The endocrine system and the challenge of exercise

Veterinary Clinics of North America - Equine Practice

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 321-353

  McKeever, Kenneth Harrington ^a  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ENDOCRINE GLAND; ENERGY METABOLISM; HORSE; METABOLISM; PARACRINE SIGNALING; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SECRETION;

ANIMALS; ENDOCRINE GLANDS; ENERGY METABOLISM; HORSES; PARACRINE COMMUNICATION; PHYSICAL CONDITIONING, ANIMAL;

EID: 13744251906     PISSN: 07490739     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0749-0739(02)00005-6     Document Type: Article

References (156)

1. Dickson W.M. Endocrine glands. In: Swenson M.J. (Ed). Dukes' Physiology of Domestic Animals (1970), Cornell University Press, Ithaca (NY) 1189-1252
2. McKeever K.H., and Hinchcliff K.W. Neuroendocrine control of blood volume, blood pressure, and cardiovascular function in horses. Equine Vet J 14 Suppl 18 (1995) 77-81
3. Rowell L.B. Human cardiovascular control (1993), Oxford University Press, New York pp. 441-79
4. Willmore J.H., and Costill D.L. Hormonal regulation of exercise. In: Willmore J.H., and Costill D.L. (Eds). Physiology of sport and exercise (1994), Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL 122-143
5. McLaren D.P.M., Gibson H., Parry-Billings M., et al. A review of metabolic and physiological factors in fatigue. In: Pandolf K.B. (Ed). Exercise and Sports Science Reviews (1989), Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore (MD) 29-66
6. Mehl M.L., Schott H.C., Sarkar D.K., et al. Effects of exercise intensity on plasma β-endorphin concentrations in horses. Am J Vet Res 61 (2000) 969-973
7. Murray R.C., Vedi S., Birch H.L., et al. Subchondral bone thickness, hardness and remodelling are influenced by short-term exercise in a site-specific manner. J Orthop Res 19 (2001) 1035-1042
8. Yarasheski K.E. Growth hormone effects on metabolism, body composition muscle mass, and strength. In: Holloszy J.O. (Ed). Exercise and sport sciences reviews (1994), Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia (PA) 285-312
9. Horohov D.W., Dimock A.N., Gurinalda P.D., et al. Effects of exercise on the immune response of young and old horses. Am J Vet Res 60 (1999) 643-647
10. Malinowski K., Christensen R.A., Hafs H.D., et al. Age and breed differences in thyroid hormones, insulin-like growth factor-I and IGF binding proteins in horses. J Anim Sci 74 (1996) 1936-1942
11. Malinowski K., Christensen R.A., Konopka A., et al. Feed intake, body weight, body condition score, musculation, and immunocompetence in aged mares given equine somatotropin. J Anim Sci 75 (1997) 755-760
12. McKeever K.H., Malinowski K., Christensen R.A., et al. Chronic equine somatotropin administration does not affect aerobic capacity or indices of exercise performance in geriatric horses. Vet J 155 (1997) 19-25
13. Day TRJ, Potter GD, Morris EL, et al. Physiologic and skeletal response to exogenous equine growth hormone in two-year-old horses in race training. Proceedings of the 15th Equine Nutrition and Physiology Society Symposium; Fort Worth, TX. 1997. p. 53-8.
