Azimilide, a novel oral class III antiarrhythmic for both supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias

Current Drug Targets - Cardiovascular and Haematological Disorders

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 75-84

  VerNooy, Robert A ^a   Mangrum, J Michael ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA HEALTH SYSTEM   (United States)

Author keywords

Atrial fibrillation; Azimilide; Class III antiarrhythmic agents; Defibrillation energy requirement; Implantable cardioverting defibrillator; Paroxysmal supraventricular tachyarrhythmia; Sudden cardiac death; Ventricular tachyarrhythmia

Indexed keywords

AMIODARONE; ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; AZIMILIDE; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DIGOXIN; DILTIAZEM; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DISOPYRAMIDE; DOFETILIDE; FLECAINIDE; IBUTILIDE; LIDOCAINE; METOPROLOL; MEXILETINE; MORACIZINE; PLACEBO; PROCAINAMIDE; PROPAFENONE; PROPRANOLOL; QUINIDINE; SOTALOL; TOCAINIDE; VERAPAMIL; WARFARIN;

ATAXIA; BRADYCARDIA; BRONCHOSPASM; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEFIBRILLATION; DIARRHEA; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DIZZINESS; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CLASSIFICATION; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSPNEA; EYE TOXICITY; FATIGUE; FOLLOW UP; HEADACHE; HEART ATRIUM FLUTTER; HEART DISEASE; HEART ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; HEART INFARCTION; HEART PROARRHYTHMIA; HEART REPOLARIZATION; HEART SUPRAVENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIA; HEART VENTRICLE ARRHYTHMIA; HEART VENTRICLE FIBRILLATION; HEART VENTRICLE TACHYCARDIA; HEPATITIS; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYPERTHYROIDISM; HYPOTHYROIDISM; INCIDENCE; LIVER METABOLISM; LONG TERM CARE; LUNG TOXICITY; MORTALITY; MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIAL; NAUSEA; NEUROPATHY; NEUTROPENIA; NONHUMAN; PAROXYSMAL SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; PREDICTION; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; QT INTERVAL; QT PROLONGATION; RANDOMIZATION; RECURRENT DISEASE; REFRACTORY PERIOD; REVIEW; SKIN TOXICITY; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; SUDDEN DEATH; SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; SURVIVAL; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; TORSADE DES POINTES; TREMOR;

ANIMALS; ANTICONVULSANTS; DRUG DESIGN; DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL; EPILEPSY; HUMANS; STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP;

EID: 13844257154     PISSN: 15680061     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1568006053004985     Document Type: Review

References (54)

