a smooth pursuit and a saccadic eye movement task in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2003; 117:223-236. This study demonstrates an improvement in patients and controls in a smooth pursuit task, but not in a memory-guided saccade task.
30. Broerse A, Crawford TJ, den Boer JA. Differential effects of olanzapine and risperidone on cognition in schizophrenia? A saccadic eye movement study. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2002; 14:454-460. In this study the accuracy of memory-guided saccades was not superior in patients treated with risperidone compared with patients treated with olanzapine.
31. Broerse A, Crawford TJ, den Boer JA. Parsing cognition in schizophrenia using saccadic eye movements. Neuropsychologia 2002; 39:742-756.