14. Gerard M.P. The effects of equine somatotropin on the physiological responses to training in young horses [PhD dissertation] (2001), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia p. 1-271
15. Smith L.A., Thompson D.L., French D.D., et al. Effects of recombinant equine somatotropin on wound healing, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and endogenous somatotropin responses to secretagogues in geldings. J Anim Sci 77 (1999) 1815-1822
16. Thornton J.R. Hormonal responses to exercise and training. Vet Clin North Am Equine Prac 1 3 (1985) 477-496
17. Convertino V.A., Keil L.C., Bernaver E.M., et al. Plasma volume, osmolarity, vasopressin, and renin activity during graded exercise in man. J Appl Physiol 50 (1981) 123-128
18. Convertino V.A., Keil L.C., and Greenleaf J.E. Plasma volume, renin, and vasopressin responses to graded exercise after training. J Appl Physiol 54 (1983) 508-514
19. Freund B.J., Shizuru E.M., Hashiro G.M., et al. Hormonal, electrolyte and renal responses to exercise are intensity dependent. J Appl Physiol 70 (1991) 900-906
20. Jimenez M.A., Hinchcliff K.W., and Farris J.W. Catecholamine and cortisol responses of horses to incremental exertion. Vet Res Commun 22 (1993) 107-118
21. Nagata S., Takeda F., Kurosawa M., et al. Plasma adrenocorticotropin, cortisol and catecholamines response to various exercises. Equine Vet J Suppl 30 (1999) 570-574
22. Alexander S.L., Irvine C.H., Ellis M.J., et al. The effect of acute exercise on the secretion of corticotropin-releasing factor, arginine vasopressin, and adrenocorticotropin as measured in pituitary venous blood from the horse. Endocrinology 128 (1991) 65-72
23. Bruin G., Kuipers H., Keizer H.A., et al. Adaptation and overtraining in horses subjected to increasing training loads. J Appl Physiol 76 (1994) 1908-1913
24. Elsaesser F., Klobasa F., and Ellendorff F. ACTH stimulation test for the determination of salivary cortisol and of cortisol responses as markers of the training status/fitness of warm-blooded sports horses. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 108 (2001) 31-36
25. Golland L.C., Evans D.L., Stone G.M., et al. Plasma cortisol and beta-endorphin concentrations in trained and over-trained Standardbred racehorses. Pflugers Arch 439 (1999) 11-17
26. Linden A., Art T., Amory H., et al. Comparison of the adrenocortical response to both pharmacological and physiological stresses in sport horses. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 37 (1990) 601-604
27. Marc M., Parvizi N., Ellendorff F., et al. Plasma cortisol and ACTH concentrations in the warmblood horse in response to a standardized treadmill exercise test as physiological markers for evaluation of training status. J Anim Sci 78 (2000) 1936-1946
28. McCarthy R.N., Jeffcott L.B., Funder J.W., et al. Plasma beta-endorphin and adrenocorticotrophin in young horses in training. Aust Vet J 68 (1991) 359-361
29. Caloni F., Spotti M., Villa R., et al. Hydrocortisone levels in the urine and blood of horses treated with ACTH. Equine Vet J 31 (1999) 273-276
30. Art T., Franchimont P., and Lekeux P. Plasma beta-endorphin response of thoroughbred horses to maximal exercise. Vet Rec 135 (1994) 499-503
31. Benamou A.E., Marlin D.J., and Lekeux P. Equine pulmonary and systemic haemodynamic responses to endothelin-1 and a selective ET(A) receptor antagonist. Equine Vet J 33 (2001) 337-344
32. Li W.I., and Chen C.L. Running and shipping elevate plasma levels of beta-endorphin-like substance (B-END-LI) in thoroughbred horses. Life Sci 40 (1987) 1411-1421
33. Wade C.E. Response, regulation, and actions of vasopressin during exercise; a review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 16 (1984) 506-511
34. Wade C.E., Freund B.J., and Claybaugh J.R. Fluid and electrolyte homeostasis during and following exercise: hormonal and non-hormonal factors. In: Claybaugh J.R., and Wade C.E. (Eds). Hormonal regulation of fluid and electrolytes (1989), Plenum Press, New York 1-44
35. Wade C.E., and Freund B.J. Hormonal control of blood volume during and following exercise. In: Gisolfi C.V., and Lamb D.R. (Eds). Perspectives in exercise science and sports medicine, vol. 3: fluid homeostasis during exercise (1990), Benchmark Press, Carmel (IN) 207-245
36. Zambraski E.J. Renal regulation of fluid homeostasis during exercise. In: Gisolfi C.V., and Lamb D.R. (Eds). Perspectives in exercise science and sports medicine, vol. 3. fluid homeostasis during exercise (1990), Benchmark Press, Carmel (IN) 245-280
37. Convertino V.A. Blood volume: its adaptation to endurance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 23 (1991) 1338-1348
38. McKeever K.H., Hinchcliff K.W., Schmall L.M., et al. Renal tubular function in horses during submaximal exercise. Am J Physiol 261 (1991) R553-R560
39. McKeever K.H., Hinchcliff K.W., Schmall L.M., et al. Changes in plasma renin activity, aldosterone, and vasopressin during incremental exercise in horses. Am J Vet Res 53 (1992) 1290-1293
