Effects of antioxidant treatment on normal and diabetic rat retinal enzyme activities

Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 28-35

  Dene, Barbara A ^a   Maritim, Alice C ^b   Sanders, Ruth A ^a   Watkins III, John B ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b MOI UNIVERSITY   (Kenya)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIOXIDANT; BETA CAROTENE; GAMMA GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE; GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE; GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE; PYCNOGENOL; STREPTOZOCIN; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; THIOCTIC ACID;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; DRUG EFFECT; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME BLOOD LEVEL; FEMALE; GAMMA GLUTAMYL TRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; RAT; RETINA; STREPTOZOCIN DIABETES;

EID: 14044277564     PISSN: 10807683     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/jop.2005.21.28     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Cohen, M.P. Diabetes and Protein Glycosylation: Measurement and Biological Relevance. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1986.
2. Hunt, J.V., Dean, R.T., and Wolff, S.P. Hydroxyl radical production and autoxidative glycosylation. Glucose autoxidation as the cause of protein damage in the experimental glycation model of diabetes mellitus and aging. Biochem. J. 256:205-212, 1988.
3. Hammes, H.P., Bartmann, A., Engel, L., et al. Antioxidant treatment of experimental diabetic retinopathy in rats with nicanartine. Diabetologia 40:629-634, 1997.
4. Ellis, E.A., Grant, M.B., Murray, F.T., et al. Increased NADH oxidase activity in the retina of the BBZ/Wor diabetic rat. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 24:111-120, 1998.
5. Mizutani, M., Okuda, Y., and Yamashita, K. Effect of cilostazol on the production of platelet-derived growth factor in cultured human vascular endothelial cells. Biochem. Mol. Med. 57:156-158, 1996.
6. Addison, D.J., Garner, A., and Ashton, N. Degeneration of intramural pericytes in diabetic retinopathy. Br. Med. J. 1:264-266, 1970.
7. Robison, W.G., Jr., Jacot, J.L., Katz, M.L., et al. Retinal vascular changes induced by the oxidative stress of alpha-tocopherol deficiency contrasted with diabetic microangiopathy. J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther. 16:109-120, 2000.
8. Woodall, A.A., Lee, S.W., Weesie, R.J., et al. Oxidation of carotenoids by free radicals: Relationship between structure and reactivity. Biochimica. et. Biophysica. Acta. 1336:33-42, 1997.
9. Packer, L., Rimbach, G., and Virgili, F. Antioxidant activity and biologic properties of a procyanidin-rich extract from pine (Pinus maritima) bark, Pycnogenol. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 27:704-724, 1999.
10. Evans, J.L., and Goldfine, I.D. α-Lipoic acid: A multifunctional antioxidant that improves insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diab. Technol. Therapeut. 2:401-413, 2000.
11. Chen, H., and Tappel, A.L. Protection of vitamin E, selenium, trolox C, ascorbic acid palmitate, acetylcysteine, coenzyme Q0, coenzyme Q10, beta carotene, canthaxanthin, and (+)-catechin against oxidative damage to rat blood and tissues in vivo. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 18:949-953, 1995.
12. Chen, H., and Tappel, A.L. Protection by vitamin E, selenium, trolox C, ascorbic acid palmitate, acetylcysteine, coenzyme Q, beta carotene, canthaxanthin, and (+)-catechin against oxidative damage to liver slices measured by oxidized heme proteins. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 16:437-444, 1994.
13. Buyukdevrim, A.S. Islet pathology in streptozotocin-induced autoimmune diabetic mice: New insights into clinical practice. Diabete. Metab. 20:87-94, 1994.
14. National Research Council. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1996.
15. Meister, A., Tate, S.S., and Griffith, O.W. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Meth. Enzymol. 77:237-253, 1981.
16. Crapo, J.D., McCord, J.M., and Fridovich, I. Preparation and assay of superoxide dismutases. Meth. Enzymol. 53:382-393, 1978.