1. Vaughan-Williams, E.M. A classification of antiarrhythmic actions reassessed after a decade of new drugs. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1984, 24, 129-147.
2. Task Force on the Working group on Arrhythmias of the European Society of Cardiology. The Sicilian Gambit. A new approach to the classification of antiarrhythmic drugs based on their actions on arrhythmogenic mechanisms. Circulation, 1991, 84, 1831-1851.
3. Echt, D.S., Liebson, P.R., Mitchell, L.B., Peters, R.W., Obias-Manno, D., Barker, A.H., Arensberg, D., Baker, A., Friedman, L., Greene, H.L. and the CAST Investigators. Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo: the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST). NEJM, 1991, 324, 781-788.
4. Flaker, G.C., Blackshear, J.L., McBride, R., Kronmal, R.A., Halperin, U., Hart, R.G. Antiarrhythmic drug therapy and cardiac mortality in atrial fibrillation. The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 1992, 20, 527-532.
5. Coplen, S.E., Antman, E.M., Berlin, J.A., Hewitt, P., Chalmers, T.C. Efficacy and safety of quinidine therapy for maintenance of sinus rhythm after cardioversion. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Circulation, 1990, 82, 1106-1116.
6. Priori, S.G., Barhanin, J., Hauer, R.N., Haverkamp, W., Jongsma, H.J., Kleber, A.G., McKenna, W.J., Roden, D.M., Rudy, Y., Schwartz, K., Schwartz, P.J., Towbin, J.A., Wilde, A. Genetic and molecular basis of cardiac arrhythmias: impact on clinical management: study group on molecular basis of arrhythmias of the working group on arrhythmias of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur. Heart. J., 1999, 20, 174-195.
7. Karam, R., Marcello, S., Brooks, R.R., Corey, A.E., Moore, A. Azimilide Dihydrochloride, a novel antiarrhythmic agent. Am. J. Cardiol., 1998, 81, 40D-46D.
8. Capucci, A., Vilanni, G.Q., Aschieri, D., Piepoli, M. Effects of Class III drugs on atrial fibrillation. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophyiol., 1998, 9, S109-S120.
9. Qi, X.Q., Newman, D., Dorian, P. The Class III effect of azimilide is not associated with reverse use-dependence in open-chest dogs. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 1999, 34, 898-903.
10. Fermini, B., Jurkiewicz, N.K., Jow, B., Guinosso, P.J., Baskin, E.P., Lynch, J.J., Salata, J.J. Use-dependent effects of the Class III antiarrhythmic agent NE-10064 (Azimilide) on cardiac repolarization: block of delayed rectifier potassium and L-type calcium currents. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 1995, 26, 259-271.
11. Hondeghem, L.M., Snyders, D.J. Class III antiarrhythmic agents have a lot of potential but a long way to go. Reduced effectiveness and the dangers of reverse use dependence. Circulation 1990, 81, 686-690.
12. Castro, A., Bianconi, L., Santini, M. New antiarrhythmic drugs for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. Pace, 2002, 25, 249-259.
13. Nattel, S., Lui, L., St-Georges, D. Effects of the novel antiarrhythmic agent azimilide on experimental and atrial electrophysiologic properties. J. Cardiovasc. Res., 1998, 37, 627-635.
14. Roden, D.M. Early after-depolarization and torsade de pointes: implication for the control of cardiac arrhythmias by prolong repolarization. Eur. Heart J., 1993, 14 Suppl. H, 56-61.
15. Brooks, R.R., Drexler, A.P., Maynard, A.E., Al-Khalidi, H., Kostreva, D.R. Proarrhythmia of azimilide and other Class III antiarrhythmic agents in the adrenergically stimulated rabbit. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 2000, 223, 183-189.
16. Carlsson, L., Almgren, O., Duker, G. QTU-prolongation and Torsades de Pointes induced by putative Class III antiarrhythmic agents in the rabbit: etiology and interventions. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 1990, 16, 276-285.
17. Corey, A., Al-Khalidi, H., Brezovic, C., Marcello, S., Parekh, N., Taylor, K., Karam, R. Azimilide pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics upon multiple oral dosing. Biopharm. & Drug Disposition, 1999, 20, 59-68.
18. Phillips, L., Thaddeus, H., Agnew, J.R., Ludwig, E.A.; Thompson, G.A. A population pharmokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis and model validation of azimilide. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2001, 70, 370-383.