40. McKeever K.H., Hinchcliff K.W., Cooley J.L., et al. Furosemide magnifies the exercise-induced elevation of plasma vasopressin concentration in horses. Res Vet Sci 55 (1993) 101-105
41. Davies B.N., and Withrington P.G. The actions of drugs on the smooth muscle of the capsule and blood vessels of the spleen. Pharm Reviews 25 (1973) 373-413
42. Freund B.J., Claybaugh J.R., Hashiro G.M., et al. Hormonal and renal responses to water drinking in moderately trained and untrained humans. Am J Physiol 254 (1988) R417-R423
43. Geelen G., Keil L.C., Kravik S.E., et al. Inhibition of plasma vasopressin after drinking in dehydrated humans. Am J Physiol 249 (1984) R968-R971
44. Thrasher T.N., Nistal-Herrera J.F., Keil L.C., et al. Satiety and inhibition of vasopressin secretion after drinking in dehydrated dogs. Am J Physiol 240 (1981) E394-E401
45. McKeever K.H. Erythropoietin: a new form of blood doping in horses. In: Wade J. (Ed). Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians (1996), R&W Press, Newmarket, UK 79-84
46. McKeever K.H., Hinchcliff K.W., and Cooley J.L. Acute volume load during exercise in horses: atrial natriuretic peptide, vasopressin, and hemodynamics. Med Sci Sports Exerc 23 (1991) S104
47. Gonzalez O., Gonzalez E., Sanchez C., et al. Effect of exercise on erythrocyte beta-adrenergic receptors and plasma concentrations of catecholamines and thyroid hormones in Thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet J 30 (1998) 72-78
48. Irvine C.H.G. Thyroxine secretion rate in the horse under various physiological states. J Endocrinol 39 (1967) 313-320
49. Chiba S., Kanematsu S., Murakami K., et al. Serum parathyroid hormone and calcitonin levels in racehorses with fracture. J Vet Med Sci 62 (2000) 361-365
50. Geor R., Hope E., Lauper L., et al. Effect of glucocorticoids on serum osteocalcin concentration in horses. Am J Vet Res 56 (1995) 1201-1205
51. Hoekstra K.E., Nielsen B.D., Orth M.W., et al. Comparison of bone mineral content and biochemical markers of bone metabolism in stall- vs. pasture-reared horses. Equine Vet J 30 (1999) 601-604
52. McCarthy R.N., and Jeffcott L.B. Effects of treadmill exercise on cortical bone in the third metacarpus of young horses. Res Vet Sci 52 (1992) 28-37
53. Price J.S., Jackson B.F., Gray J.A., et al. Biochemical markers of bone metabolism in growing thoroughbreds: a longitudinal study. Res Vet Sci 71 (2000) 37-44
54. McKeever K.H. Sympatholytic and sympathomimetics. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 9 3 (1993) 1-13
55. Persson S.G.B. On blood volume and working capacity. Acta Vet Scand 19 3 (1967) 1-189
56. MacFarlane B.J., Hughson R.L., Green H.J., et al. Effects of oral propranolol and exercise protocol on indices of aerobic function in normal man. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 6 (1982) 1010-1016
57. Plummer C., Knight P.K., Ray S.P., et al. Cardiorespiratory and metabolic effects of propranolol during maximal exercise. In: Persson S.G.B., Lindholm A., and Jeffcott L.B. (Eds). Equine exercise physiology 3 (1991), ICEEP Press, Davis (CA) 465-474
58. Sexton W.L., and Erickson H.H. Effect of propranolol of cardiorespiratory function in the pony during submaximal exercise. Equine Vet J 18 (1986) 485-489
59. McKeever K.H. Fluid balance and renal function in exercising horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 14 1 (1998) 23-44
60. Cooley J.L., Hinchcliff K.W., McKeever K.H., et al. Effect of furosemide on plasma atrial natriuretic peptide and aldosterone concentrations and renin activity in running horses. Am J Vet Res 55 (1994) 273-277
61. Guthrie G.P., Cecil S.G., and Kotchen T.A. Renin, aldosterone and cortisol in the Thoroughbred horse. J Endocr 85 (1980) 49-53
62. Guthrie G.P., Cecil S.G., Darden E.A., et al. Dynamics of renin and aldosterone in the Thoroughbred horse. Gen Comp Endocrinol 48 (1982) 296-299
63. McKeever K.H., Schurg W.A., Jarrett S.H., and Convertino V.A. Exercise training-induced hypervolemia in the horse. Med Sci Sports Exerc 19 (1987) 21-27
64. Costill D.L., Branum G., Fink W., et al. Exercise-induced sodium conservation changes in plasma renin and aldosterone. Med Sci Sports Exerc 8 (1976) 209-213
65. Kosunen K.J., and Pakarinen A.J. Plasma renin, angiotensin II, and plasma and urinary aldosterone in running exercise. J Appl Physiol 41 (1976) 26-29
66. McKeever K.H., Geiser S., and Kearns C.F. Role of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone cascade in the pulmonary artery pressure response to exercise in horses. Physiologist 43 (2000) 356
67. Kokkonen U.M., Poso A.R., Hyyppa S., Huttunen P., and Leppaluoto J. Exercise-induced changes in atrial peptides in relation to neuroendocrine responses and fluid balance in the horse. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 49 (2002) 149-159
68. Hyyppa S., Saastamoinen M., and Poso A.R. Restoration of water and electrolyte balance in horses after repeated exercise in hot and humid conditions. Equine Vet J 22 (1996) 108-112
69. McKeever KH, Scali R, Geiser S, Kearns CF. Plasma aldosterone concentration and renal sodium excretion are altered during the first days of training. Equine Vet J, in press.