17. Tappel, A.L. Glutathione peroxidase and hydroperoxides. Meth. Enzymol. 52:506-513, 1978.
18. Carlberg, I., and Mannervik, B. Purification and characterization of the flavoenzyme glutathione reductase from rat liver. J. Biol. Chem. 250:5475-5480, 1975.
19. Khamaisi, M., Rudich, A., Potashnik, R., et al. Lipoic acid acutely induces hypoglycemia in fasting nondiabetic and diabetic rats. Metabolism 48:504-510, 1999.
20. Cooper, D.A., Eldridge, A.L., and Peters, J.C. Dietary carotenoids and certain cancers, heart disease, and age-related macular degeneration: A review of recent research. Nutr. Rev. 57:201-214, 1999.
21. Clinton, S.K. Lycopene: Chemistry, biology, and implications for human health and disease. Nutr. Rev. 56:35-51, 1998.
22. Peto, R., Doll, R., Buckley, J.D., et al. Can dietary beta carotene materially reduce human cancer rates? Nature 290:201-208, 1981.
23. Dugas, T.R., Morel, D.W., and Harrison, E.H. Dietary supplementation with beta carotene, but not with lycopene, inhibits endothelial cell-mediated oxidation of low-density lipoprotein. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 26:1238-1244, 1999.
24. Maritim, A., Dene, B.A., Sanders, R.A., et al. Effects of beta carotene on oxidative stress in normal and diabetic rats. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. 16:203-208, 2002.
25. Kowluru, R.A., Engerman, R.L., and Kern, T.S. Abnormalities of retinal metabolism in diabetes or experimental galactosemia. VI. Comparison of retinal and cerebral cortex metabolism, and effects of antioxidant therapy. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 26:371-378, 1999.
26. Kowluru, R.A., and Koppolu, P. Diabetes-induced activation of caspase-3 in retina: Effect of antioxidant therapy. Free Radic. Res. 36:993-999, 2002.
27. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N. Engl. J. Med. 330: 1029-1035, 1994.
28. Paolini, M., Abdel-Rahman, S.Z., Sapone, A., et al. Beta carotene: A cancer chemopreventive agent or a cocarcinogen? Mutat. Res. 543:195-200, 2003.
29. Rice-Evans, C.A., Miller, N.J., and Paganga, G. Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 20:933-956, 1996.
30. Kobuchi, H., Virgili, F., and Packer, L. Assay of inducible form of nitric oxide synthase activity: Effect of flavonoids and plant extracts. Meth. Enzymol. 301:504-513, 1999.
31. Maffei Facino, R., Carini, M., Aldini, G., et al. Free radicals scavenging action and anti-enzyme activities of procyanidines from Vitis vinifera. A mechanism for their capillary protective action. Arzneimit. Forsch. 44:592-601, 1994.
32. Masquelier, J., Michaud, J., Laparra, J., et al. Flavonoides et Pycnogenols. Intl. J. Vit. Nutr. Res. 49:307-311, 1979.
33. Cao, G., Sofic, E., and Prior, R.L. Antioxidant and pro-oxidant behavior of flavonoids: Structure-activity relationships. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 22:749-760, 1997.
34. Blazso, G., and Gabor, M. Anti-inflammatory effects of cherry (Prunus avium L.) stalk extract. Pharmazie 49:540-541, 1994.
35. Virgili, F., Kobuchi, H., and Packer, L. Procyanidins extracted from Pinus maritima (Pycnogenol): Scavengers of free radical species and modulators of nitrogen monoxide metabolism in activated murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 24:1120-1129, 1998.
36. Maritim, A., Dene, B.A., Sanders, R.A., et al. Effects of Pycnogenol treatment on oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. 17:193-199, 2003.
37. van Jaarsveld, H., Kuyl, J.M., Schulenburg, D.H., et al. Effect of flavonoids on the outcome of myocardial mitochondrial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Res. Commun. Mol. Pathol. Pharmacol. 91:65-75, 1996.
