The role of attachment and cognitive inhibition in children's memory and suggestibility for a stressful event

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology

Volumn 83, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 262-290

  Alexander, Kristen Weede ^a,d   Goodman, Gail S ^a   Schaaf, Jennifer M ^b   Edelstein, Robin S ^a   Quas, Jodi A ^c   Shaver, Phillip R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Attachment; Emotion; Eyewitness memory; Inhibition; Memory development; Suggestibility

Indexed keywords

AFFECT; ARTICLE; CHILD; COGNITION; DEFENSE MECHANISM; FEMALE; HUMAN; INHIBITION (PSYCHOLOGY); LIFE EVENT; MALE; OBJECT RELATION; PRESCHOOL CHILD; QUESTIONNAIRE; SUGGESTION;

AFFECT; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COGNITION; FEMALE; HUMANS; INHIBITION (PSYCHOLOGY); LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; MALE; OBJECT ATTACHMENT; QUESTIONNAIRES; REPRESSION; SUGGESTION;

EID: 1542324334     PISSN: 00220965     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0965(02)00149-2     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Ahadi, S. A., Rothbart, M. K., & Ye, R. (1993). Children's temperament in the US and China: Similarities and differences. European Journal of Personality, 7, 359-377.
2. Ainsworth, M. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
3. Alexander, K. W., Quas, J. A., & Goodman, G. S. (2002). Theoretical advances in understanding children's memory for distressing events: The role of attachment. Developmental Review, 22, 490-519.
4. Bahrick, L.E., Parker, J.F., Fivush, R., & Levitt, M. (1998). The effects of stress on young children's memory for a natural disaster. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 4, 308-331.
5. Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226-244.
6. Benoit, D., & Parker, K. C. H. (1994). Stability and transmission of attachment across three generations. Child Development, 65, 1444-1456.
7. Bottoms, B., Davis, S., Nysse, K., Haegerich, T., & Conway, A. (2000). Effects of social support and working memory capacity on children's eyewitness memory. Paper presented at the Biennial Meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, New Orleans, LA.
8. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss. Vol. I. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
9. Brainerd, C. J., & Ornstein, P. A. (1991). Children's memory for witnessed events: The developmental backdrop. In J. Doris (Ed.), The suggestibility of children's recollections (pp. 10-20). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
10. Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46-76). New York: Guilford Press.
11. Bugental, D. B., Blue, J., Cortez, V., Fleck, K., & Rodriguez, A. (1992). Influences of witnessed affect on information processing in children. Child Development, 63, 774-786.
12. Carlson, S. M., & Moses, L. J. (2001). Individual di+erences in inhibitory control and children's theory of mind. Child Development, 72, 1032-1053.
13. Carter, C. A., Bottoms, B. L., & Levine, M. (1996). Linguistic and socioemotional influences on the accuracy of children's reports. Law and Human Behavior, 20, 335-358.
14. Case, R. (1998). The development of conceptual structures. In W. Damon, D. Kuhn, & R. S. Siegler (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 2: Cognition, perception, and language (pp. 745-800). New York: Wiley.
15. Caspi, A. (1998). Personality development across the life course. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (5th ed., pp. 311-388). New York: Wiley.
16. Christianson, S.-A. (1992). Emotional stress and eyewitness memory: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 284-309.
17. Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1988). Personality in adulthood: A six-year longitudinal study of self-reports and spouse ratings on the NEO Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 853-863.
18. Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-FI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
19. Craik, F. I., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Behavior, 11, 671-684.
20. Dempster, F. N. (1992). The rise and fall of the inhibitory mechanism: Toward a unified theory of cognitive development and aging. Developmental Review, 12, 45-75.
21. Edelstein, R. S., Alexander, K. W., Shaver, P. R., Schaaf, J. M., Quas, J. A., & Goodman, G. S. (2002). Parental attachment style and children's reactions to a stressful event. Manuscript under review.
22. Fischer, K. W., & Bidell, T. R. (1998). Dynamic development of psychological structures in action and thought. In W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 1: Theoretical models of human development (pp. 467-561). New York: Wiley.