70. Bridges R.J., and Rummel W. Vasopressin-stimulated Na+ transport in rat colon descendens. In: Skadhauge E., and Heintze K. (Eds). Intestinal absorption and secretion (1984), MTP Press, Boston 265-272
71. Farris J.W., Hinchcliff K.W., McKeever K.H., et al. Treadmill endurance of Standardbred horses with tryptophan or glucose. J Appl Physiol 85 (1998) 807-816
72. Crandell K.G., Pagan J.D., Harris P., et al. A comparison of grain, oil and beet pulp as energy sources for the exercised horse. Equine Vet J 30 (1999) 485-489
73. Hyyppa S. Effects of nandrolone treatment on recovery in horses after strenuous physical exercise. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 48 (2001) 343-352
74. Lucke J.N., and Hall G.N. Further studies on the metabolic effects of long distance riding: golden horseshoe ride 1979. Equine Vet J 12 (1980) 189-192
75. Snow D.H., and MacKenzie G. Some metabolic effects of maximal exercise in the horse and adaptations with training. Equine Vet J 9 (1977) 134-140
76. Snow D.H., and Rose R.J. Hormonal changes associated with long distance exercise. Equine Vet J 13 (1981) 195-197
77. Rossdale P.D., Burguez P.N., and Cash R.S. Changes in blood neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio related to adrenocortical function in the horse. Equine Vet J 14 (1982) 293-298
78. Giraudet A., Hinchcliff K.W., Kohn C.W., and McKeever K.H. Early insulin response to an intravenous glucose tolerance test in horses. Am J Vet Res 55 (1994) 379-381
79. Ralston SL. Effect of soluble carbohydrate content of pelleted diets on post prandial glucose and insulin profiles in horses. Pferdeheilkunde; 1992. p. 112-15.
80. Davie A.J., Evans D.L., Hodgson D.R., et al. Effects of muscle glycogen depletion on some metabolic and physiological responses to submaximal treadmill exercise. Can J Vet Res 63 (1999) 241-247
81. Davie A.J., Evans D.L., Hodgson D.R., et al. The effects of an oral glucose polymer on muscle glycogen resynthesis in Standardbred horses. J Nutr 124 Suppl (1994) 2740S-2741S
82. De La Corte F.D., Valberg S.J., Mickelson J.R., et al. Blood glucose clearance after feeding and exercise in polysaccharide storage myopathy. Equine Vet J 30 (1999) 324-328
83. Duren S.E., Pagan J.D., Harris P.A., et al. Time of feeding and fat supplementation affect plasma concentrations of insulin and metabolites during exercise. Equine Vet J Suppl 30 (1999) 479-484
84. Dybdal N.O., Gribble D., Madigan J.E., et al. Alterations in plasma corticosteroids, insulin and selected metabolites in horses used in endurance rides. Equine Vet J 12 (1980) 137-140
85. Freestone J.F., Wolfsheimer K.J., Kamerling S.G., et al. Exercise induced hormonal and metabolic changes in Thoroughbred horses: effects of conditioning and acepromazine. Equine Vet J 23 (1991) 219-223
86. Geor R.J., Hinchcliff K.W., McCutcheon L.J., et al. Epinephrine inhibits exogenous glucose utilization in exercising horses. J Appl Physiol 88 (2000) 1777-1790
87. Geor R.J., Hinchcliff K.W., and Sams R.A. Beta-adrenergic blockade augments glucose utilization in horses during graded exercise. J Appl Physiol 89 (2000) 1086-1098
88. Frape D.L. Dietary requirements and athletic performance of horses. Equine Vet J 20 (1988) 163-172
89. Freestone J.F., Beadle R., Shoemaker K., et al. Improved insulin sensitivity in hyperinsulinaemic ponies through physical conditioning and controlled feed intake. Equine Vet J 24 (1992) 187-190
90. Freestone J.F., Shoemaker K., Bessin R., et al. Insulin and glucose response following oral glucose administration in well-conditioned ponies. Equine Vet J 11 (1992) 13-17
91. Hyyppa S., Saastamoinen M., and Poso A.R. Effect of a post exercise fat-supplemented diet on muscle glycogen repletion. Equine Vet J 30 (1999) 493-498