19. Corey, A.E., Agnew, J.R., Valentine, S.N., Parekh, N.J., Powell, J.H., Thompson, G.A. Effect of severe renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of azimilide following single dose oral administration. British J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2002, 54(5), 449-452.
20. Pritchett, E.L., Page, R.L., Connolly, S.J., Marcello, S.R., Schnell, D.J., Wilkinson, W.E., and ASAP 3 (SVA-3) Investigators. Antiarrhythmic effects of azimilide in atrial fibrillation: efficacy and dose-response. JACC, 2000, 36, 794-802.
21. Page, R.L., Connolly, S.J., Wilkinson, W.E., Marcello, S.R., Schnell, D.J., Pritchett, E.L.C., and the ASAP Investigators. Antiarrhythmic effects of azimilide in paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia: efficacy and dose-response. Am. Heart J., 2002, 143, 643-649.
22. Camm, A.J., Karam, R., Pratt, C.M. The Azimilide Post-Infarct Survival Evaluation (ALIVE) Trial. Am. J. Cardiol., 1998, 81, 35D-39D.
23. Singer, I., Al-Khalidi, H., Niazi, I., Tchou, P., Simmons, T., Henthorn, R., Holroyde, M., Brum, J. Azimilide decreases recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. JACC, 2004, 43, 39-43.
24. Yao, J.A., Tseng, G.N. Azimilide (NE-10064) can prolong or shorten the action potential duration in canine ventricular myocytes: dependence on blockade of K, Ca, and Na channels. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol., 1997, 8, 184-188.
25. Clemett, D., Markham, A. Azimilide. Drugs, 2000, 59, 271-277.
26. Connolly, S.J., Schnell, D.J., Page, R.L., Wilkinson, W.E., Marcello, S.R. Dose-response relations of azimilide in the management of symptomatic, recurrent, atrial fibrillation. Am. J. Cardiol., 2001, 88, 974-979.
27. Pratt, C.M., Singh, S.N., Al-Khalidi, H.R., Brum, J.M., Holroyde, M.J., Marcello, S.R., Schwartz, P.J., Camm, A.J., on behalf of the ALIVE Investigators. The efficacy of azimilide in the treatment of atrial fibrillation in the presence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Results from the Azimilide Postinfarct Survival Evaluation (ALIVE) Trial. JACC, 2004, 43, 1211-1216.
28. Restivo, M., Hegazy, M., Caref, E.B., Avitable, M.J., Assadi, M.A., El-Hamami, M.; Yin, H., Piracha, M., Brooks, R.R., El-Sherif, N. Effects of azimilide dihydrochloride on circus movement atrial flutter in the canine sterile pericarditis model. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. 1996, 7, 612-624.
29. Restivo, M., Hegazy, M., El-Hamami, M., Yin, H., Caref, E.B., Assadi, M.A., Brooks, R.R., El-Sherif, N. Efficacy of azimilide and dofetilide in the dog right atrial enlargement model of atrial flutter. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol., 2001, 12, 1018-1024.
30. Lehman, M.H., Hardy, S., Archibald, D., Quart, B., MacNeil, D.J. Sex difference in risk of Torsade de pointes with d,l sotalol. Circ., 1996, 94, 2535-2541.
31. Mounsey, J.P., DiMarco, J.P. Dofetilide. Circ., 2000 102, 2665-2670.
32. Page, R.L. A-STAR and A-COMET Trials (Azimilide in atrial fibrillation) [abstract]. Europace, 2002, 3, A-2.
33. Roy, D., Talajic, M., Dorain, P., Connolly, S., Eisenberg, M.J., Green, M., Kus, T., Lamber, J., Dubuc, M., Gagne, P., Nattel, S., Thibault, B., for the Canadian Trial of Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. NEJU, 2000, 342, 913-920.
34. Naccarelli, G.V., Wolbrette, D.L., Kahn, M., Bhatta, L., Hynes, J., Samii, S., Luck, J. Old and new antiarrhythmic drugs for converting and maintaining sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation: comparative efficacy and results of trials. Am. J. Cardiol., 2003, 91(suppl.), 15D-26D.
35. Pedersen, O.D., Bagger, H., Keller, N., Marchant, B, Køber, L, Torp-Pedersen, C. Efficacy of dofetilide in the treatment of atrial fibrillation-flutter in patients with reduced left ventricular function: a Danish Investigations of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide (DIAMOND) Substudy. Circ., 2001, 104, 292-296.
36. Torp-Pedersen, C., Moller, M., Bloch-Thomsen, P.E., Køber, L., Sandøe, E., Egstrup, K., Agner, E., Carlsen, J., Videbaek, J., Marchant, B., Camm, A.J. Effect of dofetilide on mortality and morbidity in congestive heart failure and left ventricular function: the DIAMOND-CHF study. NEJM, 1999, 341, 857-865.
37. Køber, L., Bloch-Thomsen, P.E., Møller, M., Torp-Pedersen, C., Carlsen, J., Sandøe, E., Egstrup, K., Agner, E., Videbaek, J., Marchant, B., Camm, A.J., on behalf of the DIAMOND Study Group. Effect of dofetilide in patients with recent myocardial infarction and left-ventricular dysfunction: a randomised trial. Lancet, 2000, 356, 2052-2058.