23. Fivush, R. (1993). Emotional content of parent-child conversations about the past. In C. A. Nelson (Ed.), Memory and affect in development (pp. 39-77). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
24. Fraley, R. C., Garner, J. P., & Shaver, P. R. (2000). Adult attachment and the defensive regulation of attention and memory: Examining the role of preemptive and postemptive defensive processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 816-826.
25. Fraley, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. (2000). Adult romantic attachment: Theoretical developments, emerging controversies, and unanswered questions. Review of General Psychology, 4, 132-154.
26. George, C., & Solomon, J. (1999). Attachment and caregiving: The attachment behavioral system. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 649-670). New York: Guilford Press.
27. Gerstadt, C. L., Hong, Y. J., & Diamond, A. (1994). The relationship between cognition and action: Performance of children 31/2-7 years old on a Stroop-like day/night test. Cognition, 53, 129-153.
28. Goodman, G. S., & Reed, R. S. (1986). Age di+erences in eyewitness testimony. Law and Human Behavior, 10, 317-332.
29. Goodman, G. S., Hirschman, J. E., Hepps, D., & Rudy, L. (1991). Children's memory for stressful events. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 37, 109-157.
30. Goodman, G. S., Quas, J. A., Batterman-Faunce, J. M., Riddlesberger, M. M., & Kuhn, J. (1994). Predictors of accurate and inaccurate memories of traumatic events experienced in childhood. Consciousness and Cognition, 3, 269-294.
31. Goodman, G. S., Quas, J. A., Batterman-Faunce, J. M., Riddlesberger, M. M., & Kuhn, J. (1997). Children's reactions to and memory for a stressful event: Influences of age, anatomical dolls, knowledge, and parental attachment. Applied Developmental Science, 1, 54-75.
32. Gordon, B. N., Baker-Ward, L., & Ornstein, P. A. (2001). Children's testimony: A review of research on memory for past experiences. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 4, 157-181.
33. Greenhoot, A. F., Ornstein, P. A., Gordon, B. N., & Baker-Ward, L. (1999). Acting out the details of a pediatric check-up: The impact of interview condition and behavioral style on children's memory reports. Child Development, 70, 363-380.
34. Griffin, D., & Bartholomew, K. (1994). Metaphysics of measurement: The case of adult attachment. In K. Bartholomew & D. Perlman (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships, Vol. 5: Attachment processes in adulthood (pp. 17-52). London: Jessica Kingsley.
35. Haden, C. A., Hayne, R. A., & Fivush, R. (1997). Developing narrative structure in parent-child reminiscing across the preschool years. Developmental Psychology, 33, 295-307.
36. Hamann, S. (2001). Cognitive and neural mechanisms of emotional memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5, 394-400.
37. Harnishfeger, K. K., & Bjorklund, D. F. (1994). A developmental perspective on individual differences in inhibition. Learning and Individual Differences, 6, 331-355.
38. Hesse, E. (1999). The adult attachment interview: Historical and current perspectives. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 395-433). New York: Guilford Press.
39. Howe, M. L., Courage, M. L., & Peterson, C. (1995). Intrusions in preschoolers' recall of traumatic childhood events. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 2, 130-134.
40. Howe, M. L. (1997). Children's memory for traumatic experiences. Learning and Individual Differences, 9, 153-174.
41. Johnson, E. K., & Howell, R. J. (1993). Memory processes in children: Implications for investigations of alleged child sexual abuse. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 21, 213-226.
42. Lorsbach, T. C., Katz, G. A., & Cupak, A. J. (1998). Developmental differences in the ability to inhibit the initial misinterpretation of garden path passages. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 71, 275-296.
43. Lorsbach, T. C., & Reimer, J. F. (1997). Developmental changes in the inhibition of previously relevant information. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 64, 317-342.
44. Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50, 66-104.
45. Merritt, K. A., Ornstein, P. A., & Spicker, B. (1994). Children's memory for a salient medical procedure: Implications for children's testimony. Pediatrics, 94, 17-23.
46. Miller, J. B., & Noirot, M. (1999). Attachment memories, models and information processing. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 16, 147-173.
47. Ognibene, T. C., & Collins, N. L. (1998). Adult attachment styles, perceived social support, and coping strategies. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15, 323-345.
48. Peterson, C. (1999). Children's memory for medical emergencies: Two years later. Developmental Psychology, 35, 1493-1506.
49. Peterson, C., & Bell, M. (1996). Children's memory for traumatic injury. Child Development, 67, 3045-3070.