92. Pagan J.D., and Harris P.A. The effects of timing and amount of forage and grain on exercise response in Thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet J 30 (1999) 451-457
93. Poso A.R., and Hyyppa S. Metabolic and hormonal changes after exercise in relation to muscle glycogen concentrations. Equine Vet J 30 (1999) 332-336
94. Powell D., Lawrence L.M., Brewster-Barnes T., et al. The effect of diet composition and feeding state on the response to exercise in feed-restricted horses. Equine Vet J 30 (1999) 514-518
95. Rodiek A., Bonvicin S., Stull C., et al. Glycaemic and endocrine responses to corn or alfalfa fed prior to exercise. In: Persson S.G.B., Lindholm A., and Jeffcott L.B. (Eds). Equine Exercise Physiology 3 (1991), ICEEP Press, Davis (CA) 368-373
96. Sticker L.S., Thompson D.L., Bunting L.D., et al. Feed deprivation of mares: plasma metabolite and hormonal concentrations and responses to exercise. J Anim Sci 73 (1995) 3696-3704
97. Stull C.L., and Rodiek A.V. Responses of blood glucose, insulin and cortisol concentrations to common equine diets. J Nutr 118 (1988) 206-213
98. Stull C.L., and Rodiek A.V. Effects of post pranadial interval and feed type on substrate availability during exercise. Equine Vet J 18 (1995) 363-366
99. Lawrence L.M., Williams J., Soderholm L.V., et al. Effect of feeding state on the response of horses to repeated bouts of intense exercise. Equine Vet J 27 (1995) 27-30
100. Williams C.A., Kronfeld D.S., Staniar W.B., et al. Plasma glucose and insulin responses of Thoroughbred mares fed a meal high in starch and sugar or fat and fiber. J Anim Sci 79 (2001) 2196-2201
101. Hall G.M., Adrian T.E., Bloom S.R., et al. Changes in circulating gut hormones in the horse during long distance exercise. Equine Vet J 14 (1982) 209-212
102. Jablonska E.M., Ziolkowska S.M., Gill J., et al. Changes in some haematological and metabolic indices in young horses during the first year of jump-training. Equine Vet J 23 (1991) 309-311
103. Zambraski E.J., Tucker M.S., Lakas C.S., et al. Mechanism of renin release in exercising dog. Am J Physiol 246 (1984) E71-E76
104. Claybaugh J.R., Pendergast D.R., Davis J.E., et al. Fluid conservation in athletes: responses to water intake, supine posture, and immersion. J Appl Physiol 61 (1986) 7-15
105. Geor R.J., and Weiss D.J. Drugs affecting the hematologic system of the performance horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 9 3 (1993) 649-667
106. Giger U. Erythropoietin and its clinical use. Compend Contin Educ Prac Vet 14 (1992) 25-34
107. Kearns C.F., Lenhart J.A., and McKeever K.H. Cross-reactivity between human erythropoietin antibody and horse erythropoietin. Electrophoresis 21 (2000) 1454-1457
108. Miyauchi T., Yanagisawa M., Iida K., et al. Age- and sex-related variation of plasma endothelin-1 concentration in normal and hypertensive subjects. Am Heart J 123 (1992) 1092-1093
109. McKeever K.H., and Malinowski K. Endocrine response to exercise in young and old horses. Equine Vet J 30 (1999) 561-566
110. Bodary P.F., Pate R.R., Wu P.F., et al. Effects of acute exercise on plasma erythropoietin levels in trained runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 31 (1999) 543-546
111. Schmidt W., Eckardt K.U., Hilgendorf A., et al. Effects of maximal and submaximal exercise under normoxic and hypoxic conditions on serum erythropoietin levels. Int J Sports Med 12 (1991) 457-461
112. Schmidt W., Spielvogel H., Eckardt K.U., et al. Effects of chronic hypoxia and exercise on plasma erythropoietin in high-altitude residents. J Appl Physiol 74 (1993) 1874-1878
113. Shoemaker J.K., Green H.J., Coates J., et al. Failure of prolonged exercise training to increase red cell mass in humans. Am J Physiol 270 (1999) H121-H126