38. Singh, S.N., Fletcher, R.D., Fisher, S.G., Singh, B.N., Lewis, H.D., Deedwania, P.C., Massie, B.M., Colling, C., Lazzeri, D. Amiodarone in patients with congestive heart failure and asymptomatic ventricular arrhythmia: survival trial of antiarrhythmic therapy in congestive heart failure (CHF-STAT). NEJM, 1995, 333, 77-82.
39. Page, R.L., Tilsch, T.W., Connolly, S.J., Schnell, D.J., Marcello, S.R., Wilkinson, W.E., Pritchett, E.L.C. Asymptomatic or "silent" atrial fibrillation frequency in untreated patients and patients receiving azimilide. Circ., 2003, 107, 1141-1145.
40. Connolly, S.J., Schnell, D.J., Page, R.L., Wilkinson, W.E., Marcello, S.R., Pritchett, E.L., for the ASAP Investigators. Symptoms at the time of arrhythmia recurrence in patients receiving azimilide for control of atrial fibrillation or flutter: Results form randomized trials. Am. Heart J., 2003, 146, 489-493.
41. Waldo, A.L., Camm, A.J., deRuyter, H., Friedman, P.L., MacNeil, D.J., Pauls, J.F., Pitt, B., Pratt, C.M., Schwartz, P.J., Veltri, E.P., for the SWORD Investigators. Effect of d-sotalol on mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after recent and remote myocardial infarction. Lancet, 1996, 348, 7-12.
42. Julian, D.G., Camm, A.J., Frangin, G., Janse, M.J., Munoz, A., Schwartz, P.J., Simon, P. Randomised trial of effect of amiodarone on mortality in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction after recent myocardial infarction: EMIAT. European Myocardial Infarct Amiodarone Trial Investigators. Lancet, 1997, 349, 667-74.
43. Cairns, J.A., Connolly, S.J., Roberts, R., Gent, M., for the Canadian Amiodarone Myocardial Infarction Arrhythmia Trial Investigators. Randomised trial of outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with frequent or repetitive ventricular premature depolarisations: CAMIAT. Lancet, 1997, 349, 675-82.
44. Pratt, C.M., Waldo, A.L., Camm, A.J. Can antiarrhythmic drugs survive survival trials? Am. J. Cardiol., 1998, 81(6A , 24D-34D.
45. Blaek, S.C., Butterfield, U., Lucchesi, B.R. Protection against programmed electrical stimulation-induced ventricular tachycardia and sudden cardiac death by NE-10064, a Class III antiarrhythmic drug. J. Cardovasc. Pharmacol., 1993, 22, 810-818.
46. Camm, A.J., Pratt, C.M., Schwartz, P.J., Al-Khalidi, H.R., Spyt, M.J., Holroyde, M.J., Karam, R., Sonneblick, E.H., Brum, J.M., on behalf of the Azimilide Post-Infarct Survival Evaluation (ALIVE) Investigators. Mortality in patients after a recent myocardial infarction. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of azimilide using heart rate variability for risk stratification. Circ., 2004, 109, 990-996.
47. Hartikainen, J.E., Malik, M., Staunton, A., Poloniecki, J., Camm, A.J. Distinction between arrhythmic and nonarrhythmic death after acute myocardial infarction based on heart rate variability, signal-averaged electrocardiogram, ventricular arrhythmias and left ventricular ejection fraction. JACC, 1996, 28, 296-304.
48. Sager, P.T. New advances in Class III antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Opin. Cardiol., 2000, 15, 41-53.
49. Ujhelyi, M.R., Schur, M., Frede, T., Bottorff, M.B., Gabel, M., Markel, M.L. Mechanisms of antiarrhythmic drug-induced changes in defibrillation threshold: role of potassium and sodium channel conductance. JACC, 1996, 27, 1534-1542.
50. Qi, X.Q., Newman, D., Dorian, P. Azimilide decreases defibrillation voltage requirements and increases spatial organization during ventricular fibrillation. J. Intervent. Cardiac. Electrophysiol., 1999, 3, 61-67.
51. Carnes, C.A., Mehdirad, A.A. Effects of azimilide, acidemia, and the combination on defibrillation energy requirements. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 2000, 36, 283-287.
52. Davis, D.R., Beatch, G.N., Dickenson, D.R., Tang, A.S. Dofetilide enhances shock-induced extension of refractoriness and lowers defibrillation threshold. Can. J. Cardiol., 1999, 15, 193-200.
53. Dorian, P., Newman, D. Effect of sotalol on ventricular fibrillation and defibrillation in humans. Am. J. Cardiol., 1993 72, 72A-79A.
54. Huang, J., Skinner, J.L., Rogers, J.M., Smith, W.M., Holman, W.L., Ideker, R.E. The effects of acute and chronic amiodarone on activation patterns and defibrillation threshold during ventricular fibrillation in dogs. JACC, 2002, 40, 375-383.