50. Pezdek, K., & Taylor, J. (2002). Memories of traumatic events. In M. Eisen, J. A. Quas, & G. S. Goodman (Eds.), Memory and suggestibility in the forensic interview (pp. 165-183). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
51. Pipe, M.-E., & Salmon, K. (2002). What children bring to the interview context: Individual differences in children's event reports. In M. Eisen, J. A. Quas, & G. S. Goodman (Eds.), Memory and suggestibility in the forensic interview (pp. 235-261). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
52. Poole, D. A., & Lindsay, D. S. (2001). Children's eyewitness reports after exposure to misinformation from parents. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 7, 27-50.
53. Poole, D. A., & Lindsay, D. S. (1995). Interviewing preschoolers: Effects of nonsuggestive techniques, parental coaching, and leading questions on reports of nonexperienced events. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 60, 129-154.
54. Pynoos, R. S., & Nader, K. (1989). Children's memory and proximity to violence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 236-241.
55. Quas, J. A., & Schaaf, J. M. (in press). Children's memory of experienced and non-experienced events across repeated interviews. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology.
56. Quas, J. A., Goodman, G. S., Bidrose, S., Pipe, M.-E., Craw, S., & Ablin, D. (1999). Emotion and memory: Children's long-term remembering, forgetting, and suggestibility. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 72, 235-270.
57. Quas, J., Hong, M., Alkon, A., & Boyce, W. T. (2000). Dissociations between psychobiologic reactivity and emotional expression in children. Developmental Psychobiology, 37, 153-175.
58. Quas, J. A., Qin, J., Schaaf, J. M., & Goodman, G. S. (1997). Individual differences in children's and adults' suggestibility and false event memory. Learning and Individual Differences, 9, 359-390.
59. Rholes, W. S., Simpson, J. A., & Blakely, B. S. (1995). Adult attachment styles and mothers' relationships with their young children. Personal Relationships, 2, 35-54.
60. Roberts, K. P., & Blades, M. (1999). Children's memory and source monitoring of real-life and televised events. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 20, 575-596.
61. Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., & Hershey, K. L. (1994). Temperament and social behavior in childhood. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40, 21-39.
62. Ruffman, T., Rustin, C., Garnham, W., & Parkin, A. J. (2001). Source monitoring and false memories in children: Relation to certainty and executive functioning. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 80, 95-111.
63. Schaaf, J. M., Goodman, G. S., & Alexander, K. (1999). Effects of repeated questions on children's memory and suggestibility about true and false events. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Albuquerque, NM.
64. Schacter, D. L., Kagan, J., & Leichtman, M. D. (1995). True and false memories in children and adults: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 1, 411-428.
65. Scharfe, E., & Bartholomew, K. (1994). Reliability and stability of adult attachment patterns. Personal Relationships, 1, 23-43.
66. Shaver, P. R., & Brennan, K. A. (1992). Attachment styles and the "Big Five" personality traits: Their connections with each other and with romantic relationship outcomes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 536-545.
67. Shrimpton, S., Oates, K., & Hayes, S. (1998). Children's memory of events: Effects of stress, age, time delay, and location of interview. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 12, 133-143.
68. Shyamalan, B., Lamb, M., & Sheldrick, R. (1995, August). The effects of repeated questioning on preschoolers' reports. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York, NY.
69. Stevenson-Hinde, J. (1991). Temperament and attachment: An eclectic approach. In P. Bateson (Ed.), The development and integration of behaviour: Essays in honour of Robert Hinde (pp. 315-329). New York: Cambridge University.
70. van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1995). Adult attachment representations, parental responsiveness, and infant attachment: A metaanalysis on the predictive validity of the adult attachment interview. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 387-403.
71. Vandermaas, M. O., Hess, T. M., & Baker-Ward, L. (1993). Does anxiety affect children's reports of memory for a stressful event? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 7, 109-127.
72. Zeanah, C. H., Benoit, D., Barton, M., Regan, C., Hirshberg, L., & Lipsett, L. (1993). Representations of attachment in mothers and their one-year-old infants. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 278-286.