114. Ekhardt K.U., Kurtz A., and Bauer C. Triggering of erythropoietin production by hypoxia is inhibited by respiratory and metabolic acidosis. Am J Physiol 258 (1990) R678-R683
115. Boning D., Maassen N., Jochum F., et al. After-effects of a high altitude expedition on blood. Int J Sports Med 18 (1997) 179-185
116. Milledge J.S., and Cotes P.M. Serum erythropoietin in humans at altitude and its relation to plasma renin. J Appl Physiol 59 (1985) 360-364
117. Adamson J.W., and Vapnek D. Recombinant erythropoeitin to improve athletic performance. N Engl J Med 324 (1991) 698-699
118. Berglund B., and Ekblom B. Effect of recombinant human erythropoietin treatment on blood pressure and some haematological parameters in healthy men. J Intern Med 229 (1991) 125-130
119. Cowart V.S. A dangerous new form of blood doping. The Physician and Sportsmedicine 17 (1989) 115-118
120. Jaussaud P., Audran M., Gareau R.L., et al. Kinetics and haematological effects of erythropoietin in horses. Vet Res 25 (1994) 1-7
121. Souillard A., Audran M., Bressolle F., et al. Pharmacokinetics and haematological parameters of recombinant human erythropoietin after subcutaneous administrations in horses. Biopharm Drug Dispos 17 (1996) 805-815
122. Piercy R.J., Swardson C.J., and Hinchcliff K.W. Erythroid hypoplasia and anemia following administration of recombinant human erythropoietin to two horses. J Am Vet Med Assn 212 (1998) 244-247
123. 2max, and hemodynamics in exercising horses. Med Sci Sports Exerc 25 (1993) S25
124. McKeever KM, Agans JM, Geiser S. Effect of recombinant human erythropoietin administration on red cell volume, aerobic capacity, and performance in Standardbred horses. In: Proceedings of the 16th Equine Nutrition Physiology Society Symposium; Raleigh, NC. 1999. p. 163-4.
125. Freund B.J., Wade C.E., and Claybaugh J.R. Effects of exercise on atrial natriuretic factor: release mechanisms and implications for fluid homeostasis. Sports Med 6 (1988) 364-376
126. Richter R., Magert H., Mifune H., et al. Equine cardiodilatin/atrial natriuretic peptide: primary structure and immunohistochemical localization in auricular cardiocytes. Acta Anat (Basel) 162 (1998) 185-193
127. McKeever K.H., Hinchcliff K.W., Schmall L.M., et al. Atrial natriuretic peptide during exercise in horses. In: Persson S.G.B., Lindholm A., and Jeffcott L.B. (Eds). Equine exercise physiology 3 (1991), ICEEP Press, Davis (CA) 368-373
128. Nyman S., Kokkonen U.M., and Dahlborn K. Changes in plasma atrial natriuretic peptide concentration in exercising horses in relation to hydration status and exercise intensity. Am J Vet Res 59 (1998) 489-494
129. Kokkonen U.M., Hackzell M., and Rasanen L.A. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide in standardbred and Finnhorse trotters during and after exercise. Acta Physiol Scand 154 (1995) 51-58
130. McKeever K.H., Hinchcliff K.W., Cooley J.L., et al. Arterial-venous difference in atrial natriuretic peptide concentration during exercise in horses. Am J Vet Res 53 (1992) 2174-2177
131. Maeda S., Miyauchi T., Waku T., et al. Plasma endothelin-1 level in athletes after exercise in a hot environment: exercise-induced dehydration contributes to increases in plasma endothelin-1. Life Sci 58 (1996) 1259-1268
132. McKeever K.H., Antas L.A., and Kearns C.F. Endothelin response during exercise in horses. Vet J (2002) in press
133. Rossi N.F. Effect of endothelin-3 on vasopressin release in vivo and water excretion in vivo in Long-Evans rats. J Physiol 461 (1993) 501-511
134. Rubany G.M., and Shepherd J.T. Hypothetical role of endothelin in the control of the cardiovascular system. In: Rubanyi G.M. (Ed). Endothelin (1992), Oxford University Press, New York 258-271
135. Ahlborg G., Weitzberg E., and Lundberg J. Metabolic and vascular effects of circulating endothelin-1 during moderately heavy prolonged exercise. J Appl Physiol 78 (1995) 2294-2300