38. Chida, M., Suzuki, K., Nakanishi-Ueda, T., et al. In vitro testing of antioxidants and biochemical end points in bovine retinal tissue. Ophthalmic Res. 31:407-415, 1999.
39. Biewenga, G.P., Haenen, G.R., and Bast, A. The pharmacology of the antioxidant lipoic acid. Gen. Pharmacol. 29:315-331, 1997.
40. Packer, L., Witt, E.H., and Tritschler, H.J. α-lipoic acid as a biological antioxidant. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 19:227-250, 1995.
41. Bustamante, J., Lodge, J.K., Marcocci, L., et al. Alpha-lipoic acid in liver metabolism and disease. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 24:1023-1039, 1998.
42. Maritim, A.C., Sanders, R.A., and Watkins, J.B. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid on biomarkers of oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J. Nutr. Biochem. 14:288-294, 2003.
43. Obrosova, I.G., Fathallah, L., and Greene, D.A. Early changes in lipid peroxidation and antioxidative defense in diabetic rat retina: Effect of DL-α-lipoic acid. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 398:139-146, 2000.
44. Spadea, L., and Balestrazzi, E. Treatment of vascular retinopathies with Pycnogenol. Phytother. Res. 15:219-223, 2001.
45. Obrosova, I.G., Minchenko, A.G., Marinescu, V., et al. Antioxidants attenuate early upregulation of retinal vascular endothelial growth factor in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Diabetologia 44:1102-1110, 2001.
46. Scott, B.C., Aruoma, O.I., Evans, P.J., et al. Lipoic and dihydrolipoic acids as antioxidants. A critical evaluation. Free Radic. Res. 20:119-133, 1994.
47. Winkler, B.S., Boulton, M.E., Gottsch, J.D., et al. Oxidative damage and age-related macular degeneration. Mol. Vis. 5:32, 1999.
48. Anderson, R.E., Benolken, R.M., Dudley, P.A., et al. Proceedings: Polyunsaturated fatty acids of photoreceptor membranes. Exp. Eye Res. 18:205-213, 1974.
49. Anwar, M.M., and Meki, A.R. Oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: Effects of garlic oil and melatonin. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. Mol. Integr. Physiol. 135:539-547, 2003.
50. Memisogullari, R., Taysi, S., Bakan, E., et al. Antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cell. Biochem. Funct. 21:291-296, 2003.
51. Garg, M.C., Singh, K.P., and Bansal, D.D. Effect of vitamin E supplementation on antioxidant status of diabetic rats. Med. Sci. Res. 24:325-326, 1996.
52. Nishida, T., Nakagawa, S., and Manabe, R. Superoxide dismutase activity in diabetic rat retina. Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. 28:377-382, 1984.
53. Khanna, P., Wang, L., Perez-Polo, R.J., et al. Oxidative defense enzyme activity and mRNA levels in lenses of diabetic rats. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 51:541-555, 1997.
54. Agardh, C.D., Israelsson, B., Thuesen-Olesen, B., et al. Application of quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction for measurements of mRNA from antioxidative enzymes in the diabetic rat retina and kidney. Metabolism 51:1279-1284, 2002.
55. Belloni-Olivi, L., Bressler, J.P., and Goldstein, G.W. Retinal microvessels express less gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase than brain microvessels. Curr. Eye Res. 11:203-211, 1992.
56. Kowluru, R., Kern, T.S., and Engerman, R.L. Abnormalities of retinal metabolism in diabetes or galactosemia. II. Comparison of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in retina and cerebral cortex, and effects of antioxidant therapy. Curr. Eye Res. 13:891-896, 1994.
57. Rimbach, G., Virgili, F., Park, Y.C., et al. Effect of procyanidins from Pinus maritima on glutathione levels in endothelial cells challenged by 3-morpholinosydnonimine or activated macrophages. Redox. Rep. 4:171-177, 1999.
58. Sundaram, R.K., Bhaskar, A., Vijayalingam, S., et al. Antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in type 2 diabetes mellitus with and without complications. Clin. Sci. (Lond.) 90:255-260, 1996.