136. Allevard A., Gauquelin G., and Gaharib C. Endothelin and atrial natriuretic peptide after exercise performed until exhaustion in the rat. Life Sci 49 (1991) 1803-1808
137. Chou S.Y., Dahhan A., and Porush J.G. Renal actions of endothelin: interaction with prostacyclin. Am J Physiol 259 (1990) F645-F652
138. Mann J., Farrukh I.S., and Michael J.R. Mechanisms by which endothelin 1 induces pulmonary vasoconstriction in the rabbit. J Appl Physiol 71 (1991) 410-416
139. Ota K., Kimura T., Shoji M., et al. Interaction of ANP with endothelin on cardiovascular renal, and endocrine function. Am J Physiol 25 (1992) E135-E141
140. Predel H.G., Meyer-Lehnert H., Backer A., et al. Plasma concentrations of endothelin in patients with abnormal vascular reactivity: effects of ergometric exercise and acute saline loading. Life Sci 47 (1990) 1837-1843
141. Itoh S., and Van Den Buuse M. Sensitization of baroreceptor reflex by central endothelin in conscious rats. Am J Physiol 260 (1991) H1106-H1112
142. Benamou A.E., Art T., Marlin D.J., et al. Effect of exercise on concentrations of immunoreactive endothelin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of normal horses and horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Equine Vet J 30 (1999) 92-95
143. Benamou A.E., Art T., Marlin D.J., et al. Variations in systemic and pulmonary endothelin-1 in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). Pulmonary Pharmacol Ther 11 (1998) 231-235
144. Raffestin B., Adnot S., Eddahibi S., et al. Pulmonary vascular response to endothelin in rats. J Appl Physiol 70 (1991) 567-574
145. Richter E.A., Emmeluth C., Bie P., et al. Biphasic response of plasma endothelin-1 concentrations to exhausting submaximal exercise in man. J Clin Physiol 14 (1994) 379-384
146. Benamou A.E., Marlin D.J., and Lekeux P. Endothelin in the equine hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstrictive response to acute hypoxia. Equine Vet J 33 (2001) 345-353
147. Letizia C., Barilla F., D'Ambrosio C., et al. Dynamic exercise induces elevation of plasma levels of endothelin-1in patients with coronary artery disease. Angiology 46 (1995) 819-826
148. Kokkonen U.M., Hyyppa S., and Poso A.R. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide during and after repeated exercise under heat exposure. Equine Vet J 30 (1999) 184-189
149. Filep J.G., Battistini B., and Sirois P. Endothelin induces thromboxane release and contraction of isolated guinea-pig airways. Life Sci 47 (1990) 1845-1850
150. Manohar M., Hutchens E., and Coney E. Pulmonary haemodynamics in the exercising horse and their relationship to exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage. Br Vet J 149 (1993) 419-428
151. Pascoe J.R. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage: a unifying concept. Proc Am Assoc Equine Prac 42 (1996) 220-226
152. McKeever K.H., Schurg W.A., and Convertino V.A. Exercise training-induced hypervolemia in greyhounds: role of water intake and renal mechanisms. Am J Physiol 248 (1985) R422-R425
153. Halliwill J.R. Mechanisms and clinical implications of post-exercise hypotension in humans. Exercise and Sports Science Reviews 29 (2001) 65-70
154. Joyner M.J., Jilka S.N., Taylor J.A., et al. Beta-blockade reduces tidal volume during heavy exercise in trained and untrained men. J Appl Physiol 62 (1987) 1819-1825
155. Mehl M.L., Sarkar D.K., Schott H.C., et al. Equine β-endorphin concentrations are affected by exercise intensity and time of day. Equine Vet J Suppl 30 (1999) 567-569
156. Thompson D.L., Rahmanian M.S., DePew C.L., et al. Growth hormone in mares and stallions: pulsatile secretion, response to growth hormone-releasing hormone, and effects of exercise, sexual stimulation, and pharmacological agents. J Anim Sci 70 (1992) 1201-1207